The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. Key components include receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, PIP2, PIP3, and Akt. Akt is activated by phosphorylation and regulates various proteins involved in functions like cell growth. Dysregulation of this pathway can lead to cancer due to abnormal cell proliferation and is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
1. The complement system consists of over 20 proteins that interact to promote inflammation and cell injury. It has three activation pathways: classical, lectin-binding, and alternative.
2. Complement activation results in the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory anaphylatoxins like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis.
3. The membrane attack complex forms from C5b, C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 molecules, causing pores in cell membranes and lysing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This is a major effector mechanism of innate immunity.
A comprehensive presentation on cancer biochemistry including biochemical changes,carcinogens,mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis ,oncogenes & activation,monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy,diet ,prevention &tumor markers
The document discusses telomeres and telomere-binding proteins. It begins by introducing telomeres as the protective ends of chromosomes, and the shelterin protein complex that binds telomeres. It then describes telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres. The objective is to discuss the roles of telomeric proteins in cancer and aging by regulating telomere length, protection, and gene expression. Key points covered include how telomerase and shelterin influence telomere function, the mechanisms by which telomere dysfunction can cause genomic instability and cancer, and potential applications of targeting telomerase for cancer treatment.
This document discusses stem cell niches and the microenvironment that supports stem cells. It outlines various cell types that make up stem cell niches in the bone marrow including mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, and osteoblasts. It describes markers that characterize these cell types and factors they secrete like cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins that regulate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Pathways involved in maintaining stem cells like the Wnt signaling pathway are also summarized.
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or other cells in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues. They are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. More than 20 tumor markers are currently used for a wide range of cancer types, including prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer, and alpha-fetoprotein for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels are measured before, during, and after cancer treatment to help plan treatment, monitor response, and check for recurrence.
This document discusses inflammation and its link to cancer development and progression. It describes how inflammation can be either tumor-intrinsic, driven by the tumor itself, or tumor-extrinsic, arising from external factors like infection or environmental irritants. Chronic inflammation promotes carcinogenesis by increasing mutations, supporting angiogenesis and tumor growth. The tumor microenvironment contains many inflammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and different T cell subsets that can either enhance or suppress antitumor immunity through their secreted cytokines and effects. Understanding the roles of these inflammatory cells is important for cancer immunotherapy.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. It describes the various domains of p53 including the N-terminal domain, proline-rich domain, central DNA-binding domain, tetramerization domain, and C-terminal regulatory domain. It discusses how each domain contributes to p53's role in regulating genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to cellular stress. The document also provides information on the location of the TP53 gene and includes figures depicting the structure and domains of the p53 protein.
The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. Key components include receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, PIP2, PIP3, and Akt. Akt is activated by phosphorylation and regulates various proteins involved in functions like cell growth. Dysregulation of this pathway can lead to cancer due to abnormal cell proliferation and is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
1. The complement system consists of over 20 proteins that interact to promote inflammation and cell injury. It has three activation pathways: classical, lectin-binding, and alternative.
2. Complement activation results in the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory anaphylatoxins like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis.
3. The membrane attack complex forms from C5b, C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 molecules, causing pores in cell membranes and lysing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This is a major effector mechanism of innate immunity.
A comprehensive presentation on cancer biochemistry including biochemical changes,carcinogens,mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis ,oncogenes & activation,monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy,diet ,prevention &tumor markers
The document discusses telomeres and telomere-binding proteins. It begins by introducing telomeres as the protective ends of chromosomes, and the shelterin protein complex that binds telomeres. It then describes telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres. The objective is to discuss the roles of telomeric proteins in cancer and aging by regulating telomere length, protection, and gene expression. Key points covered include how telomerase and shelterin influence telomere function, the mechanisms by which telomere dysfunction can cause genomic instability and cancer, and potential applications of targeting telomerase for cancer treatment.
This document discusses stem cell niches and the microenvironment that supports stem cells. It outlines various cell types that make up stem cell niches in the bone marrow including mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, and osteoblasts. It describes markers that characterize these cell types and factors they secrete like cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins that regulate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Pathways involved in maintaining stem cells like the Wnt signaling pathway are also summarized.
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or other cells in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues. They are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. More than 20 tumor markers are currently used for a wide range of cancer types, including prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer, and alpha-fetoprotein for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels are measured before, during, and after cancer treatment to help plan treatment, monitor response, and check for recurrence.
This document discusses inflammation and its link to cancer development and progression. It describes how inflammation can be either tumor-intrinsic, driven by the tumor itself, or tumor-extrinsic, arising from external factors like infection or environmental irritants. Chronic inflammation promotes carcinogenesis by increasing mutations, supporting angiogenesis and tumor growth. The tumor microenvironment contains many inflammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and different T cell subsets that can either enhance or suppress antitumor immunity through their secreted cytokines and effects. Understanding the roles of these inflammatory cells is important for cancer immunotherapy.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. It describes the various domains of p53 including the N-terminal domain, proline-rich domain, central DNA-binding domain, tetramerization domain, and C-terminal regulatory domain. It discusses how each domain contributes to p53's role in regulating genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to cellular stress. The document also provides information on the location of the TP53 gene and includes figures depicting the structure and domains of the p53 protein.
This document discusses protein kinase B (Akt), which plays roles in processes like glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. It describes the three main types of Akt (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3) and their physiological functions. Akt1 promotes cell survival and growth, while Akt2 functions in insulin signaling pathways. Akt3's role is less clear. The document outlines Akt's involvement in signaling pathways and its implications for pharmacology. Akt signaling is implicated in cancer development and progression through processes like angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. Several Akt inhibitors are discussed that are in clinical trials for conditions like cancer and Proteus syndrome.
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
The document summarizes the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed of three main groups of macromolecules - fibrous proteins, adhesive glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These molecules assemble to form the interstitial matrix between cells and the basement membrane closely associated with cell surfaces. The ECM regulates key cell functions and remodeling of the ECM is important for processes like wound healing and tissue development. Main ECM components include collagen, elastin, cell adhesion proteins, and glycosaminoglycans.
Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase, inhibiting prokaryotic transcription initiation. It selectively binds bacterial RNA polymerase without affecting eukaryotic polymerases. This allows rifampicin to be an effective treatment for bacterial infections like tuberculosis and leprosy. Alpha amanitin from death cap mushrooms potently inhibits RNA polymerase II during both transcription initiation and elongation, potentially causing death in 10 days from just one mushroom due to failure of gene expression.
Industrial and clinical (medical) applications of enzymes ppt dr. r. mallikamallikaswathi
The document discusses several industrial and clinical applications of enzymes. It describes how enzymes are used in industries like biofuels, detergents, brewing, food processing, paper, and personal care. It also outlines how certain enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and others are used as diagnostic markers for diseases in humans and animals. The document further discusses how enzymes are used therapeutically, for example streptokinase to clear blood clots, asparaginase in leukemia treatment, and enzyme replacement therapy for genetic deficiencies.
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of over 30 proteins. It was originally identified in the 1890s by Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich as a heat-labile component of serum that enhanced the ability of antibodies to kill bacteria. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway which is initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, the lectin pathway which is activated by mannose-binding lectin, and the alternative pathway which is spontaneously activated by microbial surfaces. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, and formation of the membrane attack complex to kill microbes. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
1. Proteins are complex organic macromolecules composed of amino acids arranged in a linear chain. They fold into complex three-dimensional shapes determined by their amino acid sequence.
2. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure involves folding into a compact 3D shape.
3. Misfolding of proteins can cause neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and prion diseases. Chaperone proteins assist the normal folding process to prevent misfolding.
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are rare cells in tumors that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the diverse cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs were first hypothesized in the 1870s and experiments in the 1950s-60s provided early evidence for their existence. The concept of CSCs was revived in the 2000s, with the definition that they can recapitulate tumor growth. CSCs are identified experimentally by markers and assays. They are thought to originate from somatic or adult stem/progenitor cells and have properties of self-renewal, differentiation, immortality. CSCs may cause metastases, therapy resistance and recurrence. Targeting CSCs may improve cancer treatment and CSCs may serve
The document discusses several theories of antibody formation:
1. Side chain theory proposed that cells have surface receptors that react with complementary substances. However, this was later abandoned.
2. Direct template theory proposed that antigens enter cells and act as a template for antibody production.
3. Indirect template theory proposed that antigens are incorporated into cell genomes.
4. Natural selection theory proposed that millions of antibody molecules are naturally produced and antigens select for matching antibodies.
The document then explains clonal selection theory introduced by Burnet in 1957, which is now the widely accepted model of how immune cells react specifically to antigens. It outlines the theory's key postulates and explains primary and secondary immune responses.
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process that involves three enzymes - E1, E2, and E3 - working together to attach the small protein ubiquitin to other proteins. This targets the proteins for degradation by the proteasome, a cellular structure that breaks down unneeded or damaged proteins. Ubiquitination plays a role in many cellular processes and diseases when defective, such as increased cancer risk and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Dr. Al Sears explains the Nobel Prize winning breakthrough telomere technology. This opened the way for Harvard researcher, Dr. Ronal DePinho to find a way to activate telomerase. Telomerase is the enzyme that signals your telomeres to grow longer, unfortunately, it shuts down while you are still in your mother's womb.
Once Nobel Prize winning research identified that telomeres are the protective tips at each end of the strands of your DNA, and as your cells replicate, gradully your telomeres grow shorter. They are the "aging-clocks" inside your DNA.
Once Dr. DePinho found a way to reactivate the telomerase enzyme, he turned old mice into young mice again.
Not long after, scientists discovered ways to do this in humans as well, and today, the discovery of the telomere and telomerase are the most important anti-aging breakthrough of our time.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and affect multiple cellular processes. Dysregulation of miRNAs is common in cancer and can impact cancer hallmarks like sustained proliferation, evading growth suppression, resisting cell death, and activating invasion and metastasis. Certain miRNAs are considered oncogenes when their expression is increased in tumors, while others act as tumor suppressors when their expression is decreased. Altered miRNA expression and biogenesis machinery defects contribute to cancer development and progression. miRNAs also show potential as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
The document discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. It is composed of proteins, enzymes and glycoproteins such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin. The ECM regulates cell communication, stores growth factors, and influences cell behavior through mechanical properties. Defects in ECM proteins can cause connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The ECM is important for tissue development, wound healing and has applications in medicine.
Telomeres are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. When telomeres become too short, cells enter a permanent non-dividing state called replicative senescence. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA repeats to telomeres to counteract their shortening. Telomerase is active in stem cells and early development but inactive in most adult tissues, leading to age-related telomere shortening. Shorter telomere length is associated with increased risk of aging, disease, and mortality. Lifestyle factors like exercise, stress reduction, and antioxidants may help slow telomere shortening. A small molecule called TA-65 was found to activate telomerase
This document discusses the use of enzymes in therapy. It provides examples of enzymes that are used to treat various disorders, such as DNase 1 to treat cystic fibrosis by reducing mucus viscosity, lipase to treat Gaucher's disease by breaking down lipid accumulations, and streptokinase to treat heart attacks by breaking down blood clots. The document also discusses the criteria for enzymes used in therapy, such as having low Km and high Vmax, and being purified and specific. Enzyme replacement therapy is described as a treatment for lysosomal storage diseases where the deficient enzyme is replaced.
The document discusses how DNA is packed into eukaryotic chromosomes. DNA first wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, compacting the DNA 7-fold. Nucleosomes then interact to form a 30nm fiber compacting the DNA another 7-fold. Additional compaction occurs through interactions between the 30nm fiber and the nuclear matrix, forming radial loop domains that attach to the nuclear lamina and internal matrix, further condensing the DNA. This hierarchical packaging allows the long eukaryotic chromosomes to fit within the nucleus.
Glycomics, the study of glycans, is applied to biology and chemistry that focuses on the structure and function of carbohydrates, and on glycoform distributions at the cellular, tissue, organ and organism levels. Mass spectrometry plays an important role in glycomics analysis. If you want to know more, please visit https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/glycomics-service.htm
The document discusses apoptosis or programmed cell death. It provides background on the history of apoptosis, definitions, key morphological changes, major players involved like caspases and Bcl-2 proteins, and the two main pathways of apoptosis - the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway. Detection methods for apoptotic cells are also covered, including electron microscopy, DNA fragmentation analysis, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry. Therapeutic implications for targeting apoptosis in diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration and myocardial infarction are also mentioned.
The document discusses apoptosis (programmed cell death) through three parts:
1) An introduction to apoptosis, its history, and how it is important in development and physiology.
2) The mechanisms and pathways of apoptosis, including caspases, the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, extrinsic death receptor pathway, and Bcl-2 family of proteins.
3) The importance of apoptosis in normal development and physiology through tissue sculpting, but that defects can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration when there is too much or too little apoptosis.
This document summarizes research on delivering the Cas9 protein and guide RNA (gRNA) as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex for genome editing applications. The researchers developed a non-covalent delivery method for Cas9 RNPs using the cell-penetrating peptide PF14. They showed that PF14 could efficiently deliver Cas9 RNPs into human cells in culture, achieving genome editing rates of over 50% at low Cas9 concentrations without toxicity. The Cas9 RNP-PF14 complexes were stable during freeze-thawing, freeze-drying, and vacuum concentration. This work presents an efficient non-viral approach for Cas9 RNP delivery using a cell-penetrating peptide.
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a synthetic analogue of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) with unique characteristics and several potential applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. This presentation is a slide format of an 2020 review article from Yale university scientists focused on genome editing application of PNA in votro, ex vivo and in vivo.
This document discusses protein kinase B (Akt), which plays roles in processes like glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. It describes the three main types of Akt (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3) and their physiological functions. Akt1 promotes cell survival and growth, while Akt2 functions in insulin signaling pathways. Akt3's role is less clear. The document outlines Akt's involvement in signaling pathways and its implications for pharmacology. Akt signaling is implicated in cancer development and progression through processes like angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. Several Akt inhibitors are discussed that are in clinical trials for conditions like cancer and Proteus syndrome.
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
The document summarizes the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed of three main groups of macromolecules - fibrous proteins, adhesive glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These molecules assemble to form the interstitial matrix between cells and the basement membrane closely associated with cell surfaces. The ECM regulates key cell functions and remodeling of the ECM is important for processes like wound healing and tissue development. Main ECM components include collagen, elastin, cell adhesion proteins, and glycosaminoglycans.
Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase, inhibiting prokaryotic transcription initiation. It selectively binds bacterial RNA polymerase without affecting eukaryotic polymerases. This allows rifampicin to be an effective treatment for bacterial infections like tuberculosis and leprosy. Alpha amanitin from death cap mushrooms potently inhibits RNA polymerase II during both transcription initiation and elongation, potentially causing death in 10 days from just one mushroom due to failure of gene expression.
Industrial and clinical (medical) applications of enzymes ppt dr. r. mallikamallikaswathi
The document discusses several industrial and clinical applications of enzymes. It describes how enzymes are used in industries like biofuels, detergents, brewing, food processing, paper, and personal care. It also outlines how certain enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and others are used as diagnostic markers for diseases in humans and animals. The document further discusses how enzymes are used therapeutically, for example streptokinase to clear blood clots, asparaginase in leukemia treatment, and enzyme replacement therapy for genetic deficiencies.
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of over 30 proteins. It was originally identified in the 1890s by Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich as a heat-labile component of serum that enhanced the ability of antibodies to kill bacteria. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway which is initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, the lectin pathway which is activated by mannose-binding lectin, and the alternative pathway which is spontaneously activated by microbial surfaces. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, and formation of the membrane attack complex to kill microbes. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
1. Proteins are complex organic macromolecules composed of amino acids arranged in a linear chain. They fold into complex three-dimensional shapes determined by their amino acid sequence.
2. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure involves folding into a compact 3D shape.
3. Misfolding of proteins can cause neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and prion diseases. Chaperone proteins assist the normal folding process to prevent misfolding.
This document discusses cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are rare cells in tumors that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the diverse cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs were first hypothesized in the 1870s and experiments in the 1950s-60s provided early evidence for their existence. The concept of CSCs was revived in the 2000s, with the definition that they can recapitulate tumor growth. CSCs are identified experimentally by markers and assays. They are thought to originate from somatic or adult stem/progenitor cells and have properties of self-renewal, differentiation, immortality. CSCs may cause metastases, therapy resistance and recurrence. Targeting CSCs may improve cancer treatment and CSCs may serve
The document discusses several theories of antibody formation:
1. Side chain theory proposed that cells have surface receptors that react with complementary substances. However, this was later abandoned.
2. Direct template theory proposed that antigens enter cells and act as a template for antibody production.
3. Indirect template theory proposed that antigens are incorporated into cell genomes.
4. Natural selection theory proposed that millions of antibody molecules are naturally produced and antigens select for matching antibodies.
The document then explains clonal selection theory introduced by Burnet in 1957, which is now the widely accepted model of how immune cells react specifically to antigens. It outlines the theory's key postulates and explains primary and secondary immune responses.
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process that involves three enzymes - E1, E2, and E3 - working together to attach the small protein ubiquitin to other proteins. This targets the proteins for degradation by the proteasome, a cellular structure that breaks down unneeded or damaged proteins. Ubiquitination plays a role in many cellular processes and diseases when defective, such as increased cancer risk and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Dr. Al Sears explains the Nobel Prize winning breakthrough telomere technology. This opened the way for Harvard researcher, Dr. Ronal DePinho to find a way to activate telomerase. Telomerase is the enzyme that signals your telomeres to grow longer, unfortunately, it shuts down while you are still in your mother's womb.
Once Nobel Prize winning research identified that telomeres are the protective tips at each end of the strands of your DNA, and as your cells replicate, gradully your telomeres grow shorter. They are the "aging-clocks" inside your DNA.
Once Dr. DePinho found a way to reactivate the telomerase enzyme, he turned old mice into young mice again.
Not long after, scientists discovered ways to do this in humans as well, and today, the discovery of the telomere and telomerase are the most important anti-aging breakthrough of our time.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and affect multiple cellular processes. Dysregulation of miRNAs is common in cancer and can impact cancer hallmarks like sustained proliferation, evading growth suppression, resisting cell death, and activating invasion and metastasis. Certain miRNAs are considered oncogenes when their expression is increased in tumors, while others act as tumor suppressors when their expression is decreased. Altered miRNA expression and biogenesis machinery defects contribute to cancer development and progression. miRNAs also show potential as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
The document discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. It is composed of proteins, enzymes and glycoproteins such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin. The ECM regulates cell communication, stores growth factors, and influences cell behavior through mechanical properties. Defects in ECM proteins can cause connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The ECM is important for tissue development, wound healing and has applications in medicine.
Telomeres are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. When telomeres become too short, cells enter a permanent non-dividing state called replicative senescence. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA repeats to telomeres to counteract their shortening. Telomerase is active in stem cells and early development but inactive in most adult tissues, leading to age-related telomere shortening. Shorter telomere length is associated with increased risk of aging, disease, and mortality. Lifestyle factors like exercise, stress reduction, and antioxidants may help slow telomere shortening. A small molecule called TA-65 was found to activate telomerase
This document discusses the use of enzymes in therapy. It provides examples of enzymes that are used to treat various disorders, such as DNase 1 to treat cystic fibrosis by reducing mucus viscosity, lipase to treat Gaucher's disease by breaking down lipid accumulations, and streptokinase to treat heart attacks by breaking down blood clots. The document also discusses the criteria for enzymes used in therapy, such as having low Km and high Vmax, and being purified and specific. Enzyme replacement therapy is described as a treatment for lysosomal storage diseases where the deficient enzyme is replaced.
The document discusses how DNA is packed into eukaryotic chromosomes. DNA first wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, compacting the DNA 7-fold. Nucleosomes then interact to form a 30nm fiber compacting the DNA another 7-fold. Additional compaction occurs through interactions between the 30nm fiber and the nuclear matrix, forming radial loop domains that attach to the nuclear lamina and internal matrix, further condensing the DNA. This hierarchical packaging allows the long eukaryotic chromosomes to fit within the nucleus.
Glycomics, the study of glycans, is applied to biology and chemistry that focuses on the structure and function of carbohydrates, and on glycoform distributions at the cellular, tissue, organ and organism levels. Mass spectrometry plays an important role in glycomics analysis. If you want to know more, please visit https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/glycomics-service.htm
The document discusses apoptosis or programmed cell death. It provides background on the history of apoptosis, definitions, key morphological changes, major players involved like caspases and Bcl-2 proteins, and the two main pathways of apoptosis - the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway. Detection methods for apoptotic cells are also covered, including electron microscopy, DNA fragmentation analysis, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry. Therapeutic implications for targeting apoptosis in diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration and myocardial infarction are also mentioned.
The document discusses apoptosis (programmed cell death) through three parts:
1) An introduction to apoptosis, its history, and how it is important in development and physiology.
2) The mechanisms and pathways of apoptosis, including caspases, the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, extrinsic death receptor pathway, and Bcl-2 family of proteins.
3) The importance of apoptosis in normal development and physiology through tissue sculpting, but that defects can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration when there is too much or too little apoptosis.
This document summarizes research on delivering the Cas9 protein and guide RNA (gRNA) as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex for genome editing applications. The researchers developed a non-covalent delivery method for Cas9 RNPs using the cell-penetrating peptide PF14. They showed that PF14 could efficiently deliver Cas9 RNPs into human cells in culture, achieving genome editing rates of over 50% at low Cas9 concentrations without toxicity. The Cas9 RNP-PF14 complexes were stable during freeze-thawing, freeze-drying, and vacuum concentration. This work presents an efficient non-viral approach for Cas9 RNP delivery using a cell-penetrating peptide.
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a synthetic analogue of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) with unique characteristics and several potential applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. This presentation is a slide format of an 2020 review article from Yale university scientists focused on genome editing application of PNA in votro, ex vivo and in vivo.
1) Biofilm reactors use microbial biofilms attached to surfaces to increase biomass density and productivity. This allows higher production rates and stability.
2) Biofilms can be grown on static media in fixed-bed reactors or on continuously moving media in expanded-bed reactors. Common configurations include submerged beds, trickling filters, and membrane biofilm reactors.
3) The support media must promote microbial adhesion while withstanding shear forces. Properties like surface charge, porosity and roughness affect adhesion. Polypropylene rings and tubes with embedded nutrients are effective supports.
Infliximab is a biosimilar of the monoclonal antibody Remicade. It is produced through recombinant DNA technology using Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified through a series of chromatography steps. Extensive testing was conducted to characterize the primary structure, higher order structure, impurities, variants, and glycosylation of infliximab to demonstrate its similarity to Remicade. Biological assays were also performed to show comparable biological activity between infliximab and Remicade. Overall, the document describes the manufacturing process and comprehensive analytical testing used to develop infliximab as a biosimilar of Remicade.
Expression of N-terminal seven amino acids peptide of fibrin (β–peptide) on...Aref Farokhi Fard
This document summarizes a research project on expressing the N-terminal seven amino acid peptide of fibrin (β-peptide) on the surface of M13KO7 phage. The goal is to develop a targeted drug delivery system for fibrinolytic drugs to treat vascular accidents like heart attacks and strokes. The β-peptide sequence was identified from the fibrinogen beta chain protein and used as the antigen. After cloning the β-peptide gene into the phage genome and transforming bacteria, recombinant phages were produced and the expression of the β-peptide on their surface was confirmed through PCR, sequencing and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. This targeted drug delivery system could help increase the efficiency of fibrinolytic drugs while reducing side effects like hemorrh
This document provides an overview of peptide nucleic acids (PNA), including their history, structure, properties, applications, and advantages over DNA and RNA. Some key points:
1. PNA was invented in 1991 as a synthetic DNA analogue where the phosphodiester backbone is replaced with a pseudopeptide backbone. This makes PNA more stable and allows it to bind more strongly to DNA/RNA.
2. PNA has a higher melting temperature when binding to DNA/RNA compared to DNA-DNA binding due to its uncharged backbone. It is also resistant to degradation by enzymes.
3. PNA can be used for applications like antisense therapy, molecular beacons, DNA microarrays
The document discusses severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. It notes that ADA deficiency accounts for 20% of SCID cases and is the most severe form, affecting both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Without treatment, ADA-deficient individuals die from infections within the first year of life. The most successful treatments are bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy with polyethylene glycol-modified bovine ADA.
Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of tetanus vaccines Aref Farokhi Fard
The document provides terminology and manufacturing recommendations for tetanus vaccines. It defines key terms like master seed lot, working seed lot, seed lot, single harvest, bulk purified toxoid, final bulk, and final lot. It recommends good manufacturing practices be followed in production, processing, filling, storage and transport. Control tests are outlined to ensure identity, sterility, potency, innocuity, adjuvant content and other quality attributes at each stage of manufacturing and in the final product. Detailed definitions, testing methods, and international standards are referenced.
This document provides an overview of various isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, including:
1. TMA, NASBA, SMART, SDA, RCA, LAMP, and others that amplify nucleic acids under isothermal conditions to overcome limitations of PCR like high costs and contamination risks.
2. It describes several techniques in detail, explaining their mechanisms which involve primers, polymerases, and isothermal reactions to exponentially amplify target sequences.
3. The techniques have applications in research, medicine, forensics and more due to their simplicity, lower costs, and ability to be used at point-of-care without specialized equipment.
6. آنزیم فعالیت
1کهاست آنزیمی مقدار آنزیم فعالیت واحد1در ارارسوبست لمو1می تبدیلدهراورف به ثانیه
کند.
The SI unit is the katal
1 katal = 1 mol s−1
But this is an excessively large unit
32. نوع تشخیص ایرب آلفاآمانیتینRNA POL
RNA polymerase I is insensitive
RNA polymerase II is highly sensitive (inhibited at 1μg/ml)
RNA polymerase III is moderately sensitive (inhibited at 10μg/ml)
RNA polymerase IV is slightly sensitive (inhibited at 50μg/ml)
Tipranavir (TPV) is a non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor that inhibits the processing of the viral Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins in HIV-1 infected cells, thus preventing formation of mature virions. Two mechanisms are suggested in regards to the potency of tipranavir: 1. Tipravanir may bind to the active site of the protease enzyme with fewer hydrogen bonds than peptidic protease inhibitors, which results in increased flexibility, allowing it to fit into the active site of the enzyme in viruses that have become resistance to other protease inhibitors. This also enables tipranavir to adjust to amino acid substitutions at the active site. 2. Tipranavir's strong hydrogen bonding interaction with the amide backbone of the protease active site Asp30 may lead to its activity against resistant viruses.
Oseltamivir is an ethyl ester prodrug requiring ester hydrolysis for conversion to the active form, oseltamivir carboxylate. The proposed mechanism of action of oseltamivir is inhibition of influenza virus neuraminidase with the possibility of alteration of virus particle aggregation and release.
اسیکلوویر : این دارو پس از ورود به سلول به توسط تیمیدین کیناز ویروس فعال می شود (اسیکلوویر تری فسفات) و موجب مهار عملکرد DNA پلی مراز ویروس می شود.