This document provides information on various diseases of the bladder, ureters, and urethra in animals. It describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for conditions such as uroperitoneum in foals, urolithiasis, rupture of the bladder, cystitis, paralysis of the bladder, urethral tears in stallions and geldings, and various congenital defects of the urinary tract including renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia, and polycystic kidneys. The document contains detailed information on each condition in a consistent format to aid veterinarians in diagnosis and clinical management.
This document discusses surgical procedures related to the urinary system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. It then discusses various surgical procedures that may be performed, such as removing kidney stones using lithotripsy or surgery. It also covers procedures for removing tumors in the bladder or ureters and reconstructive surgeries after removing part of the bladder. Surgical techniques for accessing and removing stones from the kidneys or ureters are provided.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Rupture of urinary bladder in large animals copy (2)Vinkit Patanjal
Uroperitoneum, or the leakage of urine into the abdominal cavity, is most commonly caused by rupture of the urinary bladder in cattle and horses. Bladder rupture typically occurs secondary to urinary tract obstruction from urolithiasis or stones. Clinical signs include abdominal distension, pain, and odor of urine from the breath. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound to detect free fluid in the abdomen, as well as laboratory analysis of abdominal fluid. Definitive treatment requires surgical exploration and closure of any bladder tears. Post-operative care includes antibiotics and monitoring to ensure proper urination and prevent recurrence.
Microsoft Power Point Renal System DisordersNio Noveno
The document discusses various renal/kidney disorders including obstructive disorders, renal stones, bladder carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, acute and chronic renal failure, and treatment options such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Key points include the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and nursing management considerations for different renal disorders. Treatment involves medical management as well as surgical procedures and lifestyle modifications.
This document discusses urolithiasis (kidney stones). It begins by defining urolithiasis and noting its prevalence and cost. It then covers the epidemiology, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of kidney stones. The main points are that kidney stones can form anywhere in the urinary tract, have a lifetime risk of 2-20% depending on location, and are most commonly treated through active medical expulsion or minimally invasive surgeries like ESWL or ureteroscopy. Surgical intervention is indicated for large or obstructing stones, infection, or if conservative measures fail.
The document discusses nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and pyelonephritis (kidney infection). It covers the types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of both conditions. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stones. Risk factors for stone formation include dietary factors like calcium intake as well as urinary abnormalities. Pyelonephritis is commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria ascending from the bladder. It can cause kidney swelling and damage if left untreated.
The document provides an introduction to digestive disorders of horses. It describes the major organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Common diseases that can affect each part of the digestive system are then outlined, including details on pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. The goal of veterinarians in treating digestive disorders is to first identify the specific organ involved and determine the cause in order to provide the appropriate care.
This document discusses surgical procedures related to the urinary system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. It then discusses various surgical procedures that may be performed, such as removing kidney stones using lithotripsy or surgery. It also covers procedures for removing tumors in the bladder or ureters and reconstructive surgeries after removing part of the bladder. Surgical techniques for accessing and removing stones from the kidneys or ureters are provided.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Rupture of urinary bladder in large animals copy (2)Vinkit Patanjal
Uroperitoneum, or the leakage of urine into the abdominal cavity, is most commonly caused by rupture of the urinary bladder in cattle and horses. Bladder rupture typically occurs secondary to urinary tract obstruction from urolithiasis or stones. Clinical signs include abdominal distension, pain, and odor of urine from the breath. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound to detect free fluid in the abdomen, as well as laboratory analysis of abdominal fluid. Definitive treatment requires surgical exploration and closure of any bladder tears. Post-operative care includes antibiotics and monitoring to ensure proper urination and prevent recurrence.
Microsoft Power Point Renal System DisordersNio Noveno
The document discusses various renal/kidney disorders including obstructive disorders, renal stones, bladder carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, acute and chronic renal failure, and treatment options such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Key points include the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and nursing management considerations for different renal disorders. Treatment involves medical management as well as surgical procedures and lifestyle modifications.
This document discusses urolithiasis (kidney stones). It begins by defining urolithiasis and noting its prevalence and cost. It then covers the epidemiology, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of kidney stones. The main points are that kidney stones can form anywhere in the urinary tract, have a lifetime risk of 2-20% depending on location, and are most commonly treated through active medical expulsion or minimally invasive surgeries like ESWL or ureteroscopy. Surgical intervention is indicated for large or obstructing stones, infection, or if conservative measures fail.
The document discusses nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and pyelonephritis (kidney infection). It covers the types, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of both conditions. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stones. Risk factors for stone formation include dietary factors like calcium intake as well as urinary abnormalities. Pyelonephritis is commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria ascending from the bladder. It can cause kidney swelling and damage if left untreated.
The document provides an introduction to digestive disorders of horses. It describes the major organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Common diseases that can affect each part of the digestive system are then outlined, including details on pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. The goal of veterinarians in treating digestive disorders is to first identify the specific organ involved and determine the cause in order to provide the appropriate care.
This document discusses nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis, which refer to kidney stones and urinary tract stones respectively. Stones form when substances in urine crystallize. Risk factors include hypercalcemia, dehydration, diet, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Stones are diagnosed using imaging tests and urine/blood tests. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include increased fluid intake, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgery to remove stones. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing infection and obstruction, and educating patients on prevention of recurrent stones.
This document discusses staghorn calculi, which are large infection stones that fill the renal pelvis and calyces. It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and various treatment modalities for staghorn calculi. The primary treatment is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), which has stone-free rates of around 80% but risks include injury to adjacent organs and sepsis. Other options include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, open surgery, dissolution therapy, antibiotics, urease inhibitors, urinary acidification, and dietary modification, but PCNL generally provides the best chance of complete stone clearance.
Urolithiasis, or bladder stones, is a common nutritional disorder in ruminants caused by an imbalance in minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the diet. When cattle, sheep, and goats consume grain-heavy rations instead of their normal forage, it can cause stones to form in the bladder or urethra. Clinical signs include difficulty urinating, abdominal pain, and swelling. Left untreated, the blockage can cause the bladder or urethra to rupture, resulting in uremia and death. Veterinarians may use medications to relax the bladder or flush out stones, or surgery to remove blockages or create bypasses. Proper mineral balance in the diet and
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins by stating that renal stones are a frequent disorder that occur more commonly in males and can run in families. The main causes of stone formation include increased concentrations of stone constituents in urine, decreased urine flow, and absence of substances that inhibit stone formation. The most common types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Risk factors for different stone types and the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and complications of kidney stones are also summarized.
This document discusses gallstone disease (cholelithiasis). It describes gallstones as abnormal masses formed in the gallbladder or bile ducts that are a common cause of abdominal pain and dyspepsia. It identifies factors that increase risk of gallstones like gender, age, obesity, pregnancy, and rapid weight loss. It discusses the types of gallstones, pathogenesis, definitions of related conditions, clinical manifestations, complications, and risk factors in more detail over several pages.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and management of genitourinary dysfunction in children. It discusses topics such as urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, dialysis, transplantation, and Wilms' tumor. Nursing priorities include thorough assessment, administering appropriate antibiotic therapy, managing complications, providing patient and family education, and preventing infections through aseptic technique.
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing studentsPreeths Roshan
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
The document discusses urinary tract problems including kidney and bladder diseases. It outlines various urinary symptoms and disorders such as oliguria, polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, enuresis, urinary incontinence, hematuria, and kidney stones. Diagnosis involves physical examination, urine analysis, imaging tests like ultrasound, IVU, CT, and 24-hour urine collection. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include pain medication, increased fluid intake, and surgical removal of stones or tumors.
Renal stone by Dr Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor, AIIMS-PatnaAnil Kumar
This document provides information about renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins with an overview of kidney anatomy and blood supply. It then discusses the causes, risk factors, types, and clinical presentation of renal calculi. The main types of stones are calcium oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, cysteine, and xanthine. Clinical features include flank pain, hematuria, and pyuria. Investigation involves urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, IV pyelogram, and retrograde pyelogram. The document outlines the most common and sensitive imaging modalities for detecting and characterizing renal calculi.
Gallstones form when certain substances harden in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Risk factors include family history, being a woman over 40, obesity, high-fat diet, and certain medical conditions. Gallstones can cause inflammation of the gallbladder, blockage of ducts, pancreatitis, and rarely cancer. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, blood tests, and endoscopy. Treatment is usually surgical removal of the gallbladder to prevent complications from gallstones.
Renal colic is a sudden, severe, dull pain that originates in the costovertebral angle and may radiate to the groin or abdomen. It is caused by obstruction of the ureter, usually by a kidney stone. Patients experience intermittent, colicky pain that is exacerbated by movement and relieved briefly by analgesics. Examination may reveal abdominal tenderness over the kidney area. Investigations include urinalysis, kidney imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan to detect stones. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increasing fluid intake, and allowing stones to pass spontaneously when possible. Surgery is considered for larger stones or if conservative measures fail.
The document provides an overview of the renal (kidney) system including its anatomy and physiology. It describes the key parts of the renal system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, and its components. Finally, it covers several conditions that can affect the renal system including benign prostatic hyperplasia, pyelonephritis, and cystitis.
This document provides an outline and overview of urological emergencies. It discusses acute retention of urine (AROU), loin pain, hematuria, scrotal pain and swelling, and priapism. For each condition, it covers relevant history, physical exam findings, diagnostic workup including relevant blood tests and imaging, differential diagnoses, and management considerations. Key points emphasized include the need for timely surgical exploration in cases of suspected testicular torsion to preserve testicular viability.
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
This document discusses urinary obstruction at the upper and lower urinary tract. It classifies obstruction by cause, duration, degree, and level. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include ureteral stones, while lower tract obstruction may be due to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. Left untreated, urinary obstruction can lead to complications like hydronephrosis, infection, and kidney damage. Physical exam findings may include palpable masses, flank pain, or enlarged kidneys. Treatment aims to relieve obstruction and eradicate any infection through methods like drainage or surgery.
Lectures in urology for undergraduate medical students Elsayed Salih
This document contains lecture notes on various topics in urology from Dr. Elsayed Salih of Al-Azhar University. It includes sections on the diagnosis of urinary tract diseases through symptoms and investigations. It also covers congenital anomalies of the urinary tract including horseshoe kidney and polycystic kidney disease. Specific conditions discussed include renal cysts, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, bladder exstrophy, and hypospadias.
Calculus Disease
This document discusses calculus disease, including epidemiology, etiology, types of stones, clinical presentation, investigations, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Most patients are 30-60 years old and male. Stones are more common in Asians and whites.
- Risk factors include diet, climate, urine composition, infection, immobilization, and metabolic conditions.
- Common stone types are calcium oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and struvite.
- Clinical presentation includes renal colic pain radiating from the flank to the groin, sometimes with hematuria. Investigations include blood tests, urine analysis, X-rays
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstones) and acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It covers the prevalence and types of gallstones, risk factors, potential complications, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options. For acute cholecystitis, conservative treatment with antibiotics and fluids is usually attempted first to resolve the inflammation before delayed cholecystectomy once symptoms subside.
Assessment of renal and urinary tract functionBjorn Francisco
The document discusses diagnostic tests used to evaluate urinary tract function. It describes various urine tests including urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, urine osmolality, 24-hour urine collections for creatinine clearance and catecholamines. Imaging tests are also summarized such as abdominal ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram, renal scan, cystoscopy and renal biopsy. The goals are to identify parameters for assessing upper and lower urinary tract status and describe studies used to determine urinary tract function.
This document discusses diseases of the urinary system in horses, including cystitis, paralytic bladder, urolithiasis, and renal failure. It provides definitions, causes, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder caused by infection, which results in frequent, painful urination. Paralytic bladder is paralysis of the bladder muscles leading to urinary incontinence. Urolithiasis refers to bladder stones, which are usually calcium or phosphate compositions and can cause straining, hematuria, and colic. Treatment depends on the location of the stones but may include medications, laser lithotripsy, or surgery.
The document provides information about the digestive system and some common digestive diseases. It describes the main organs that make up the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, colon, rectum, and anus. It details the functions of these organs in digesting and processing food. The document then summarizes three common digestive diseases - abdominal adhesions which are bands of tissue that form between organs, foodborne illnesses caused by bacteria in food, and appendicitis which is a swelling and infection of the appendix.
This document discusses nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis, which refer to kidney stones and urinary tract stones respectively. Stones form when substances in urine crystallize. Risk factors include hypercalcemia, dehydration, diet, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Stones are diagnosed using imaging tests and urine/blood tests. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include increased fluid intake, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgery to remove stones. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing infection and obstruction, and educating patients on prevention of recurrent stones.
This document discusses staghorn calculi, which are large infection stones that fill the renal pelvis and calyces. It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and various treatment modalities for staghorn calculi. The primary treatment is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), which has stone-free rates of around 80% but risks include injury to adjacent organs and sepsis. Other options include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, open surgery, dissolution therapy, antibiotics, urease inhibitors, urinary acidification, and dietary modification, but PCNL generally provides the best chance of complete stone clearance.
Urolithiasis, or bladder stones, is a common nutritional disorder in ruminants caused by an imbalance in minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the diet. When cattle, sheep, and goats consume grain-heavy rations instead of their normal forage, it can cause stones to form in the bladder or urethra. Clinical signs include difficulty urinating, abdominal pain, and swelling. Left untreated, the blockage can cause the bladder or urethra to rupture, resulting in uremia and death. Veterinarians may use medications to relax the bladder or flush out stones, or surgery to remove blockages or create bypasses. Proper mineral balance in the diet and
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins by stating that renal stones are a frequent disorder that occur more commonly in males and can run in families. The main causes of stone formation include increased concentrations of stone constituents in urine, decreased urine flow, and absence of substances that inhibit stone formation. The most common types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Risk factors for different stone types and the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and complications of kidney stones are also summarized.
This document discusses gallstone disease (cholelithiasis). It describes gallstones as abnormal masses formed in the gallbladder or bile ducts that are a common cause of abdominal pain and dyspepsia. It identifies factors that increase risk of gallstones like gender, age, obesity, pregnancy, and rapid weight loss. It discusses the types of gallstones, pathogenesis, definitions of related conditions, clinical manifestations, complications, and risk factors in more detail over several pages.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and management of genitourinary dysfunction in children. It discusses topics such as urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, dialysis, transplantation, and Wilms' tumor. Nursing priorities include thorough assessment, administering appropriate antibiotic therapy, managing complications, providing patient and family education, and preventing infections through aseptic technique.
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing studentsPreeths Roshan
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
The document discusses urinary tract problems including kidney and bladder diseases. It outlines various urinary symptoms and disorders such as oliguria, polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, enuresis, urinary incontinence, hematuria, and kidney stones. Diagnosis involves physical examination, urine analysis, imaging tests like ultrasound, IVU, CT, and 24-hour urine collection. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include pain medication, increased fluid intake, and surgical removal of stones or tumors.
Renal stone by Dr Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor, AIIMS-PatnaAnil Kumar
This document provides information about renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins with an overview of kidney anatomy and blood supply. It then discusses the causes, risk factors, types, and clinical presentation of renal calculi. The main types of stones are calcium oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, cysteine, and xanthine. Clinical features include flank pain, hematuria, and pyuria. Investigation involves urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, IV pyelogram, and retrograde pyelogram. The document outlines the most common and sensitive imaging modalities for detecting and characterizing renal calculi.
Gallstones form when certain substances harden in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Risk factors include family history, being a woman over 40, obesity, high-fat diet, and certain medical conditions. Gallstones can cause inflammation of the gallbladder, blockage of ducts, pancreatitis, and rarely cancer. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, blood tests, and endoscopy. Treatment is usually surgical removal of the gallbladder to prevent complications from gallstones.
Renal colic is a sudden, severe, dull pain that originates in the costovertebral angle and may radiate to the groin or abdomen. It is caused by obstruction of the ureter, usually by a kidney stone. Patients experience intermittent, colicky pain that is exacerbated by movement and relieved briefly by analgesics. Examination may reveal abdominal tenderness over the kidney area. Investigations include urinalysis, kidney imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan to detect stones. Treatment focuses on pain relief, increasing fluid intake, and allowing stones to pass spontaneously when possible. Surgery is considered for larger stones or if conservative measures fail.
The document provides an overview of the renal (kidney) system including its anatomy and physiology. It describes the key parts of the renal system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the nephron, the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, and its components. Finally, it covers several conditions that can affect the renal system including benign prostatic hyperplasia, pyelonephritis, and cystitis.
This document provides an outline and overview of urological emergencies. It discusses acute retention of urine (AROU), loin pain, hematuria, scrotal pain and swelling, and priapism. For each condition, it covers relevant history, physical exam findings, diagnostic workup including relevant blood tests and imaging, differential diagnoses, and management considerations. Key points emphasized include the need for timely surgical exploration in cases of suspected testicular torsion to preserve testicular viability.
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
This document discusses urinary obstruction at the upper and lower urinary tract. It classifies obstruction by cause, duration, degree, and level. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include ureteral stones, while lower tract obstruction may be due to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. Left untreated, urinary obstruction can lead to complications like hydronephrosis, infection, and kidney damage. Physical exam findings may include palpable masses, flank pain, or enlarged kidneys. Treatment aims to relieve obstruction and eradicate any infection through methods like drainage or surgery.
Lectures in urology for undergraduate medical students Elsayed Salih
This document contains lecture notes on various topics in urology from Dr. Elsayed Salih of Al-Azhar University. It includes sections on the diagnosis of urinary tract diseases through symptoms and investigations. It also covers congenital anomalies of the urinary tract including horseshoe kidney and polycystic kidney disease. Specific conditions discussed include renal cysts, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, bladder exstrophy, and hypospadias.
Calculus Disease
This document discusses calculus disease, including epidemiology, etiology, types of stones, clinical presentation, investigations, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Most patients are 30-60 years old and male. Stones are more common in Asians and whites.
- Risk factors include diet, climate, urine composition, infection, immobilization, and metabolic conditions.
- Common stone types are calcium oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and struvite.
- Clinical presentation includes renal colic pain radiating from the flank to the groin, sometimes with hematuria. Investigations include blood tests, urine analysis, X-rays
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstones) and acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It covers the prevalence and types of gallstones, risk factors, potential complications, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options. For acute cholecystitis, conservative treatment with antibiotics and fluids is usually attempted first to resolve the inflammation before delayed cholecystectomy once symptoms subside.
Assessment of renal and urinary tract functionBjorn Francisco
The document discusses diagnostic tests used to evaluate urinary tract function. It describes various urine tests including urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, urine osmolality, 24-hour urine collections for creatinine clearance and catecholamines. Imaging tests are also summarized such as abdominal ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram, renal scan, cystoscopy and renal biopsy. The goals are to identify parameters for assessing upper and lower urinary tract status and describe studies used to determine urinary tract function.
This document discusses diseases of the urinary system in horses, including cystitis, paralytic bladder, urolithiasis, and renal failure. It provides definitions, causes, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder caused by infection, which results in frequent, painful urination. Paralytic bladder is paralysis of the bladder muscles leading to urinary incontinence. Urolithiasis refers to bladder stones, which are usually calcium or phosphate compositions and can cause straining, hematuria, and colic. Treatment depends on the location of the stones but may include medications, laser lithotripsy, or surgery.
The document provides information about the digestive system and some common digestive diseases. It describes the main organs that make up the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, colon, rectum, and anus. It details the functions of these organs in digesting and processing food. The document then summarizes three common digestive diseases - abdominal adhesions which are bands of tissue that form between organs, foodborne illnesses caused by bacteria in food, and appendicitis which is a swelling and infection of the appendix.
Clinical case focusing on the topic of reproduction. The cases aim to highlight commonly presenting concerns and how the similar presenting complaints can represent very different disease processes. The cases are presented in a fashion so that they can be worked through in the same approach a working vet would. The level is intended for pre-veterinary students and veterinary students.
More at http://www.IWantToBecomeAVet.com
This document discusses urethral catheterization techniques in various animal species. It provides information on indications, contraindications, equipment, and steps for catheterization in male dogs, bitches, horses, cattle, and performing retrograde urohydropulsion in male dogs to flush uroliths from the urethra into the bladder. Potential complications are also outlined.
This document describes and defines various surgical instruments commonly used in veterinary practice, including forceps, retractors, scissors, blades, and instruments used for orthopedic and dental procedures. Key instruments mentioned are Kelly forceps for controlling hemostasis, Adson forceps for wound dressings, Metzenbaum scissors for delicate dissection, bone forceps for cutting bone, rongeurs for removing bone pieces, and scalers, probes, and extractors used in dental procedures. A variety of sizes and styles are available for different surgical needs.
This document lists clinical signs and lesions associated with 10 different equine diseases:
1. Vesicular stomatitis causes blister-like vesicles on the lips and gums.
2. Rota virus causes profuse diarrhea.
3. Equine influenza can result in bilateral catarrhal nasal discharge.
4. African horse sickness commonly shows swelling of the head and neck with hemorrhagic effusions.
This document describes various gynecological and obstetric instruments, including their indications and potential complications. It discusses speculums like the Cusco's speculum and Sim's speculum used to examine the vagina and cervix. Uterine curettes are used to take endometrial samples or remove retained tissue, while uterine sounds measure the uterine cavity. Dilators like Hegar's dilators are used to dilate the cervix. Other instruments mentioned include Rubin's cannula for HSG, ventouses for vacuum delivery, forceps of various types, Pinard's fetoscope to listen to the fetal heart, and Kelly's clamps. Complications of some procedures are also outlined.
This document provides information on various diseases that affect equines in India. It begins with background on the equine population in India and then lists and describes several important viral diseases (Hendra, equine influenza, equine herpes virus, equine infectious anemia, African horse sickness, equine viral arteritis, West Nile fever, equine encephalitis) and bacterial diseases (glanders, strangles, tetanus, Rhodococcus equi, leptospirosis, botryomycosis). For each disease, it discusses the causative agent, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, and current status or outbreaks in India. Considerable detail is provided for Hendra virus, equ
Gynecological and Obstetrics instrumentsRashmi Regmi
This document provides information on various gynecological and obstetric instruments including their indications. It describes forceps such as artery forceps, Allis' forceps, and Babcock's forceps. It also discusses dilators like Hegar's dilator and cervical dilators. Additionally, it mentions speculums including Cusco's speculum and Sims' speculum. The document provides details on 3 or more instruments and their uses in a variety of procedures.
The document discusses various types of heart valve disorders including stenosis, regurgitation, and prolapse. It describes the causes, effects, symptoms, and treatments for different valve conditions affecting the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Surgical interventions for valve disorders include valvuloplasty procedures to repair valves as well as valve replacement using mechanical or biological prosthetics.
Anatomy and Physilogy of Urinary System (Renal System)Yana Paculanan
The urinary system is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, while regulating water and electrolyte levels. Urine travels from the kidneys through ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until excreted through the urethra. The key parts are the kidneys, which contain nephrons that filter blood and reabsorb necessary substances; ureters, which transport urine from kidneys to bladder; and bladder, which stores urine until excretion. Together this system eliminates wastes and regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
The document provides an overview of the genitourinary system and common conditions affecting it. It discusses renal anatomy and physiology, conditions like UTIs and kidney stones, and renal function. Nursing assessments and interventions are outlined for issues such as fluid management, pain relief, and teaching regarding diet, medication adherence and symptom monitoring.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract and kidney, risk factors and types of kidney stones, and methods for diagnosing and treating stones, including increasing fluid intake, altering diet, using medications to change urine composition, and surgically removing stones with procedures like ureteroscopy and lithotripsy. Kidney stones form when substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid become supersaturated in the urine and crystallize into solid masses.
This document provides information on urinalysis results and abnormalities seen in urine tests. Normal urine is yellow in color and contains few cells, crystals or proteins. Abnormal results include cloudiness, foul smell, presence of blood, increased specific gravity, proteins, crystals, sugars, ketones, bilirubin or casts. Common urinary tract infections are also discussed, along with their symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment.
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid mineral deposits that form in the kidneys from supersaturated urine. They are typically classified based on their location in the urinary tract or their chemical composition. Risk factors include a family history, certain diets or medical conditions that cause urine to become supersaturated. Symptoms include flank pain, painful urination, and bleeding in the urine. Complications can arise if stones cause blockages and damage to the kidneys.
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by widespread fibrosis and scarring of the liver that results in loss of liver function. It is caused by chronic liver injury from conditions such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or other chronic liver diseases. As cirrhosis progresses, it leads to hepatic insufficiency, portal hypertension, and other complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and eventual liver failure. Treatment focuses on managing complications, slowing disease progression, and preventing further liver damage.
The document describes a case of a 62-year-old man presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms due to bladder outflow obstruction. Investigations including ultrasound, CT scan and cystoscopy revealed a heterogeneous mass arising behind the bladder, which was diagnosed as a neoplastic mucocele of the appendix causing extrinsic compression of the bladder neck.
Renal System - History Taking
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine, Zagazig University
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/dr4spring/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
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This document discusses disorders of the urinary system. It notes that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common reason patients seek healthcare, occurring mainly in women. UTIs can be classified as lower UTIs, which affect the bladder and urethra, or upper UTIs, which affect the kidneys. The most common cause of UTIs is Escherichia coli bacteria. Risk factors for UTIs and urinary tract calculi (stones) include anatomical abnormalities, foreign bodies, urinary stasis, and factors compromising the immune system. Common symptoms of UTIs include dysuria, frequent urination, urgency, and hematuria.
Urinary tract obstruction can damage the kidneys and is a common cause of acute and chronic renal failure. It occurs when urine flow is blocked, elevating pressure in the urinary tract. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize damage. Causes include congenital abnormalities, tumors, infections, stones, and prostate enlargement. Symptoms may include pain, difficulty urinating, and kidney damage leading to fluid and mineral imbalances. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, urine tests, ultrasound, CT, and cystoscopy. Treatment goals are relieving obstruction through drainage or surgery and treating any infections to prevent further kidney damage. Prognosis depends on how much reversible damage has occurred to the kidneys.
The pancreas develops from ventral and dorsal buds that fuse during gestation. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol and results from premature activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas, leading to autodigestion. It can range from mild to severe, with severe cases involving hemorrhage and necrosis. Treatment is usually initially conservative but surgery may be needed for complications or failure to improve.
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that negatively impacts quality of life. It affects women more than men and its prevalence increases with age. There are several types of incontinence with different causes, such as stress incontinence caused by weak pelvic floor muscles, urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder, and overflow incontinence from bladder retention. Diagnosing the type requires considering symptoms, patient history, and urodynamic tests like cystometry and uroflowmetry to evaluate bladder pressures and urine flow. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include pelvic floor exercises, medication, or surgery.
urolithasis.pptx for medical purposes...GokulnathMbbs
This document discusses urinary tract stones (urolithiasis). It defines different types of stones including nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, and cystolithiasis. It covers the etiology of stone formation including dietary factors, dehydration, infection, and genetic conditions. Types of stones like calcium oxalate, struvite, cystine and uric acid are described. Clinical features, investigations, and management options for kidney stones, ureteric stones and bladder stones are summarized. Treatment includes conservative measures, shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and open surgery.
This document provides information on urinary tract stones (urolithiasis), including:
- The types and locations of stones including nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, and cystolithiasis.
- Common causes or risk factors for stone formation including diet, dehydration, infection, and genetic factors.
- Clinical features associated with stones in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
- Imaging techniques used to detect stones such as radiography, intravenous urography, CT, and ultrasound.
- Treatment approaches including medical expulsive therapy, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and open surgery.
This document provides information about renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins with objectives for understanding renal calculi and applying nursing care. It then covers anatomy and physiology of the kidney, risk factors for kidney stones, types of stones, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical management, nursing diagnoses, and patient education topics like diet. The overall goal is to equip nurses with knowledge of renal calculi to properly assess, diagnose, and care for patients experiencing this condition.
This document provides information on cirrhosis including its causes, types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and treatment according to Ayurveda. Some key points:
- Cirrhosis is a diffuse process of fibrosis that converts the liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. It is caused by chronic liver injury and can result from conditions like alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Clinical features may include hepatomegaly, jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause and complications.
- In Ayurveda, cir
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and disorders that can affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and nephrons. Some key urinary disorders summarized include:
1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common in women and caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. Symptoms can include painful urination.
2. Kidney stones, solid mineral deposits that can block the urinary tract. Treatment includes shockwave lithotripsy to break up stones.
3. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate common in aging men that causes urinary problems. Treatments include medications
The gallbladder is located near the liver and stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. It has three parts - the neck, body, and fundus. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct. Gallstones can form in the gallbladder and cause problems like biliary colic, cholecystitis, cholangitis, or pancreatitis. Risk factors for gallstones include obesity, female gender, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Complications may include perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder.
ascites-mu1.ppt case presentation of ascitespankajpatle8
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is a test used to determine the cause of ascites. It is calculated by subtracting the ascitic fluid albumin level from the serum albumin level.
A SAAG value helps differentiate between:
- Portal hypertension-related ascites (SAAG >1.1 g/dL) which is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis.
- Non-portal hypertension related ascites (SAAG <1.1 g/dL) which can be caused by things like peritoneal carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome etc.
In simple terms, a SAAG value helps determine if the ascites is caused by portal
This document discusses diseases of the bladder, ureters, and urethra. It summarizes cystitis, paralysis of the bladder, rupture of the bladder, urinary bladder neoplasms, and urolithiasis in ruminants. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder usually caused by bacterial infection. Paralysis of the bladder results in distension due to inability to empty. Rupture of the bladder leads to urine in the abdomen. Neoplasms are rare tumors of the bladder seen in cattle. Urolithiasis is stone formation in the urinary tract, commonly seen in male ruminants on high-grain diets.
The document provides an overview of urinary system semiotics and urine syndrome. It discusses the main symptoms of kidney and urinary tract diseases, which include pain, edema, dysuria, arterial hypertension, and renal failure. It then examines each of these symptoms in more detail. For example, it describes the different types of pain seen in diseases like nephrolithiasis and pyelonephritis. It also outlines disorders of urination like polyuria, oliguria, and dysuria. The document concludes by presenting the case of a 52-year-old male patient complaining of fever, back pain, delayed urination, and morning edema, who has a medical history of similar symptoms for several years.
Similar to Equine med diseases of the urinary system (20)
This document provides information on various infectious respiratory diseases that affect horses, including their causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention/control measures. It describes viral diseases like equine herpesvirus infection, equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, Hendra virus infection, and African horse sickness. It also covers the bacterial disease Rhodococcus equi pneumonia and the bacterial infection Strangles. For each disease, it lists key details about the infectious agent, transmission route, incubation period, clinical presentation, lesions, diagnostic testing, and management approach.
Grass sickness is a polyneuropathy affecting the nervous system that presents as acute, subacute, or chronic forms. It is thought to be associated with grazing and causes paralysis of the digestive tract and throughout the body. There is no treatment for grass sickness. Equine degenerative encephalomyelopathy is a progressive disorder of the spinal cord and brainstem in horses and zebras, suspected to be linked to vitamin E deficiency. Cervical spondylomyelopathy involves compression of the spinal cord in the mid cervical region. Equine motor neuron disease is the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, which vitamin E deficiency is a strong risk factor for. Polyneuritis equi is an
This document provides information on various diseases and conditions that cause rhabdomyolysis or muscle damage in horses. It describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control of conditions like sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis, polysaccharide storage myopathies, recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, sarcocystis myositis, streptococcus equi rhabdomyolysis, clostridial myositis, muscle abscesses, immune-mediated myopathies, and nutritional myodegeneration. It also distinguishes between different types of polysaccharide storage myopathy and provides details on several immune-mediated myopathies.
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in adult horses, ranging from subclinical to severe and potentially fatal forms. It is caused by Salmonella bacteria which can be transmitted through the environment, feed, water, or direct contact. Clinical signs include fever, anorexia, diarrhea, and neutropenia. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from feces or tissues. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy and antibiotics while prevention relies on biosecurity measures.
This document provides a summary of common musculoskeletal diseases of horses organized in a table format. The table includes the name of each disease, a brief description, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and methods of control and prevention. Some of the diseases summarized are ruptured serratus ventralis muscle, infectious arthritis, osteochondritis dissecans, parrot mouth, wry nose, mandibular and maxillary fractures, facial fractures, and scoliosis.
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Lameness in horses is defined as an abnormal stance or gait caused by structural or functional disorders of the locomotor system. Lameness can be caused by trauma, congenital or acquired disorders, infection, metabolic disorders, and nervous or circulatory diseases. Pain is the most common cause of lameness and manifests as weight-bearing or non-weight bearing lameness. A systematic physical examination evaluates conformation, palpates for injuries, and observes the horse's gait at different paces and during flexion tests to localize the source of lameness. Imaging techniques like radiography, ultrasound, CT, and MRI provide anatomical information, while scintigraphy and thermography provide physiological data, to diagnose the specific condition causing lam
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in foals is caused by hypoxic events around birth and results in CNS dysfunction. Clinical signs include poor sucking reflex and neurological abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on history and clinical signs. Treatment involves IV fluids, oxygen, nutrition support, and medications to control seizures. Prevention focuses on proper obstetric management to avoid birthing complications.
Sepsis is the most common problem in equine neonates, usually caused by E. coli bacteria. Foals are at risk if they do not receive adequate colostral antibodies. Clinical signs range from vague depression to severe sepsis. Diagnosis involves blood culture and lab tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, IV fluids
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Cardiovascular and hemolynphatic diseases word printableDevon Avis
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Cardiovascular and hemolynphatic diseases word printable
Equine med diseases of the urinary system
1. Disease/
Disorder
Brief Description Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Lesions Diagnosis Differential
Diagnosis
Treatment Control and
Prevention
DISEASES OF THE BLADDER, URETERS AND URETHRA
UroperitoneuminFoals
Accumulation of
urine into the
peritoneal cavity. It
occurs as a result of
variety of situations:
*Congenital rupture
of the bladder
*Bladder rupture
associated with
sepsis
*Rupture of urachus
Avulsion of the
bladder from its
urachal attachment
Some studies
indicate a higher
incidence of bladder
rupture in males
than in females,
possibly because the
narrower pelvis and
the longer,
narrower urethra of
colts is a
predisposing factor.
The pathophysiology is
that of postrenal
azotemia.
Accumulation of urine
within the peritoneal
cavity results in
substantial electrolyte,
acid-base and
cardiovascular effects
in affected foals.
Foals are unable to
excrete waste products
and are unable to
maintain water and
electrolyte balance.
Lethargy, decreased
appetite, mild
abdominal
distension, and
abdominal distension
(2-4 days old)
Hypokalemia
Foals with this
condition usually
appear normal at
birth, but gradually
become ill over 1 to 2
days. They are weak,
lack energy and
interest in their
surroundings, and
have an increased
heart rate. Most of
these foals attempt
to urinate often, but
only produce a small
amount of urine.
Necropsy
examination
confirms the
presence of
uroperitoneum
and the
structural defect
allowing leakage
of urine into the
abdomen. The
defect can have
signs of healing,
which can make
it readily
confused with a
malformation,
because
affected foals
can survive for
days after the
rupture occurs-
sufficient time
for partial
healing of the
defect.
Ultrasonographi
c abdominal
examination
Physical exam
(ballottement)
Blood and
peritoneal fluid
analysis
Septicemia,
hypoxic
ischemic
encephalopathy
/neonatal
encephalopathy
Persistent
meconium
impaction or
colic
Primary renal
disease
Surgery
Peritoneal
drainage
There are no
recognized means
of prevention and
control.
Minimize the risk
of foals
developing septic
disease.
2. Urolithiasis Urolithiasis is an
obstruction to the
urinary tract. The
mechanism of urolith
formation in horses is
unknown, although
the alkaline pH and
high mineral content
of normal equine
urine may favor
crystal formation and
precipitation. Normal
equine urine also
contains large
amounts of
mucoproteins, which
may serve as a
cementing substance
to adhere crystals.
Consumption of feed
and water high in
mineral content may
increase urinary
solute concentrations
and thereby promote
crystallization and
precipitation.
Multiple nephroliths
may develop in
horses with renal
papillary necrosis
(associated with
NSAID administration
while dehydrated)
and mineralization of
the papillae.
Occurs sporadically
in horses, the
prevalence is low at
about 0.04%-0.5%
of all horse
accessions or
diagnoses. Animals
from 5-15 years of
age are most
commonly affected
and 76% males are
(27% intact, 49%
gelding) and 24%
are females.
Equine uroliths
have a diameter of
0.5–21 cm, weigh as
much as 6.5 kg, and
are found most
often within the
bladder.
Obstruction of one
ureter may cause
unilateral
hydronephrosis, with
compensation by the
contralateral kidney.
Rupture of the urethra
or bladder is more
likely to occur with a
spherical, smooth
calculus and causes
complete obstruction
of the urethra.
Most equine uroliths
are composed of
calcium carbonate, in
various hydrated
forms, with either
calcium phosphate or
struvite uroliths
occasionally noted.
Weight loss,
Anorexia, Stranguria.
Most uroliths are
located in the
bladder and cause
dysuria, pollakiuria,
and hematuria.
Hematuria is most
evident after exercise
and toward the end
of a voided urine
stream. Affected
horses frequently
stretch out to urinate
and may maintain
this posture for
variable periods
before and after
micturition.
Additional signs may
include scalding of
the perineum in
females or of the
medial aspect of the
hindlimbs in males.
Geldings and stallions
may protrude the
penis flaccidly for
prolonged periods
while intermittently
dribbling urine.
Affected horses may
occasionally exhibit
recurrent bouts of
colic or an altered
hindlimb gait.
Urethral
perforation
Hydronephrosis
Urinary bladder
rupture
Transrectalultras
onography
Urinalysis
Rectal palpation
Clinical signs,
and History
Surgical removal
of the calculus
and correction of
any defects in the
bladder.
Midline or
paramedian
laparotomy and
cystotomy,
Pararectal
cystotomy,
Subischial
urethrostomy,
Urethral
sphincterotomy
Laser or shock
wave lithotripsy
Ammonium
chloride (200
mg/kg BW) twice
daily.
Increase urinary
chloride excretion,
decrease urine pH,
and provide
calcium:
phosphorus ratio
of 2:1 in the
complete ration.
Adding sodium
chloride up to 4%
of the total ration
3. RuptureoftheBladder(Uroperitoneum) This occurs most
commonly in
castrated males as a
sequel to obstruction
of the urethra by
calculi.
Rare cases are
recorded in cows as
a sequel to a
difficult parturition
and in mares after
normal parturition,
possibly because of
compression of a
full bladder during
foaling.
After the bladder
ruptures,
uroperitoneum results
in a series of
abnormalities that
arise from failure of the
excretory process
combined with solute
and fluid redistribution
between the peritoneal
fluid and extracellular
fluid.
Bladder rupture leads
to gradual
development of ascites
from uroperitoneum,
ruminal stasis,
constipation, and
depression.
Depression, anorexia,
colic, abdominal
distension, and
uremia develop
within 1-2 days
following rupture.
Ruptured
urinary bladder
Ultrasonographi
c abdominal
examination
Physical exam
(ballottement)
Blood and
peritoneal fluid
analysis
Ascites
Urinary tract
obstruction
Surgery with a
goal of bladder
repair.
To avoid costs of
laparotomy in
feedlot animals,
urethrostomy is
created or an
indwelling
catheter is placed
and the rupture is
allowed to repair
itself.
4. Cystitis Inflammation of the
bladder usually
associated with
bacterial infection
and is characterized
clinically by frequent,
painful urination and
hematuria,
inflammatory cells
and bacteria in the
blood.
It is likely to be the
result of an
obstruction in the
urinary tract or
paralysis of the
bladder (which may
be the result of
nerve damage).
Occurs also in
mares with chronic
inflammation of the
vagina.
Bacteria frequently
gain entrance to the
bladder but are usually
removed by flushing
action of voided urine
before they invade the
mucosa.
Mucosal injury
facilitates invasion but
stagnation of urine is
the most important
predisposing cause.
Loss of control over
urination, frequent
urination, urine
dribbling, urine
scalding, and
straining to urinate.
Hyperemia,hem
orrhage and
edema of the
mucosa
Complete blood
test
Urinalysis
Rectal
examination
Based on Clinical
signs
Pyelonephritis
Presence of
calculi in the
bladder
Urethral
obstruction
Antimicrobial
therapy for 7-14
days.
Although there is
no fool-proof way
to prevent cystitis,
the environment,
diet, and on-going
attention to the
physical condition
of each horse can
help owners and
handlers to catch
the infection in its
earliest stages to
ensure proper
treatment.
Given the fact that
certain grasses can
cause cystitis,
horses should not
be pastured in
pastures where
Sudan grass,
sorghum of
sorghum-sudan
hybrid grasses are
grown, nor should
they be fed
cuttings from such
pastures.
5. Paralysisofthebladder Paralysis of the
bladder is uncommon
in large animals. This
usually occurs as a
result of neurological
diseases affecting the
lumbosacral spinal
cord such as equine
herpes myelopathy
and cauda equine
syndrome, and
particularly ascending
spinal meningitis in
lambs after tail
docking.
Spinal cord
degeneration
following
consumption of
sorghum can lead to
bladder paralysis in
horses.
Iatrogenic bladder
paralysis occurs in
horses in which
there has been
epidural injection of
excessive quantity
of alcohol.
In some horses,
idiopathic bladder
paralysis and
overflow
incontinence may
occur sporadically
in the absence of
other neurological
or systemic signs.
Compression of the
lumbar spinal cord by
neoplasia
(lymphosarcoma,
melanoma) or infected
tissue (vertebral
osteomyelitis) causes
paralysis in bladder.
Chronic distention of
the bladder leads to
accumulation of a
sludge of calcium
carbonate crystals.
Urine stasis produces
ideal conditions for
bacterial growth.
Incontinence with
constant or
intermittent dribbling
of urine. Urine flow is
often increased
during exercise.
Large bladder,
often displaced
cranioventrally,
detected on
rectal
examination.
Physical
examination
(manual bladder
compression)
Non-
neurogenic,
non-myogenic
causes of
apparent
incontinence.
Myogenic
problems of the
bladder such as
cystic calculi.
Supportive and
aimed at relieving
bladder
distension by
regular
catherization and
lavage.
Parasympathomi
metic drug (
bethanicol) and
sympatholytic (
prazosin,phenoxy
benzamine)
Regular
catheterization is
essential in
conjunction with a
prophylactic dose
of antibiotic.
6. Urethraltearsinstallionsandgeldings Urethral rents are
lesions in the convex
and surface at the
level of the ischial arc
in geldings and
stallions.
The lesions
communicate with the
corpus spongiosum and
cause hemorrhage at
the end of urination in
geldings or during
ejaculation by stallions.
The disease is
apparently caused by
contraction of the
bulbospongiosis muscle
at the end of urination,
with a consequent
increase in pressure in
the corpus spongiosum
and expulsion of blood
through the rent.
Urethral tears
typically result in
hematuria at the end
of urination, in
association with
urethral contraction.
Affected horses
generally void a
normal volume of
urine that is not
discolored. At the
end of urination,
affected geldings
have a series of
urethral contractions
resulting in squirts of
bright red blood.
Occasionally, a
smaller amount of
darker blood may be
passed at the start of
urination.
With hematuria
of several weeks
duration, the
lesion may
appear as a
fistula
communicating
with the
vasculature of
the corpus
spongiosum
penis
(cavernous
vascular tissue
surrounding the
urethra).
Endoscopic
examination of
the urethra with
visualization of
the rent in the
urethral mucosa.
Urethritis or
hemorrhage
from
"varicosities" of
the urethral
vasculature.
Breeding rest is
recommended
for stallions.
Subischial
urethrostomy or
subischial incision
into the
spongiosum penis
reduces vascular
pressure in the
corpus
spongiosum
during urination,
allowing the
defect to heal. A
buccal mucosal
graft was used to
repair the defect
in a stallion.
CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE URINARY TRACT
Renalhypoplasia
A decrease in total
renal parenchyma of
one-third or more,
with a
proportionately
greater loss of
medullary than
cortical tissue.
Lethargy, shivering,
depression, anorexia,
and a slow rate of
growth.
Polydipsia, polyuria,
as well as other signs
of kidney disease
such as weakness,
lack of appetite,
abdominal pain,
fever, or swelling of
the legs.
Evidence of
chronic renal
failure on
clinicopathologi
cal examination
Transrectal and
transabdominal
ultrasonography
reveal small
renal medulla
and pelves.
Renal dysplasia There is no
treatment for
renal hypoplasia.
Care for affected
dogs consists of
managing the
problems
associated with
the kidney failure
that results from
this condition.
7. Renaldysplasia It is defined as
disorganized
development of the
renal parenchyma
due to anomalous
differentiation.
This is common in
dogs but rare in
cats, lambs, and
horses. In pigs,
renal dysplasia may
be idiopathic or
associated with
nutritional
avitaminosis A.
Renal dysplasia may be
unilateral or bilateral.
When these conditions
occur, the kidneys are
usually small, firm, and
pale.
The outer portion of
the kidney that
contains glomeruli may
be smaller than normal
in size.
Renal failure,
nephromegaly and in
some instances
hematuria and colic.
Polydipsia, polyuria,
as well as other signs
of kidney disease
such as weakness,
lack of appetite,
abdominal pain,
fever, or swelling of
the legs.
Azotemia, increased
serum phosphorus
concentrations and
oliguria.
Characterized
by persistence
of abnormal
mesenchymal
structures,
including
undifferentiated
cells, cartilage,
immature
collecting
ductules, and
abnormal lobar
organization.
Animals
affected
bilaterally
generally die in
the early
neonatal period,
whereas
animals affected
unilaterally
typically
develop
hypertrophy of
the
contralateral
kidney.
Ultrasonographi
c examination of
the kidneys may
reveal a poor
distinction
between the
cortex and
medulla due to a
hyperechoic
medulla, which
was due to
fibrosis.
Renal biopsy
confirms
dysplasia
Other causes of
chronic renal
failure
including renal
hypoplasia.
Renal
neoplasia.
Other intra-
abdominal
neoplasia.
Interstitial
nephritis.
Glomeruloneph
ritis.
Pyelonephritis.
Treatment is
aimed at
managing the
associated
chronic renal
failure.
8. Polycystickidneys The kidneys are
usually grossly
enlarged on
palpation. Horses
with this condition
sometimes also have
cysts in the bile ducts
of the liver.
Polycystic kidneys
are rare in cattle
and horses and very
rare in sheep. It is
commonly recorded
in dogs.
In adult horses,
polycystic disease
may also be
acquired rather
than congenital.
Renal failure,
nephromegaly and in
some instances
hematuria and colic.
Polycystic kidneys
may cause no clinical
signs or lead to
progressive renal
failure.
If it is extensive and
bilateral the affected
animal is usually
stillborn or dies soon
after birth.
Based on
physical and
radiographic
findings,
ultrasonic
examination, or
exploratory
laparotomy.
Other causes of
chronic renal
failure ,
including renal
hypoplasia.
Pyelonephritis
Ectopicureter
The ectopic ureter
opens into the
urogenital tract at a
place Other than the
bladder such as
cervix, urethra or
vagina. The condition
may be unilateral
with urinary
incontinence from
birth as major clinical
sign
In horses, ectopic
ureter is the most
common congenital
anomaly affecting
the urinary tract; as
in dogs, it is
significantly more
common in fillies
than in colts.
Ectopic ureters
generally result from
disruption of
development of the
mesonephric and
metanephric duct
systems.
Continual dripping of
urine is the classic
sign, although
animals with
unilateral ectopic
ureter may void
normally; the
inability to void
normally suggests
bilateral ectopic
ureters. A low-grade
vaginitis or vulvitis
may also be present
due to urine scalding.
Definite
diagnosis
requires
excretory
urography or
endoscopy;
visualization of
the ureteral
openings during
endoscopy can
be assisted by
intravenous
administration
of
phenolsulfonpht
halein (0.01
mg/kg BW) or
indigo carmine
(0.25 mg/kg BW)
to impart a red
or blue color,
respectively, to
the urine being
produced.
Surgical
treatment
involving
ureterovesical
anastomosis or
unilateral
nephrectomy has
been successful.
Successful
surgical
treatments
usually involve
transplantation
of affected
ureters into the
bladder, or
ureteronephrecto
my.
9. Patenturachus The urachus is the
tube within the
umbilical cord
through which urine
from the unborn foal
travels from its
bladder to the
allantois (a fluid filled
sac surrounding the
unborn foal).
Patent urachus occurs
as three syndromes in
foals: congenital and
present at birth;
acquired and
secondary to urachal
infection or
inflammation; or
secondary to severe
systemic illness,
usually sepsis.
Failure of the
urachus to close at
birth occurs most
commonly in foals.
As a result of the
patent urachus, which
during intra-uterine life
drains urine into the
allantoic fluid, urine
leaks from the
umbilicus.
Early signs of
infection may include
an enlarged navel
that is painful to the
touch and discharge
of pus from the navel
opening.
Fever, Depression,
loss of appetite, and
signs of serious
systemic illness such
as respiratory
difficulty, lameness
and swollen joints.
Patent urachus is
typically associated
with continuous
urinary incontinence,
urine scalding of the
ventral abdomen,
and development of
bacterial urinary tract
infections.
Foals with
patent urachus
secondary to
umbilical
disease usually
have enlarged
umbilicus and
some have
purulent
discharge.
Ultrasonographi
c examination of
the umbilicus of
foals with patent
urachus is
essential to
determine the
extent of disease
and presence of
intra-abdominal
disease.
Cystitis Surgical resection
and 2–4 wks. of
appropriate
antibiotic therapy
when indicated.
Surgical resection
is the standard
treatment for
umbilical urachal
sinuses and intra-
abdominal
urachal cysts.
Bibliography
American College of Veterinary Surgeon. (n.d.). Retrieved January 8, 2014, from https://www.acvs.org/large-animal/patent-urachus-foals
II, H. C. (2009, April 1). Retrieved January 6, 2014, from dvm360.com: http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=675274&sk=&date=&pageID=2
Moses, S. E. (n.d.). The Merck Veterinary Manual . Retrieved january 9, 2014, from The Merck Veterinary Mnual Online: http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/index.html
O.M. Radostits, C. C. (2007). Veterinary Medicine A Textbook of the diseases in cattle, horses, sheep,pigs and goats 10th Edition. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier Limited.
10.
11. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS
DISEASE OTHER
NAME
BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
ETIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS LESIONS DIAGNOSIS DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT CONTROL AND
PREVENTION
GLOMERULO
NEPHRITIS
Chronic
nephritis
-can occur as
a primary
disease or as
a component
of diseases
affecting
several body
systems
-equine
infectious
anemia
-amyloidosis
-streptococci
infection
-weight loss
-anorexia
-polyuria
-kidneys are
shrunken and
fibrous
-ulceration in
the GI tract
-acute renal
failure
-pre-eclamtic
toxemia
-remove the causative agent
-restore normal fluid balance
There is no specific
prevention for
most cases of
chronic
glomerulonephritis.
Some cases may be
prevented by
avoiding or limiting
exposure to
organic solvents,
mercury, and
nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory
analgesics.
RENAL ISCHEMIA -reduced
blood flow
through the
kidneys
-usually from
general
circulatory
failure
ACUTE
-general
circulatory
emergencies
such as shock,
dehydration,
acute
hemorrhagic
anemia, acute
heart failure
CHRONIC
-congestive
heart failure
-masked by the
clinical signs of the
primary disease
-oliguria and
azotemia will go
unnoticed in most
cases
-proteinuria-early
indication
-primary cortex
is pale and
swollen
-distinct line of
necrosis at the
corticomedullary
junction
-necrosis of
tubular
epithelium and/
or glomeruli
-urinalysis with
urea nitrogen
and creatinine
concentration
used as indices
-serum
biochemistry on
urine
-Nonoliguric
Acute Renal
Failure
-correction of fluid, electrolyte
and acid-base balance
TOXIC NEPHROSIS -direct action
of toxins
-metals
-
antimicrobials
-vit. K via IM
or IV
-vit. D2 and
D3
-NSAID
-
benzimidazole
-may not be
referable to urinary
system
-colic, stranguria
-depression,
dehydration,
anorexia,
hypothermia, slow or
elevated heart rate
and weak pulse
-diarrhea may be
present
ACUTE CASES
-kidney is
swollen and wet
on the cut
surface
-edema may be
present
-necrosis and
desquamation of
tubular
epithelium
-hyaline casts
-urinalysis with
proteinuria,
glucosuria,
enzymuria and
hematuria as
initial changes
-detection of the
proximal tubule
enzyme GGT in
urine
-pulmonary
adenomatosis
-
mycotoxicoses
-nutritional or
metabolic
disorders (eg,
selenium,
vitamin E, or
copper
deficiency)
-removal of the toxin
identified
-anti-toxins
-hemodialysis for foals with
oxytetracyclinenephrotoxicosis
-controlled
secondary diseases
12. -chlorinated
naphthalene
-oxalate in
mushrooms
-mycotoxins
are present in
the dilated
tubules
DISTAL RENAL
TUBULAR
ACIDOSIS(TYPE 1)
-
characterized
by normal
glomerular
function but
abnormal
tubular
function
-detect in the
ability to
secrete H ions
in the distal
convoluted
tubules
against a
concentration
gradient
-profound strong ion
acidosis due to
hyperchloremia
-alkaline urine pH(>8)
-increased fractional
clearance of sodium
-examining the
ability of the
distal
convoluted
tubules to
excrete H ions
by oral
administration
of ammonium
chloride
-
uroperitoneum
- renal calculi
-symptomatic
-focuses sodium bicarbonate
PO or IV administration
-The goal is to
restore the normal
pH (acid-base level)
and electrolyte
balance.
EMBOLIC NEPHRITIS -any
septicemia or
bacteremia
when bacteria
is lodged in
the renal
tissue
-toxemia
-kidney may be
enlarged on rectal
examination
-small gray spots
in cortex
-develop into
large abcesses
-extensive
scarring
-microscopic
exam of urine
-hematology
-amyloidosis
-nephritis
-antimicrobials
-avoid use of nephrotoxic
drugs
-supportive care,
including
hydrotherapy of
accessible veins,
anti-inflammatory
agents, and
systemic
antimicrobials to
control secondary
sepsis
PYELONEPHRITIS -develops by
ascending
infection
from lower
urinary tract
-secondary to
bacterial
infections of
the lower
urinary tract
-septicemia
-secondary to
anatomical
abnormalities
of the kidneys
or distal
convoluted
structures
-hematuria with
pyelonephritis
-presence of
abnormality
shaped kidneys
with loss of
corticomedullary
gradient
-hyper echoic
abnormalities in
the renal cortex
-increased
echogenicity
-erythrocytes,
leukocytes and
cell debris are
present in the
urine upon
microscopic
examination
-ultra
sonography of
the kidneys
based on the
lesions
described
-Azotemia
-Chronic Renal
Failure
-
Nephrolithiasis
-unilateral nephrectomy(only
in non-azotemic patients)
-includes longterm antibiotics
(4 to 6 weeks), sometimes at
high dosages
-alteration of the
urinary pH(reduce
the ability of the
bacteria to attach
to the epithelial
cells
HYDRONEPHROSIS -dilation of
the renal
pelvis with
-obstruction
of the ureter
-congenital or
-anuria, dysuria or
stranguria
-
ultrasonography
-unilateral
-Urinary
stones
-Urinary reflux
-hydroureter is
aimed at restoring
urine flow
13. progressive
atrophy of
the renal
parenchyma
acquired obstruction may
be detectable on
palpation per
rectum of a
grossly
distended
kidney
-UTI -restoration of fluid
balance
RENAL NEOPLASMS -primary
tumors are
uncommon
-carcinomas
occur in
horse
-unknown -enlargement of the
kidneys(characteristic
sign)
-weight loss, reduced
appetite,
intermittent bouts of
abdominal pain
-massive ascites,
hemoperitonium,
hematuria
-
ultrasunographic
examination of
the kidneys
-renal biopsy
-surgical removal of the
neoplasms
-chemotherapy
-nephrectomy