Epilepsy syndromes
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This document discusses epileptic syndromes, which are defined by clinical features such as seizure type, age of onset, family history, EEG findings, and prognosis. Several electroclinical syndromes are arranged by age of onset, including neonatal, infant, childhood, adolescent/adult, and less specific age relationships. Reflex epilepsies are also discussed, which are epileptic seizures consistently induced by identifiable triggers either external, internal, or both. The triggers must be distinguished from general precipitants reported by most epileptic patients.
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Epilepsy syndromes
This document provides an overview of various epilepsy syndromes classified by onset in the brain and cause of seizures. It describes several generalized and focal epilepsy syndromes including childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, Doose's syndrome, Dravet's syndrome, infantile spasms/West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and Ohtahara syndrome. For each syndrome, it covers key characteristics, EEG findings, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis.
Epilepsy syndromes in Children
This document discusses several epilepsy syndromes categorized by age of onset:
- Neonatal onset syndromes include benign neonatal seizures and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
- Infantile onset syndromes include Dravet syndrome, West syndrome, and myoclonic epilepsy in infancy.
- Childhood syndromes include Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.
- Later onset syndromes extending into adolescence and adulthood include juvenile absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Pediatric epilepsy syndromes
The document discusses various epileptic syndromes categorized by age of onset - neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence-adult. For each syndrome, it provides information on defining features, age of onset, seizure types, EEG patterns, treatment and prognosis. The syndromes discussed include benign familial neonatal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and others.
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The document provides guidelines for the management of childhood epilepsy. It discusses the classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Some key seizure types include partial seizures, generalized seizures like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures. It also discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating common idiopathic or genetic epilepsy syndromes in children like benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and childhood absence epilepsy. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and considering neuroimaging in some cases.
epilepsy -pediatrics
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur due to excessive firing of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy has many potential causes including genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, or developmental problems. Evaluation involves an EEG and neuroimaging to classify seizure type and identify underlying causes. Treatment focuses on medication or other options like the ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, or epilepsy surgery to control seizures. Children with uncontrolled epilepsy may experience social or academic challenges at school.
Seizures in children
1. A seizure is caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be focal, generalized, or febrile.
2. Evaluation of a first seizure involves obtaining a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging to determine the cause and classify the seizure type.
3. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Focal seizures can become secondary generalized seizures.
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This document contains information about Dr. Amit Vatkar's credentials and contact information, as well as summaries of definitions, classifications, and types of seizures and epilepsy. It defines seizures, epilepsy, acute symptomatic seizures, epilepsy syndromes, drug-resistant epilepsy, and describes different types of seizures including myoclonic, tonic, epileptic spasms, clonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. It also discusses recent definitions and classifications of epilepsy from international organizations.
Epileptic Encephalopathy
This document discusses early infantile epileptic encephalopathies (EIEEs), a group of severe epilepsy syndromes that occur in infants under 3 months of age. The three main syndromes discussed are Ohtahara syndrome, early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME), and malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy. They are characterized by frequent seizures, severe developmental impairment, and burst suppression on EEG. Prognosis is generally poor with survivors left with severe cognitive deficits. Underlying causes include genetic mutations and structural brain abnormalities. Treatment options have limited success.
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Epilepsy syndromes in Children
This document discusses several epilepsy syndromes categorized by age of onset:
- Neonatal onset syndromes include benign neonatal seizures and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
- Infantile onset syndromes include Dravet syndrome, West syndrome, and myoclonic epilepsy in infancy.
- Childhood syndromes include Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.
- Later onset syndromes extending into adolescence and adulthood include juvenile absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Pediatric epilepsy syndromes
The document discusses various epileptic syndromes categorized by age of onset - neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence-adult. For each syndrome, it provides information on defining features, age of onset, seizure types, EEG patterns, treatment and prognosis. The syndromes discussed include benign familial neonatal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and others.
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The document provides guidelines for the management of childhood epilepsy. It discusses the classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Some key seizure types include partial seizures, generalized seizures like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures. It also discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating common idiopathic or genetic epilepsy syndromes in children like benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and childhood absence epilepsy. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and considering neuroimaging in some cases.
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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur due to excessive firing of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy has many potential causes including genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, or developmental problems. Evaluation involves an EEG and neuroimaging to classify seizure type and identify underlying causes. Treatment focuses on medication or other options like the ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, or epilepsy surgery to control seizures. Children with uncontrolled epilepsy may experience social or academic challenges at school.
Seizures in children
1. A seizure is caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be focal, generalized, or febrile.
2. Evaluation of a first seizure involves obtaining a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging to determine the cause and classify the seizure type.
3. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Focal seizures can become secondary generalized seizures.
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2. It focuses on juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only as the most common types of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
3. These share characteristics of normal cognition, bilateral synchronous EEG patterns, and generally good seizure control with antiepileptic drug treatment, though the conditions typically require lifelong medication.
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Children with epilepsy are at risk for cognitive difficulties like lower IQ, learning problems, and academic underachievement due to factors like underlying brain abnormalities, seizures, and medication side effects. While half of children with epilepsy develop normally, certain epilepsy syndromes carry a higher risk of intellectual disability or unfavorable cognitive outcomes. Autism also commonly co-occurs with epilepsy, especially among those with intellectual disabilities, suggesting shared neurological mechanisms. Anti-seizure medications can cause mild to moderate cognitive impairments involving slowed processing, reduced working memory, and decreased mental flexibility, with effects varying between medications.
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1. A seizure is defined as an abnormal excessive discharge of neurons in the brain, while epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
2. The ILAE defines epilepsy as at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of future seizures.
3. Seizures are classified as focal or generalized based on where they originate in the brain. Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity lasting more than five minutes.
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This document defines seizure disorders and classifies different types of seizures. It discusses focal seizures, generalized seizures, infantile spasms, and several epilepsy syndromes that typically present in the neonatal period or childhood such as West syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome, and benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Causes, clinical presentations, diagnostic workups, and treatment options are provided for many of the conditions.
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1) Seizures and epilepsy are common in children, affecting 4-7% and 1-2% respectively. The majority of childhood epilepsy cases are treatable, but treatment gaps remain high.
2) Focal seizures originate from one hemisphere and present with aura, behavioral arrest or focal motor symptoms. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and include absence, myoclonic, tonic and tonic-clonic seizures.
3) Evaluation of a child with seizures includes a detailed history, neurological exam, EEG and neuroimaging in certain cases to determine seizure type and diagnose epileptic syndromes which guide treatment and prognosis. Correct diagnosis and management is important to optimize outcomes in pediatric epilepsy.
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This document contains 10 case studies presented to test knowledge of neurological disorders like epilepsy. The cases include examples of primary generalized epilepsy, secondary generalized epilepsy from focal lesions, and drug-induced seizures. They cover common conditions seen in neurology practice and aim to evaluate ability to synthesize history and exam findings to form differential diagnoses and management plans.
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This document discusses various epileptic syndromes categorized by age of onset - infantile, childhood, adolescent. Key syndromes described in detail include West syndrome, Dravet syndrome, GEFS+, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, Electrical status epilepticus in slow sleep, Myoclonic-atonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. For each syndrome, the document outlines clinical features, investigations such as common EEG findings and genetic causes, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis.
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Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurring seizures and affects over 5 million people in the US. Seizures occur when brain cells misfire and send too many electrical signals at once, causing changes in awareness, movement, or sensation. While epilepsy can be caused by head injuries or other brain damage, in many cases the cause is unknown. The Epilepsy Foundation provides resources and support for those affected by epilepsy and works to reduce the stigma around this common condition.
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The document discusses epilepsy and seizure disorders. It defines seizures as paroxysmal events due to abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. It classifies seizures as either focal or generalized based on their origin. Focal seizures originate in one hemisphere while generalized seizures rapidly engage both hemispheres. Common types of seizures include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. The document also discusses the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of epilepsy through use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or other methods.
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This document defines and classifies different types of seizures and epilepsy. It discusses various etiologies and syndromes of epilepsy, including idiopathic, symptomatic, partial and generalized seizures. It also covers the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of conditions like complex partial seizures, absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, infantile spasms, febrile seizures, and status epilepticus.
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This document discusses various epileptic encephalopathies in infants and children. It begins by defining epileptic encephalopathies as electro-clinical syndromes associated with a high probability of encephalopathic features that present or worsen after the onset of epilepsy. It then describes several specific neonatal and infantile epileptic syndromes in detail, including early myoclonic encephalopathy, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, and malignant migrating partial epilepsy of infancy. It also discusses later childhood syndromes such as Landau-Kleffner syndrome and continuous spike-wave during slow-wave sleep syndrome. For each syndrome, it covers defining characteristics, etiology, investigations, treatment approaches, and prognosis
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1. The document discusses idiopathic generalized epilepsy in adults, including its classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Children with epilepsy are at risk for cognitive difficulties like lower IQ, learning problems, and academic underachievement due to factors like underlying brain abnormalities, seizures, and medication side effects. While half of children with epilepsy develop normally, certain epilepsy syndromes carry a higher risk of intellectual disability or unfavorable cognitive outcomes. Autism also commonly co-occurs with epilepsy, especially among those with intellectual disabilities, suggesting shared neurological mechanisms. Anti-seizure medications can cause mild to moderate cognitive impairments involving slowed processing, reduced working memory, and decreased mental flexibility, with effects varying between medications.
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1. A seizure is defined as an abnormal excessive discharge of neurons in the brain, while epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
2. The ILAE defines epilepsy as at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of future seizures.
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Ping me at tarunbetha@outlook.com for the ppt if you could not get videos.
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1) Seizures and epilepsy are common in children, affecting 4-7% and 1-2% respectively. The majority of childhood epilepsy cases are treatable, but treatment gaps remain high.
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Epilepsy is characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that cause seizures. It can be caused by genetic or structural factors. There are several types of seizures including generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, simple partial, and complex partial. Diagnosis involves determining if events are true epileptic seizures and identifying any underlying cause. Treatment typically involves antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, with the goal of monotherapy using the drug with the best safety and tolerability profile for the individual patient. Combination therapy may be used if one drug is ineffective. Managing medications and potential interactions is important long-term.
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This document discusses various epileptic syndromes categorized by age of onset - infantile, childhood, adolescent. Key syndromes described in detail include West syndrome, Dravet syndrome, GEFS+, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, Electrical status epilepticus in slow sleep, Myoclonic-atonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. For each syndrome, the document outlines clinical features, investigations such as common EEG findings and genetic causes, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis.
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The document summarizes information on seizures in children, including prevalence, classification, etiology, assessment, and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, types like febrile seizures and absence epilepsy. Evaluation involves detailed history, examination, EEG, and imaging in some cases. Management includes emergency treatment with diazepam or lorazepam for acute seizures. Long-term treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine, valproate, and phenobarbitone.
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The document summarizes information on seizures in children, including prevalence, classification, etiology, assessment, and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, types like febrile seizures and absence epilepsy. Evaluation involves detailed history, examination, EEG, and imaging in some cases. Management includes emergency treatment with diazepam or lorazepam for acute seizures. Long-term treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine, valproate, and phenobarbitone.
Epilepsy mimics in childern
This document discusses various conditions that can mimic epilepsy in children. It notes that epilepsy is sometimes underdiagnosed or overdiagnosed due to unusual symptom presentations or epilepsy mimics. Several common epilepsy mimics are described in detail for different age groups, including breath holding spells in infants, tics and parasomnias in children, and syncope in adolescents. Tables compare features of epilepsy mimics to epileptic seizures during sleep and wakefulness. In conclusion, the document emphasizes taking an age- and state-based approach to differentiating epilepsy from conditions it may imitate.
Ataxia
This document discusses ataxia in children. It describes the different types of ataxia including sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia. It outlines the characteristic features, locations of lesions, physical exam findings, and hints to differentiate between sensory and cerebellar ataxia. The document also provides guidance on evaluating a child with ataxia including taking a thorough history, performing a full physical and neurological exam, ordering appropriate tests and imaging, and considering possible consultations. Common causes of ataxia in childhood are discussed such as congenital, degenerative/genetic, infectious, metabolic, neoplastic, toxic, traumatic and vascular etiologies.
Seizures & Epilepsy, chapt. #1: Diagnosis, at a glance, for beginners
di-request adek2 Dokter Muda buat nentir ttg kejang, so, yang singkat n praktis2 aja dalam diagnosis kejang.. (sambil bertanya-tanya, ujian bakal kayak apa ya?)
met belajar!^^v
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Epilepsy syndromes
- 2. • complex of signs and symptoms that define a unique epileptic condition
- 3. Epileptic Syndromes • Defined by: – Clinical features – Seizure type(s) – Age of onset – Family history – EEG findings – Diagnostic Investigations – Treatment – Prognosis
- 4. Electroclinical syndromes arranged by age at onset Neonatal period Benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE) Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) Ohtahara syndrome Infancy Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures West syndrome Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (MEI) Benign infantile epilepsy Benign familial infantile epilepsy Dravet syndrome Myoclonic encephalopathy in nonprogressive disorders
- 5. • Childhood • Febrile seizures plus (FS+) (can start in infancy) • Panayiotopoulos syndrome • Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic (previously astatic) seizures • Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) • Autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) • Late onset childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut type) • Epilepsy with myoclonic absences • Lennox-Gastaut syndrome • Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (CSWS) • Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) • Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE)
- 6. • Adolescence – Adult • Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) • Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) • Epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures alone • Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PME) • Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (ADEAF) • Other familial temporal lobe epilepsies • Less specific age relationship • Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (childhood to adult) • Reflex epilepsies
- 7. Reflex epilepsy types • Reflex epilepsies (REs) are identified as epileptic seizures that are consistently induced by identifiable and objective-specific triggers, which may be an afferent stimulus or by the patient’s own activity. RE may have different subtypes depending on the stimulus characteristic. • he stimuli can be external (light flashes, hot water), internal (emotion, thinking), or both and should be distinguished from triggering precipitants, which most epileptic patients could report such as emotional stress, sleep deprivation, alcohol, and menstrual cycle.