This document summarizes enzyme catalysis for biodiesel production. It discusses the advantages of using enzymes over chemical catalysts, including improved sustainability and reduced hazardous waste. It provides an overview of the enzymatic biodiesel production process involving transesterification and esterification reactions. The document also reviews the history of enzymatic biodiesel research and commercialization efforts. It discusses various approaches to overcome challenges such as enzyme deactivation, including the use of cosolvents and multi-stage methanol addition. Commercial enzymatic biodiesel facilities are achieving ASTM fuel specifications using real-world feedstocks.
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Biosensors, Types of Biosensors, Applications of Biosensors, Nanotechnology, Nanobiosensors, Components of Biosensor, Working of Biosensor, Principle of Biosensor, Examples of Biosensor, Advantages of Biosensor, Disadvantages of Biosensor, Limitations of Biosensor, Features of a Biosensor, Calorimetric Biosensors, Potentiometric Biosensors, Acoustic Wave Biosensors, Amperometric Biosensors, Optical Biosensors, Examples of a Nanobiosensor, Lab on a chip,
Applications of Lab on a chip, Glucose Biosensor
Understanding pA2 and pD2' Values: Calculation and Significance in PharmacologyShivankan Kakkar
This lecture will provide a detailed explanation of pA2 and pD2' values in pharmacology. Participants will learn the concepts of dose-response curves, receptor binding, and the mechanisms of drug action. The lecture will then focus on the calculation of pA2 and pD2' values, their interpretation, and their significance in drug development and clinical practice. The lecture will also cover the factors that can influence these values, such as pH, temperature, and co-administration of other drugs. By the end of the lecture, participants will have a thorough understanding of how to calculate and interpret pA2 and pD2' values and their importance in pharmacology.
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Biosensors, Types of Biosensors, Applications of Biosensors, Nanotechnology, Nanobiosensors, Components of Biosensor, Working of Biosensor, Principle of Biosensor, Examples of Biosensor, Advantages of Biosensor, Disadvantages of Biosensor, Limitations of Biosensor, Features of a Biosensor, Calorimetric Biosensors, Potentiometric Biosensors, Acoustic Wave Biosensors, Amperometric Biosensors, Optical Biosensors, Examples of a Nanobiosensor, Lab on a chip,
Applications of Lab on a chip, Glucose Biosensor
Understanding pA2 and pD2' Values: Calculation and Significance in PharmacologyShivankan Kakkar
This lecture will provide a detailed explanation of pA2 and pD2' values in pharmacology. Participants will learn the concepts of dose-response curves, receptor binding, and the mechanisms of drug action. The lecture will then focus on the calculation of pA2 and pD2' values, their interpretation, and their significance in drug development and clinical practice. The lecture will also cover the factors that can influence these values, such as pH, temperature, and co-administration of other drugs. By the end of the lecture, participants will have a thorough understanding of how to calculate and interpret pA2 and pD2' values and their importance in pharmacology.
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase ChlorinationGerard B. Hawkins
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
This project is focused on existing technologies that could be applied to the processing of algae
biomass. Also cover the design of the process in which prototype of Distillation column, Heat
exchangers and Reactor will design. Project will also cover the socio-economic impacts
(Environmental considerations; Economic considerations and Energy considerations). For testing
our process model, the algal biodiesel will be produced on lab scale to understand the
consequences, requirements and difficulties.
Separation techniques in oils & fats scienceSadanand Patel
Novel Separation Techniques in Oil/Fats, Fatty acids and By products viz, sterols, tocopherols etc.
Chromatographic techniques, urea inclusion and exclusion, distillation, fractionation, crystallization etc
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
Biological Systems: A Special Case
Up till now we have discussed various aspects of the separation and processing of fine solids without too much reference (except in the examples) to the specifics of the properties of the materials concerned. Though the material properties are the dominant influence on efficient process design and operation, it has been postulated that the necessary characteristics for process selection and optimization can be found fairly readily using easily-applicable rheological and other techniques. This underlying assumption also seems to hold good for biological suspensions; however, certain aspects of the behavior of these systems are sufficiently specialized for them to merit a separate discussion viz:
1 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL SEPARATION
1.1 Whole-Organism Case
1.2 Part-Cell Separations
1.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
2 SETTING ABOUT DEVISING AN EFFECTIVE
PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
2.1 Whole-Organism Case
2.1.1 Characterization of Biopolymers in the Liquor
2.1.2 Release of Internal Water
2.2 Part -Cell Separations
2.2.1 Selectivity
2.2.2 Cost
2.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species
3 Examples
3.1 Effective Design and Operation of a Process for Harvesting of Single Cell Protein
3.2 Harvesting of Mycoprotein for Human Consumption
3.3 Thickening of a Filamentous Organism Suspension
3.4 Separation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymer (PHB) from Alcaligenes Eutrophus Biomass
3.5 Isolation of Organic Acid Produced by an Enzymatic Process
4 REFERENCES
Table
Figures
Started to create milestones, we, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd marked our presence in the year 1994 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of Vegetable Oil Plants since 21 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Vegetable Oil Plants, Vegetable Oil Plants, Oleo Chemical Industry Vegetable Oil Plants, Industrial Vegetable Oil Plants, Batch Neutralizing and Bleaching Machines, Continuous Bleaching Oil Machinery, Continuous Physical Refining Machines, Continuous Chemical Refining Machines, Hydrogenation Plants has deepened our roots in the market. We, SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Similar to Enzyme Catalysis for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels (20)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Enzyme Catalysis for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels
1. Enzyme Catalysis
for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels
Rachel Burton
February 20, 2014
Department of Chemical Engineering,
North Carolina State University
CHE 596-16 Biodiesel Production Technology
February 20, 2014
3. Outline
• Why
use
an
enzyma:c
approach
to
biodiesel?
• -‐Benefit
over
chemical
catalysts
• Overview
of
enzyma:c
biodiesel
• -‐Enzymes
for
commercial
produc:on
• -‐Transesterifica:on
• -‐Esterifica:on
• Enzyme
Reuse
4. Quick Definitions
TAG = Triglycerides (fat/oil)
DAG = Diglycerides
FFA = Free fatty acids
FAME (or ME) = Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (biodiesel made using methanol)
Immobilized vs. Liquid Enzymes
CALB = Candida Antarctica Lipase B
Novozym 435 = CALB immobilized on a plastic support (.5mm beads)
TL = Thermomyces Lanuginosa lipase
6. Sustainability Profile
• National Research Council s Committee on
Water Implications of Biofuels Production: 1
gallon of wastewater: gallon of biodiesel
produced. (Oct. 2007)
• 2007, Harding et al, LCA analysis between
enzymatic & chemical catalysis for biodiesel
• Flammable and hazardous substance exposure
reduction
7. Improved
performance
linked
to
lower
energy
requirements
for
hea:ng
in
the
process
Terrestrial
ecotoxicity
levels
are
reduced
by
40%
with
the
removal
of
mineral
acid
from
the
process
8. Hurdles to Enzymes for Biodiesel
• 15 years of research
• Hundreds of articles
• Many different
enzymes, reaction
conditions, etc.
• Overall conclusion in
most cases – too
expense
9. Why Now?
Chicken or the egg problem:
enzyme development vs. market
development.
Confluence of events:
• Biodiesel industry is more mature
and more secure
• Drive for lower cost feedstocks,
presence of high FFA virgin oils
• Demand for increased fuel quality
• Competition for fats/oil from
renewable diesel will push efficiency
• Industry recognition of problems
with soaps, low quality glycerin, and
difficulty of acid esterification
Causes process development:
• Commercial enzyme reuse trials
• Lower cost enzyme production
http://www.channelshirt.com/product/13/208/Chicken-Or-Egg-
Tshirt.html
Commercial Viability!
11. Reusability
Enzymes used for biodiesel production lose
activity by:
High heat (>50C or >122F)
Excess alcohol
In addition, Immobilized enzymes can lose
activity by:
Any alcohol out of phase
Large excess of alcohol in phase (~5% or more)
Glycerol out of phase
High shear can cause immobilized enzymes to come
off of the carrier
Certain polar contaminants
Mineral acids
Temporary vs. Permanent activity loss
Temporary: physical blocking of active sites
Permanent: denaturing due to excess methanol
Reusability of
enzymes is the key
to commercial
viability!
12. A brief history
Early Work (1987 - 1995)
• Studied cosolvents like iso-octane, hexane, diesel fuel.
• Evaluated aqueous, non aqueous, and solvent-free systems, different types of
alcohols, impact of water
• Studied a wide variety of liquid enzymes
• Mike Haas, Tom Foglia, Martin Mittelbach, and many others
• No real biodiesel production, so these were interesting but not practical
Resurgence of interest (1999 - 2008)
• Better immobilized enzymes
• Solvent free systems, good enzyme reuse
• First large scale plant in China using cosolvents ( tert-butanol )
Current Developments
• Novozymes developing enzymes, immobilization techniques, lowering costs
• Piedmont Biofuels
• Transbiodiesel in Israel
• Sunho in Taiwan
• Blue Sun & Viesel
• Renewed interest from universities and private biodiesel producers for lab and
pilot sized reactors
13. Summary Articles
• Haas, 2002 (review of early literature)
• Fjerbaek, 2009
• Ranganathan, 2007
• Basic components of reviews
• enzyme type
• liquid vs immobilized
• support type
• reaction conditions
• conversion
• number of reuses
• tolerance to water, methanol
14. Fjerbaek et al.: Biodiesel Production
Using Enzymatic Transesterification.
2009.
15. Cosolvents – Li (2006)
Tert-butanol as
cosolvent
Advantages
• Can use more excess
methanol without
deactivation
• Deactivation due to
glycerol (clogging) does
not occur
• Impressive enzyme reuse
Built full scale
plant based on
this process
in China
Disadvantages
• Large amount of co-solvent required
which must be removed at the end via
distillation
• Still had high FFA at end of process
• Reaction rate still slow
16. Cosolvents – Zheng (2008)
• Tert-Amyl Alcohol as cosolvent
Batch Reactions
• 1.78g soybean oil
• 2 – 6ml amyl alcohol
• 2% Novozym 435 (CALB)
• reaction time ~ 15 hours
• Add graph here
Excellent reuse, but same
problems as Li
17. Watanabe and Shimada (2001, 2005)
No cosolvent
Use multi-stage methanol addition
to avoid deactivation
Tested batch and continuous
Advantages
• No cosolvents
• Minimize methanol use
• Excellent conversion (98%+)
• Good enzyme reuse
Disadvantages
• Still has long reaction times
• Still had high FFA at end of
process
• Enzyme reuse still not
commercially viable
19. Watanabe and Shimada (2001, 2005)
Esterification – very fast!
Determined maximum methanol
allowable before deactivation
• 6.3% by weight methanol
Performed Enzyme Reuse Trials
• Excellent conversion (98%+)
• Good enzyme reuse
20. Novozymes (2009)
Longevity trials: Esterification
Reaction Conditions
• 20% by volume methanol, 2 stage
reaction, 45C,
• Majority of reaction finished in 60
minutes
• Blended FAME, MeOH, and PFAD to
address the high melting point
Still has deactivation
Relatively large excess methanol
use (~2:1)
Still high FFA content (3 – 5%) after
2nd stage
21. U.S. Dept. of Energy: Piedmont Biofuels –
Commercial Focus
Esterification
Achieving ASTM specifications
Commercial viability (enzyme reuse)
Real World Feedstocks
• Yellow Grease (15% FFA)
• Brown Grease (80%+FFA)
• Palm, soy, and others
22. Enzymatic approach for Waste-Water Reduction
• Began investigation of enzyme catalysis for
biodiesel, 2009
• Focus on esterification first
• 2010---Lab working on Pilot scale (35 gal.)
• 2011/2--- Pilot moving to Commercial
• 2013---on-going Commercial Integration
• Validation for multi-feedstock production
scheme
• First to demonstrate enzyme biodiesel to
meet full ASTM specification.
• Economic analysis & Enzyme reuse
CSTR system with alcohol metering,
patent pending
26. How can you use this process?
• Enzyma:c
Esterifica:on:
• A.
Pretreatment
for
exis:ng
chemical
plants
• B.
Full
conversion-‐-‐Esterifica:on
for
High
FFA
feedstocks
• C.
Enzyma:c
Polishing
for
TRANSESTERIFICATION
followed
by
the
enzyma:c
esterifica:on
PROCESS
•
-‐-‐100%
enzyme-‐based
process
in
2
steps
27. Replace Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment
• Esterification using Callera Ultra/L
Immobilized CALB or Liquid CALB
• Replaces traditional sulfuric acid
technology
• Incoming Feedstocks: 2-100% FFA
• Patent Pending, continuous process
• Low temperature process
• Maintains water balance
• 6-12 times less methanol than acid
esterification
• No acidic methanol sidestream
FAeSTER Process:
Fatty Acid
esterification
33. Alkaline wash reduce free fatty acids and glycerides
and make final biodiesel meet specifications.
The soap stock is acidified and sent back
NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
2/19/14
33
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Before
CW
AXer
CW
%
in
FAME
TG
DG
MG
FFA
BG = 0.17%
BG = 0.10%
34. The enzyme works at the oil/water interface
Mixing is important – we need a an emulsion with a large
surface area between oil and glycerin/water phases
NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
2/19/14
34
Oil/FAME
Glycerin/water
Mixing
35. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
2/19/14
35
Glycerides + MeOH
glycerides/glycerin + FAME
Glycerides + H2O
glycerides/glycerin + FFA
FFA + MeOH
FAME + H2O
Driving process by
increasing Methanol and
decreasing Glycerol and Water
Reaction at interface
Enzyme process works well with any content
of free fatty acids
36.
Affect of Water:
Too
much
water
leads
to
reac:on
with
FAME
back
to
FFA.
Too
lile
water
leads
to
enzyme
inac:vity.
Affect of Methanol:
Excess
methanol
inhibits
the
enzyme.
Too
lile
methanol
slows
reac:on.
Loss of Active Enzyme:
Loss
of
Enzyme
=
slower
reac:on
rate.
Balancing Act
37. –
2010: ASTM D6751
achieved using only
immobilized enzymes
2011: ASTM D6751
achieved using Liquid
TL CALB
2012 + :
Commercial Scale
Integration
100% Enzyme-Based Fuel meets
ASTM D6751
38. Glycerol from Enzymatic
Process
• High purity Glycerol
99.6%
• Economic Impact to
the producer:
• 40-50 cents/lb.
•
Chemical glycerol vs. enzymatic glycerol
Chemical FAME/glycerol vs. FAME/
enzymatic glycerol
YELLOW GREASE FEEDSTOCK
39. 2/19/14
39
Tsinghua China – Hunan plant
Lipase-mediated industrial scale production of biodiesel (20,000t/y) put
into operation Dec 8, 2006. Initially in a process with t-butanol;
Now restarting in solvent free process
42. Summary
Variables
Methanol use (minimize)
Cosolvents (minimize)
Reaction time (minimize)
Presence of water (minimize)
Ester conversion per minute (minimize)
Final ester conversion (minimum 98% esters)
Final FFA content (maximum 0.25% FFA)
Temperature (35 – 50)
System design
PBR
CSTR
Continuous
Batch
System robustness
multi-feedstock
tolerance to impurities
Enzymes as a biodiesel catalyst
are extremely well studied
but also very complex.
Still, probably worth the effort...
Type of Enzyme
Candida antarctica lipase B
Thermomyces lanuginosa
Pseudomonas cepacia
Rhizomucor miehei
Carrier
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Activated Carbon
Silica
Form of enzyme
Liquid
Immobilized
Lower Energy Use
No Soap Formation
High Quality Glycerin
Non-Toxic
Low Methanol Use
Scale Neutral
More Complete
Separations Esterify and Transesterify
A more competitive biodiesel industry