Enzymes as Biomarkers for Diseases
•
2 likes•153 views
Enzymes are biocatalyst which catalyzes the chemical reaction within living system. They can serve as a marker in the diagnosis of diseases such as heart attack..
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
ILS Web Assignment
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. Low hemoglobin can cause anemia and require blood transfusions. Hemoglobin levels are important for oxygen transport, especially at high altitudes like Mount Everest where climbers may receive hemoglobin boosters. Blood doping artificially boosts red blood cells and hemoglobin through blood transfusions or drugs like EPO to enhance athletic performance, but it can have serious health risks. Many athletes have been caught blood doping and face penalties.
Ldh sgot index
1) The study develops a new parameter called the ALT-LDH index to predict prognosis in patients with acute liver injury using serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2) The ALT-LDH index was calculated as serum ALT divided by serum LDH minus the median normal LDH range.
3) The study found that the ALT-LDH index increased rapidly in patients who were conservative survivors but remained low in patients with progressive fatal liver failure, suggesting persistent hepatic hypoxia in fatal cases.
181 cholesterol independent therapeutic effects of hdl
181 cholesterol independent therapeutic effects of hdlSociety for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication
The document discusses the therapeutic effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) on cardiovascular disease that are independent of cholesterol. It summarizes a study that found HDL administered before ischemia improved cardiac function recovery in rats and reduced markers of injury. The protective effects of HDL are thought to be due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, in addition to reversing cholesterol transport. Questions are raised about the underlying mechanisms of HDL's direct protective effects on heart tissue and whether these effects may be more important for reducing cardiovascular events than HDL's anti-atherosclerotic role.EPO
EPO is a performance-enhancing drug that stimulates red blood cell creation, increasing oxygen levels in the body. It allows athletes in endurance sports like cycling and running to maintain steady breathing and not slow down or stop during long distance events. While originally developed to treat medical conditions causing anemia, athletes use EPO to enhance performance and chances of winning. However, EPO is dangerous as it raises hematocrit levels, thickening the blood and risking strokes, heart attacks, and clogged capillaries.
Presentation Circulatory System New
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory system and blood. It discusses how the circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, waste and more through blood vessels to all parts of the body. It specifically describes the heart as a pump with chambers that push blood through arteries and veins, as well as the roles of red blood cells, platelets, plasma and more in blood composition and function. It also provides an overview of hemophilia as a rare bleeding disorder.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports waste. It is composed of formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) suspended in plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Blood functions include transport, protection, regulation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Imbalances can cause diseases like anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, and hemophilia. Blood typing involves the ABO and Rh systems which determine compatibility for transfusions.
Chemical Bonds
This document discusses chemical bonding in the context of hemoglobin and oxygen transport in the human body. It explains that hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen through chemical bonding between its iron atoms and oxygen molecules. This bonding enables oxygen transport throughout the body and is important for activities like climbing Mount Everest where lower oxygen levels are encountered. The document also covers related topics like the effects of pH and temperature on hemoglobin bonding, blood doping techniques used to enhance athletic performance, examples of blood doping in sports, and potential health risks.
Chemical Bonding
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body by chemically bonding to oxygen. This chemical bonding allows for increased cardiovascular fitness and oxygen delivery to muscles, helping athletes successfully climb Mount Everest. Low pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen, aiding performance. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cells, such as through autologous or homologous blood transfusions, or using EPO to boost red blood cell production. While used to treat anemia, blood doping is banned in sports due to its performance enhancing effects. Side effects include kidney damage and blood clots.
Recommended
ILS Web Assignment
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. Low hemoglobin can cause anemia and require blood transfusions. Hemoglobin levels are important for oxygen transport, especially at high altitudes like Mount Everest where climbers may receive hemoglobin boosters. Blood doping artificially boosts red blood cells and hemoglobin through blood transfusions or drugs like EPO to enhance athletic performance, but it can have serious health risks. Many athletes have been caught blood doping and face penalties.
Ldh sgot index
1) The study develops a new parameter called the ALT-LDH index to predict prognosis in patients with acute liver injury using serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2) The ALT-LDH index was calculated as serum ALT divided by serum LDH minus the median normal LDH range.
3) The study found that the ALT-LDH index increased rapidly in patients who were conservative survivors but remained low in patients with progressive fatal liver failure, suggesting persistent hepatic hypoxia in fatal cases.
181 cholesterol independent therapeutic effects of hdl
181 cholesterol independent therapeutic effects of hdlSociety for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication
The document discusses the therapeutic effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) on cardiovascular disease that are independent of cholesterol. It summarizes a study that found HDL administered before ischemia improved cardiac function recovery in rats and reduced markers of injury. The protective effects of HDL are thought to be due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, in addition to reversing cholesterol transport. Questions are raised about the underlying mechanisms of HDL's direct protective effects on heart tissue and whether these effects may be more important for reducing cardiovascular events than HDL's anti-atherosclerotic role.EPO
EPO is a performance-enhancing drug that stimulates red blood cell creation, increasing oxygen levels in the body. It allows athletes in endurance sports like cycling and running to maintain steady breathing and not slow down or stop during long distance events. While originally developed to treat medical conditions causing anemia, athletes use EPO to enhance performance and chances of winning. However, EPO is dangerous as it raises hematocrit levels, thickening the blood and risking strokes, heart attacks, and clogged capillaries.
Presentation Circulatory System New
The document summarizes key aspects of the circulatory system and blood. It discusses how the circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, waste and more through blood vessels to all parts of the body. It specifically describes the heart as a pump with chambers that push blood through arteries and veins, as well as the roles of red blood cells, platelets, plasma and more in blood composition and function. It also provides an overview of hemophilia as a rare bleeding disorder.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports waste. It is composed of formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) suspended in plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Blood functions include transport, protection, regulation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Imbalances can cause diseases like anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, and hemophilia. Blood typing involves the ABO and Rh systems which determine compatibility for transfusions.
Chemical Bonds
This document discusses chemical bonding in the context of hemoglobin and oxygen transport in the human body. It explains that hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen through chemical bonding between its iron atoms and oxygen molecules. This bonding enables oxygen transport throughout the body and is important for activities like climbing Mount Everest where lower oxygen levels are encountered. The document also covers related topics like the effects of pH and temperature on hemoglobin bonding, blood doping techniques used to enhance athletic performance, examples of blood doping in sports, and potential health risks.
Chemical Bonding
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body by chemically bonding to oxygen. This chemical bonding allows for increased cardiovascular fitness and oxygen delivery to muscles, helping athletes successfully climb Mount Everest. Low pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen, aiding performance. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cells, such as through autologous or homologous blood transfusions, or using EPO to boost red blood cell production. While used to treat anemia, blood doping is banned in sports due to its performance enhancing effects. Side effects include kidney damage and blood clots.
Drugs in sports97 03
Thank you for the feedback. I will incorporate your suggestions in any future presentations. The goal is to communicate information clearly and concisely while also properly citing sources.
Blood Doping Powerpoint
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. It binds oxygen when levels are high, such as in the lungs, and releases it where levels are low, such as in muscles. This binding and releasing of oxygen is an example of chemical bonding. Hemoglobin allows oxygen transport even during strenuous activities like climbing Mount Everest where oxygen levels are low. The pH level also affects hemoglobin's ability to bind and release oxygen. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts to enhance oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise.
Blood cells
This document summarizes the different types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body via blood flow. They contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule. White blood cells are involved in the immune system and protect the body against infection and foreign invaders. There are five types of white blood cells. Platelets function in blood coagulation and have a lifespan of 5-9 days. The main metal present in blood is iron, which is contained in red blood cells. A normal human has 5.78-6.21 liters of blood.
Chem Reaction
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transfers oxygen from the lungs to the body using iron atoms that attract oxygen through chemical bonding, allowing blood to circulate even at low temperatures. Blood doping is the illegal practice of increasing red blood cells through means like blood transfusions to enhance athletic performance.
Introduction to the circulatory system
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body, which contains formed elements like erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood has three main functions: transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and more; regulation of body temperature, pH, and fluid levels; and protection through immunity and clotting. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers - erythrocytes on the bottom, then a leukocytes and platelets layer, with plasma on top.
Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
This document discusses different methods of blood doping used by athletes to boost oxygen carrying capacity and endurance. It describes how blood doping involves increasing red blood cells through blood transfusions, EPO injections, or blood substitutes. Blood transfusions involve extracting and later reinfusing a person's own red blood cells or receiving another person's blood. EPO injections stimulate the body to produce more red blood cells. Detection methods try to identify abnormal increases in hemoglobin levels that would indicate blood doping. While blood doping can enhance exercise performance, it also carries health risks like heart or lung problems.
Blood
Blood is composed of solid particles known as formed elements suspended in fluid plasma. The formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets help the blood to clot. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers - plasma on top, then a buffy coat containing white blood cells and platelets, and red blood cells packed on the bottom.
Blood Doping in Athletics
Blood doping involves boosting the number of red blood cells through blood transfusions, injections of erythropoietin (EPO), or injections of synthetic oxygen carriers in order to improve athletic performance. It allows more oxygen to be transported to working muscles, increasing endurance. However, it poses health risks like heart attack, stroke, and infections. While blood transfusions and EPO injections have no medical uses, synthetic oxygen carriers are sometimes used in emergencies when blood transfusions are not possible.
Biology 37.2
This document summarizes key components of blood and the lymphatic system. It describes that plasma is the straw-colored fluid that makes up 55% of blood, hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that transports oxygen, lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies, and platelets help with blood clotting. It also notes that white blood cells defend against infection, the lymphatic system collects and returns fluid lost by blood, and blood clotting involves plasma proteins and platelets.
Part 1 back to basics 2311
Vitamin B12 plays an essential role in the production of healthy red blood cells. It acts as a coenzyme facilitating DNA synthesis and is required for the function of an enzyme involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Without sufficient B12, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin to form functional red blood cells, which can result in large, abnormally shaped cells and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamin B12 as well as other nutrients like folate, iron, and zinc is vital for continuous healthy erythropoiesis and oxygen transport via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Unit III
This document provides information about the composition and formation of blood. It discusses the physical properties of blood, its components including plasma, blood cells, and plasma proteins. It describes the functions of blood such as transportation of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, defense mechanisms, temperature regulation, and coagulation. It also discusses blood grouping systems including ABO and Rh, blood types, Rh incompatibility, and uses of blood grouping. Finally, it covers blood products and their uses in transfusion medicine.
Circulatory System
The document discusses the circulatory system and related diseases. It covers the composition of blood, the functions of blood components like red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. It also discusses common blood disorders like anemia, leukemia, allergies, and hemophilia. Additionally, it describes the double circulatory system involving systemic and pulmonary circulation. Major arterial diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension are summarized. Finally, it provides an overview of the working of the heart through the cardiac cycle and common heart diseases such as myocardial infarction.
Part 4 laboratory values 2211
The document discusses normal ranges and interpretation of various clinical laboratory values from a complete blood count (CBC). It provides reference ranges for hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. For each value, it describes potential causes of increases or decreases outside the normal ranges, as well as optimal versus alarm ranges.
Polycythemia - increase in RBC count
This document discusses erythrocyte (red blood cell) count and variations in their number. It begins by introducing erythrocytes and their normal range in blood. It then describes their origin from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. Physiological variations that cause mild, temporary increases in count are described, such as during exercise, high altitudes, or emotional states due to adrenaline release. Pathological polycythemia is defined as an abnormal, persistent increase in erythrocyte count above 7 million/cu mm and can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to respiratory, heart or other diseases involving hypoxia.
The seven common diseases powerpoint
The document discusses seven common diseases:
1. Hypertension/high blood pressure, which can cause headaches, vision changes, and changes in urinary output and is treated through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication.
2. Stroke, which occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen and nutrients.
3. Heart attack, which describes sudden damage to the heart.
4. Myocardial infarction, which is the death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood flow.
5. Arteriosclerosis, the hardening of arteries. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.
6. HIV/AIDS, where HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is
Devry bios255 anatomy and physiology with lab iii – entire course
This document provides materials for the Devry BIOS255 Anatomy and Physiology with Lab III course, including graded questions, assignments, and midterm exam answers. It covers topics like the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood, immunity, respiration, and cardiovascular physiology. The materials are intended to help students complete and understand the entire BIOS255 course.
ISOENZYMES OF LDH & CK
This document discusses isoenzymes and provides information about creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes. Isoenzymes are multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in physical and chemical properties. CPK and LDH isoenzymes can be separated using electrophoretic techniques. CPK isoenzymes indicate the source of damaged tissue, such as heart (CK-MB) or skeletal muscle (CK-MM). LDH isoenzymes also provide information about injured tissues, such as heart (LDH-1) or liver (LDH-5). Measuring isoenzymes thus increases
Isoenzymes - Diagnostic Methods & Importance.pptx
Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure. Isoforms arise from post-translational modifications. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) are clinically important enzymes that exist as isoenzymes. LDH isoenzymes can indicate tissue damage like myocardial infarction. CK isoenzymes are measured to detect heart attacks. ALP isoenzymes are elevated in bone and liver diseases. Isoenzyme patterns are determined through properties like electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, and inhibitor response.
CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY in veterinary medicine.pdf
This document discusses several clinically important enzymes and isoenzymes. It begins by listing objectives related to enzymes and isoenzymes used in medicine. It then discusses specific enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase that are measured in plasma to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction and liver disease. It explains how isoenzymes provide clues to the site of pathology. Measurement of these enzyme levels and isoenzymes in disease states can provide information about organ involvement, etiology, extent of disease, and disease course.
Iso enzzyme by KK Sahu sir
ISOENZYME
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINATION
EXPLANATION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ISOENZYME
IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF ISOENZYME
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE(LDH)
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE(CPK)
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
REFERENCE
Isoenzymes.pptx
Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that have the same catalytic activity but differ in electrophoretic mobility and inhibitor responsiveness. They are produced by the same gene undergoing different post-translational modifications in different organs. Two important isoenzymes are lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). LDH has 5 isoenzymes that increase in levels for different diseases like myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, and leukemia. CPK has 3 isoenzymes where CPK BB increases in brain tumors, CPK MB in heart disease, and CPK MM in skeletal muscle disease. Isoenzymes are medically important for disease diagnosis and indication of affected organs
Clinical enzymology and biomarkers
This document provides an overview of clinical enzymology and biomarkers. It discusses enzymes, how they function, and different types of enzymes including isoenzymes. It also covers measuring enzyme activities and properties of ideal biomarkers. Specific cardiac and skeletal muscle biomarkers are examined, including cardiac enzymes AST, LDH, and CK, as well as cardiac proteins like myoglobin and troponin. The document emphasizes the importance of biomarkers for diagnosing conditions like myocardial infarction.
More Related Content
What's hot
Drugs in sports97 03
Thank you for the feedback. I will incorporate your suggestions in any future presentations. The goal is to communicate information clearly and concisely while also properly citing sources.
Blood Doping Powerpoint
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. It binds oxygen when levels are high, such as in the lungs, and releases it where levels are low, such as in muscles. This binding and releasing of oxygen is an example of chemical bonding. Hemoglobin allows oxygen transport even during strenuous activities like climbing Mount Everest where oxygen levels are low. The pH level also affects hemoglobin's ability to bind and release oxygen. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts to enhance oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise.
Blood cells
This document summarizes the different types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body via blood flow. They contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing molecule. White blood cells are involved in the immune system and protect the body against infection and foreign invaders. There are five types of white blood cells. Platelets function in blood coagulation and have a lifespan of 5-9 days. The main metal present in blood is iron, which is contained in red blood cells. A normal human has 5.78-6.21 liters of blood.
Chem Reaction
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transfers oxygen from the lungs to the body using iron atoms that attract oxygen through chemical bonding, allowing blood to circulate even at low temperatures. Blood doping is the illegal practice of increasing red blood cells through means like blood transfusions to enhance athletic performance.
Introduction to the circulatory system
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body, which contains formed elements like erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma. Blood has three main functions: transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and more; regulation of body temperature, pH, and fluid levels; and protection through immunity and clotting. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers - erythrocytes on the bottom, then a leukocytes and platelets layer, with plasma on top.
Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
This document discusses different methods of blood doping used by athletes to boost oxygen carrying capacity and endurance. It describes how blood doping involves increasing red blood cells through blood transfusions, EPO injections, or blood substitutes. Blood transfusions involve extracting and later reinfusing a person's own red blood cells or receiving another person's blood. EPO injections stimulate the body to produce more red blood cells. Detection methods try to identify abnormal increases in hemoglobin levels that would indicate blood doping. While blood doping can enhance exercise performance, it also carries health risks like heart or lung problems.
Blood
Blood is composed of solid particles known as formed elements suspended in fluid plasma. The formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets help the blood to clot. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers - plasma on top, then a buffy coat containing white blood cells and platelets, and red blood cells packed on the bottom.
Blood Doping in Athletics
Blood doping involves boosting the number of red blood cells through blood transfusions, injections of erythropoietin (EPO), or injections of synthetic oxygen carriers in order to improve athletic performance. It allows more oxygen to be transported to working muscles, increasing endurance. However, it poses health risks like heart attack, stroke, and infections. While blood transfusions and EPO injections have no medical uses, synthetic oxygen carriers are sometimes used in emergencies when blood transfusions are not possible.
Biology 37.2
This document summarizes key components of blood and the lymphatic system. It describes that plasma is the straw-colored fluid that makes up 55% of blood, hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that transports oxygen, lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies, and platelets help with blood clotting. It also notes that white blood cells defend against infection, the lymphatic system collects and returns fluid lost by blood, and blood clotting involves plasma proteins and platelets.
Part 1 back to basics 2311
Vitamin B12 plays an essential role in the production of healthy red blood cells. It acts as a coenzyme facilitating DNA synthesis and is required for the function of an enzyme involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Without sufficient B12, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin to form functional red blood cells, which can result in large, abnormally shaped cells and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamin B12 as well as other nutrients like folate, iron, and zinc is vital for continuous healthy erythropoiesis and oxygen transport via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Unit III
This document provides information about the composition and formation of blood. It discusses the physical properties of blood, its components including plasma, blood cells, and plasma proteins. It describes the functions of blood such as transportation of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, defense mechanisms, temperature regulation, and coagulation. It also discusses blood grouping systems including ABO and Rh, blood types, Rh incompatibility, and uses of blood grouping. Finally, it covers blood products and their uses in transfusion medicine.
Circulatory System
The document discusses the circulatory system and related diseases. It covers the composition of blood, the functions of blood components like red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. It also discusses common blood disorders like anemia, leukemia, allergies, and hemophilia. Additionally, it describes the double circulatory system involving systemic and pulmonary circulation. Major arterial diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension are summarized. Finally, it provides an overview of the working of the heart through the cardiac cycle and common heart diseases such as myocardial infarction.
Part 4 laboratory values 2211
The document discusses normal ranges and interpretation of various clinical laboratory values from a complete blood count (CBC). It provides reference ranges for hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. For each value, it describes potential causes of increases or decreases outside the normal ranges, as well as optimal versus alarm ranges.
Polycythemia - increase in RBC count
This document discusses erythrocyte (red blood cell) count and variations in their number. It begins by introducing erythrocytes and their normal range in blood. It then describes their origin from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. Physiological variations that cause mild, temporary increases in count are described, such as during exercise, high altitudes, or emotional states due to adrenaline release. Pathological polycythemia is defined as an abnormal, persistent increase in erythrocyte count above 7 million/cu mm and can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to respiratory, heart or other diseases involving hypoxia.
The seven common diseases powerpoint
The document discusses seven common diseases:
1. Hypertension/high blood pressure, which can cause headaches, vision changes, and changes in urinary output and is treated through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication.
2. Stroke, which occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen and nutrients.
3. Heart attack, which describes sudden damage to the heart.
4. Myocardial infarction, which is the death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood flow.
5. Arteriosclerosis, the hardening of arteries. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.
6. HIV/AIDS, where HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is
Devry bios255 anatomy and physiology with lab iii – entire course
This document provides materials for the Devry BIOS255 Anatomy and Physiology with Lab III course, including graded questions, assignments, and midterm exam answers. It covers topics like the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood, immunity, respiration, and cardiovascular physiology. The materials are intended to help students complete and understand the entire BIOS255 course.
What's hot (16)
Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
Devry bios255 anatomy and physiology with lab iii – entire course
Devry bios255 anatomy and physiology with lab iii – entire course
Similar to Enzymes as Biomarkers for Diseases
ISOENZYMES OF LDH & CK
This document discusses isoenzymes and provides information about creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes. Isoenzymes are multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in physical and chemical properties. CPK and LDH isoenzymes can be separated using electrophoretic techniques. CPK isoenzymes indicate the source of damaged tissue, such as heart (CK-MB) or skeletal muscle (CK-MM). LDH isoenzymes also provide information about injured tissues, such as heart (LDH-1) or liver (LDH-5). Measuring isoenzymes thus increases
Isoenzymes - Diagnostic Methods & Importance.pptx
Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure. Isoforms arise from post-translational modifications. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) are clinically important enzymes that exist as isoenzymes. LDH isoenzymes can indicate tissue damage like myocardial infarction. CK isoenzymes are measured to detect heart attacks. ALP isoenzymes are elevated in bone and liver diseases. Isoenzyme patterns are determined through properties like electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, and inhibitor response.
CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY in veterinary medicine.pdf
This document discusses several clinically important enzymes and isoenzymes. It begins by listing objectives related to enzymes and isoenzymes used in medicine. It then discusses specific enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase that are measured in plasma to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction and liver disease. It explains how isoenzymes provide clues to the site of pathology. Measurement of these enzyme levels and isoenzymes in disease states can provide information about organ involvement, etiology, extent of disease, and disease course.
Iso enzzyme by KK Sahu sir
ISOENZYME
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINATION
EXPLANATION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ISOENZYME
IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF ISOENZYME
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE(LDH)
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE(CPK)
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
REFERENCE
Isoenzymes.pptx
Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that have the same catalytic activity but differ in electrophoretic mobility and inhibitor responsiveness. They are produced by the same gene undergoing different post-translational modifications in different organs. Two important isoenzymes are lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). LDH has 5 isoenzymes that increase in levels for different diseases like myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, and leukemia. CPK has 3 isoenzymes where CPK BB increases in brain tumors, CPK MB in heart disease, and CPK MM in skeletal muscle disease. Isoenzymes are medically important for disease diagnosis and indication of affected organs
Clinical enzymology and biomarkers
This document provides an overview of clinical enzymology and biomarkers. It discusses enzymes, how they function, and different types of enzymes including isoenzymes. It also covers measuring enzyme activities and properties of ideal biomarkers. Specific cardiac and skeletal muscle biomarkers are examined, including cardiac enzymes AST, LDH, and CK, as well as cardiac proteins like myoglobin and troponin. The document emphasizes the importance of biomarkers for diagnosing conditions like myocardial infarction.
publication_11_17171_1196.pdf
Isoenzymes are multiple forms of the same enzyme that differ in their physical and chemical properties but catalyze the same reaction. They can be produced from a single gene or multiple genes. Isoenzymes can be separated using techniques like heat inactivation, chemical inhibition, and electrophoretic techniques. Detection of tissue-specific isoenzymes provides clues about the site of pathology. Common isoenzymes measured include creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase. Isoenzyme analysis is useful for diagnosing conditions like myocardial infarction.
Cardiac biomarkers - I
Cardiac biomarkers such as aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and cardiac troponins are substances that are released when heart muscle is damaged and can help detect and assess heart attacks. While aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were earlier markers used, more specific markers like creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponins T and I are now widely used. No single marker is perfect but used together they can help diagnose chest pain and evaluate heart function.
Cardiac function-test
The document summarizes various cardiac function tests including electrocardiography (ECG), chest X-ray, cardiac enzyme tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG is a quick and easy way to assess heart function by studying electrical activities. Chest X-rays can detect abnormalities like heart enlargement. Cardiac enzyme tests like CK-MB and cardiac troponin detect heart muscle damage by measuring levels in blood. Coronary angiography uses dye and x-rays to examine blood flow through heart arteries.
clinical enzymology
This document discusses various clinical enzymology topics including enzymes, isoenzymes, classification of enzymes, diagnostic uses of enzymes, and specific enzymes elevated in certain diseases. It provides information on enzymes that can help diagnose acute myocardial infarction (CK, AST, LDH), liver diseases (aminotransferases, GGT), bone diseases (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase), and GI tract diseases (amylase, lipase). The levels and timing of elevation of these enzymes in different conditions is outlined.
Diabetes clinical trails PPT
LIKE US ON FACEBOOK-- click following link
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Pharmastuff-Updates/169566796430349
clinicalenzymology-120625130732-phpapp02.pdf
This document discusses various enzymes and their roles in diagnosing diseases. It focuses on enzymes used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Functional and nonfunctional plasma enzymes are described. Increased or decreased levels of enzymes like creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and cardiac troponins can indicate AMI. The timing of peak levels and returns to normal for each enzyme after an AMI is provided. Isoenzymes and their patterns of expression in different tissues are also summarized.
Guidelines for Good Management of Diabetes
Application of the advice given by this guide helps the diabetic treat him or herself so that minimal or no medication should be needed. Changing the life style for the better can reduce the risk of complications and slow down their development.
Vascular endothelium
The document discusses the biology of vascular endothelium. It states that the endothelium is a thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood/lymph and the vessel wall. The basic constituents of blood vessel walls are endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, elastin, and collagen. The endothelium regulates vascular tone by releasing both vasodilators like nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and vasoconstrictors like endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2. Endothelial dysfunction, an imbalance between these factors, contributes to conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.
Myocardial infarction and its laboratory diagnosis
The document discusses myocardial infarction (MI) and methods for diagnosing it in a laboratory setting. It covers the anatomy and function of the heart, signs and symptoms of MI, and several cardiac biomarkers used to detect heart muscle damage, including myoglobin, troponin I and T, CK-MB, LDH, and BNP. It explains the tissue distribution, time course of elevation, and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker. Together with electrocardiogram findings, cardiac biomarkers are useful for confirming MI when symptoms are unclear.
Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis
This document provides an overview of enzymes in clinical diagnosis. It discusses how isoenzymes can be used to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction. Key diagnostic enzymes discussed include creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, cardiac troponins, and myoglobin which are elevated in blood following a heart attack. Liver diseases can also be assessed by elevated levels of aminotransferases which indicate hepatocyte damage. Enzyme levels thus provide important information for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.
CVS Function, Regulation of the Heart and Overview of Therapeutic Goals in CV...
CVS Function, Regulation of the Heart and Overview of Therapeutic Goals in CV...Imhotep Virtual Medical School
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular system function, regulation, and common disorders. It discusses the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, vasculature, blood, kidneys, and autonomic nervous system. Key terms are defined, such as stroke volume, cardiac output, preload, afterload, and contractility. Common drugs used to treat hypertension and angina are outlined with their mechanisms and therapeutic goals.Cardiovascular system- biochemical aspects
This document summarizes important enzymes and lipoproteins that are investigated in cases of cardiac diseases. It discusses several serum enzymes that are elevated during a myocardial infarction (MI), including creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and troponins. It provides details on what tissues they are found in, when levels peak after an MI, and their diagnostic value. It also discusses lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, and lipoprotein(a) and their relationships to cardiovascular health. Specifically, elevated LDL is viewed as harmful while elevated HDL is beneficial due to its role in removing cholesterol from tissues. High levels of lipoprotein(a) are also an independent risk factor as it can inhibit fibrinolysis and promote
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
1. Myocardial infarction (MI) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle resulting in cardiac cell death.
2. Atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, can rupture and cause thrombosis, blocking blood flow to the heart and leading to MI.
3. Biomarkers such as troponin and CK-MB are released from damaged heart cells and are used to diagnose MI. Their levels rise and fall at different rates, allowing for detection even if the patient presents later after symptoms start.
IHD ema_2020.pdf
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which develops over many years and is worsened by risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath during physical exertion. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to improve symptoms, prevent heart attacks, and includes risk factor modification, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and revascularization procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
Similar to Enzymes as Biomarkers for Diseases (20)
Myocardial infarction and its laboratory diagnosis
Myocardial infarction and its laboratory diagnosis
CVS Function, Regulation of the Heart and Overview of Therapeutic Goals in CV...
CVS Function, Regulation of the Heart and Overview of Therapeutic Goals in CV...
Recently uploaded
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxMGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...chandankumarsmartiso
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun Women Seeking Service
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recently uploaded (20)
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Enzymes as Biomarkers for Diseases
- 1. 8/6/2020 ENZYMES Biomarkers for diseases Mehak Saeed MSC. BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI
- 2. ENZYMES AS MARKERS FOR DISEASE: Some enzymes are found only in specific tissues or in a limited number of such tissues. LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE(LDH): The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has two different types of subunits: 1. found primarily in heart muscle (H) 2. found in skeletal muscle (M). The two different subunits differ slightly in amino acid composition; consequently, they can be separated electrophoretically or chromatographically based on charge. Because LDH is a tetramer of four subunits, and because the H and M subunits can combine in all possible combinations, LDH can exist in five different forms, called isozymes, depending on the source. An increase of any form of LDH in the blood indicates some kind of tissue damage. A heart attack used to be diagnosed by an increase of LDH from heart muscle. CREATINE KINASE(CK): There are different forms of creatine kinase (CK), an enzyme that occurs in: 1. Brain 2. Heart 3. Skeletal muscle.
- 3. Appearance of the brain type can indicate a stroke or a brain tumor, whereas the heart type indicates a heart attack. After a heart attack, CK shows up more rapidly in the blood than LDH. Both enzymes help in the diagnosis of even the mild heart attack. An elevated level of the isozyme from heart muscle in blood is a definite indication of damage to the heart tissue. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACE): A particularly useful enzyme to assay is acetylcholinesterase (ACE), which is important in controlling certain nerve impulses. Many pesticides interfere with this enzyme, so farm workers are often tested to be sure that they have not received inappropriate exposure to these important agricultural toxins. • The possible isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase. The symbol M refers to the dehydrogenase form that predominates in skeletal muscle, and the symbol H refers to the form that predominates in heart (cardiac) muscle.