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Environmental Science Species Interaction.pptx
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- 2. learning objectives 1 Analyze populationgrowth models and predict the potential consequences of environmental changes on population size. Explain how different types of species interactions (competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism) affect the populations of the involved species and the overall structure of an ecosystem. 2 Develop an awareness of the potential consequences of human activities on the interactions between species, population sizes, and ecosystem stability. 3
- 3. core case study THE SOUTHERNSEA OTTER: A SPECIES IN RECOVERY
- 4. five basic typesof interactions between species
- 5. Interspecific competition occurs when membersof two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, water, light, and space. Philippine tarsier (Carlito syrichta)
- 6. Most Species Compete withOne Another for Certain Resources If one species can take over the largest share of one or more key resources, the other competing species must: 1.Migrate to another area (if possible), 2.Shift its feeding habits or behavior through natural selection to reduce or alter its niche, or; 3.Suffer a sharp population decline, 4.Become extinct in that area.
- 7. Predation occurs when amember of one species (the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species (the prey).
- 8. scientific focus THREATS TOKELP FORESTS FROM PREDATORS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
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- 11. Coevolution The process whenpopulations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other.
- 12. Parasitism ooccurs when oneorganism (the parasite) feeds on another organism (the host), usually by living on or in the host.
- 13. Mutualism is an interactionthat benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource.
- 14. Commensalis m is an interactionthat benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other.
- 15. Resource Partitioning Some Species EvolveWays to Share Resources It occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places.
- 16. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely ·Inthe real world, a rapidly growing population of any species eventually reaches some size limit imposed by the availability of one or more limiting factors such as light, water, space, or nutrients, or by exposure to predators, infectious diseases, or too many competitors.
- 17. species have different Reproductive patterns: Somespecies have many, usually small, offspring and give them little or no parental care or protection. Species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with fairly long life spans and cared for by one or both parents. R- SELECTION K- SELECTION
- 18. WHAT LIMITS THE GROWTHOF POPULATIONS? Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable ·Four variables that govern changes in population size: births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. ·A population increases by birth and immigration (arrival of individuals from outside the population) and decreases by death and emigration (departure of individuals from the population): · Population change= (Bırths + Immıgration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
- 19. ENVIRONME NTAL RESISTANCE is the combinationof all factors that act to limit the growth of a population. It largely determines a population's carrying capacity: the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely.
- 20. scientific focus WHY DOCALIFORNIA'S SEA OTTERS FACE AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE?
- 21. POPULATION CRASH Also known asdieback, it is the sudden sharp reduction in the size of a population that can be caused by disease, environmental stress (such as pollution), or when its numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.
- 22. POPULATION CRASH Ireland’s Great FamineBlack Death
- 23. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION The gradual changein species composition in a given area.
- 24. Primary Succession involves the gradual establishmentof biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. Two Main Types of Ecological Succession
- 25. Secondary Succession a series ofcommunities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sedıment. Two Main Types of Ecological Succession
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- 27. Inertia or persistence: theability of a living system such as grassland or a forest to survive moderate disturbances. Two Aspects of Stability in Living Systems Resilience the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a more severe disturbance.
- 28. 3 2 1 Changes in environmental conditionsalter the composition of species and their population sizes in communities and ecosystems (ecological succession). There are always limits to population growth in nature. 1.Interactions between species affect their use of resources and their population sizes. Three Big Ideas of chapter 5
- 29. Questions and Discussion We inviteyour questions, thoughts, and ideas. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut pharetra dignissim lectus sed porttitor. Nullam facilisis vel eros in tempus. Suspendisse ultrices orci id odio rhoncus, vitae aliquet purus placerat.
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Editor's Notes
- #6 Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources • If one species can take over the largest share of one or more key resources, the other competing species must: 1. Migrate to another area (if possible), 2. Shift its feeding habits or behavior through natural selection to reduce or alter its niche, or; 3. Suffer a sharp population decline, 4. Become extinct in that area.
- #11 Interactions between Predator and Prey Species Can Drive Each Other's Evolution COEVOLUTION- The process when populations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other.
- #22 • Ireland experienced such a crash after a fungus destroyed its potato crop in 1845. About 1 million people died from hunger or diseases related to malnutrition, and 3 million people migrated to other countries, mostly the United States. • During the 14th century the bubonic plague spread through densely populated European cities and killed at least 25 million people, about the same number as the combined populations of the U.S. states of New York and North Carolina. • Between 1981 and 2008, AIDS killed more than 27 million people and claims another 2 million lives each year--an average of four deaths per minute.
- #24 1. Primary Succession- involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. o Examples include bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier, newly cooled lava, an abandoned highway or parking lot, and a newly created shallow pond or reservoir.
- #25 1. Primary Succession- involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. o Examples include bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier, newly cooled lava, an abandoned highway or parking lot, and a newly created shallow pond or reservoir.
- #27 Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change, but There Are Limits STABILITY- is the capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance. Two Aspects of Stability in Living Systems 1. Inertia- or persistence: the ability of a living system such as grassland or a forest to survive moderate disturbances. 2. Resilience- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a more severe disturbance.