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Environmental engineering - air pollution
Lichens are sensitive to air pollution and can serve as indicators of air quality. They are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Different types of smog - photochemical smog caused by vehicle emissions and sunlight and industrial smog from coal burning - are harmful pollutants. Acid rain forms from nitrogen and sulfur emissions and damages forests and aquatic ecosystems. Reducing emissions through improved energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution control technologies can help mitigate air pollution.
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Environmental engineering - air pollution
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AIR POLLUTION By: JohnPaul Espino De La Salle University – Dasmarinas Facebook.com/Johnpaul.dss
- 3. Key Concepts Structure andcomposition of the atmosphere Types and origins of major outdoor air pollutants Two types of smog Acid deposition and how it can be reduced Harmful effects of air pollutants Preventing and controlling air pollution
- 4. When is aLichen Like a Canary? Mine canaries Lichens Detectors of air pollution Isle Royale in Lake Superior Chernobyl Fig. 15-1, p. 345
- 5. When is aLichen Like a Canary? Fig. 15-1, p. 345
- 6. Lichens Symbiotic organisms - Dominantpartner is a fungus. The lichen fungi cultivate partners that photosynthesize. Sometimes the partners are algae (K. Protista), other times cyanobacteria (K. Monera). Some enterprising fungi use both at once! - Lichens are important in soil formation & serve as indicators of air quality - (soil formation animation)
- 8. Earth’s Atmosphere Troposphere 78% N2, 21%O2 Stratosphere Ozone layer Fig. 15-2, p. 347
- 9. Fig. 15-2, p.347 Earth’s Atmosphere Atmospheric pressure (millibars) 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (Sea Level) –80 –40 0 40 80 120 Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground levelTemperature (˚C) Altitude(kilometers) Altitude(miles) 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 Thermosphere Heating via ozone Mesosphere Stratosphere Ozone “layer” Heating from the earth Troposphere Temperature Pressure Mesopause Stratopause Tropopause
- 10. Outdoor Air Pollution Whatis air pollution? Stationary and mobile sources Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants How air pollutants migrate Health threats Major air pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Carbon dioxide: a pollutant?
- 11. Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants SourcesNatural Stationary CO CO2 SO2 NO NO2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO3 HNO3 H2SO4 H2O2 O3 PANs Most and saltsNO3 – Mobile SO4 2– Fig. 15-3, p. 348 Sources and Types of Air Pollutants
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- 13. Photochemical Smog Photochemical reactions Photochemical smog Naturaland human origins Brown-air smog Temperature effects Urban areas
- 14. Formation of photochemicalsmog Animation
- 15. Photochemical Smog in Mexico City Fig.15-4, p. 351
- 16. Industrial Smog Composition ofindustrial smog (sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid) Gray-air smog Situation better in developed countries Serious problem in industrializing countries, such as China “BlackTriangle” of eastern Europe Asian brown cloud
- 17. Industrial Smog inIndia Fig. 15-5, p. 351
- 18. How Nature Eliminates Smog Rain andsnow Salty sea spray Winds
- 19. Factors Influencing the Formation of SmogUrban buildings Topography High temperatures “Grasshopper Effect” – occurs when volatile air pollutants are transported from tropical and temperate areas toward the earth’s poles, especially during winter; explains why polar bears, whales, sharks, top carnivores and native peoples in the arctic have high levels of DDT and other long-lived pesticides, toxic metals (Pb & Hg) even in the absence of industrial facilities and cars Temperature inversions
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- 21. Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxideand nitrogen oxides Wet and dry acid deposition Acid rain – pH below 5.6 Regional air pollution OhioValley Buffers Wind transportation
- 22. Fig. 15-6, p.353 Wind Transformation to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) Nitric oxide (NO) Acid fog Ocean Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NO Windborne ammonia gas and particles of cultivated soil partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts) Farm Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acidic Wet acid deposition (droplets of H2SO4 and HNO3 dissolved in rain and snow) Acid Deposition
- 23.
- 24. Potential problem areas becauseof sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers) Fig. 15-8, p. 355 Current and Potential Problems with Acid Deposition
- 25. Harmful Effects of Acid Deposition Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma) Leaches metals from water pipes Damages statues and other property Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon) Kills fish and other aquatic organisms Leaches plant nutrients from soils Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)
- 26. Emission Acid deposition SO2 H2O2 PANs NOX O3 Others Direct damage to leavesand bark Reduced photosynthesis and growth Increased Susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, and disease organisms Soil acidification Leaching of soil nutrients Acid Release of toxic metal icons Root damage Reduced nutrient and water uptake Tree death Groundwater Fig. 15-9, p. 356 Impacts of Air Pollution on Trees and Water
- 27. Animation Effect of airpollution in forests animation.
- 28. Tree Damage from Acid Deposition Fig.15-10, p. 356
- 29. © 2006 Brooks/Cole- Thomson Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency Reduce coal use Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable resources Burn low-sulfur coal Remove SO2 particulates, and Nox from smokestack gases Remove Nox from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO2 Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Solutions Acid Deposition Prevention Cleanup Fig. 15-11, p. 357 Reducing Acid Deposition
- 30. Indoor Air Pollution Pollutantsoften at higher concentrations indoors Pollution inside cars Most people spent most of their time indoors Cancer risks Sick-building syndrome Mold and allergies Serious problem in developing countries
- 31.
- 32. Fig. 15-12, p.358 Chloroform Benzo-a-pyrene Styrene Radon-222 Methylene Chloride Tobacco Smoke Carbon Monoxide Asbestos Nitrogen Oxides 1, 1, 1- Trichloroethane Major Indoor Air Pollutants Particulates FormaldehydeTetrachloro-ethylene Para-dichlorobenzene
- 33. Radon Radioactive Rn-222 Lung cancer threat With uranium in rocks and soils Testing homes Remedies Fig. 15-13, p. 359
- 34. Fig. 15-13, p.359 Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers Slab joints Wood stove Cracks in floor Clothes dryerFurnace Radon-222 gas Slab Soil Uranium-238 Sump pump Cracks in wallCracks in wall Open windowOpen window Openings around pipes Openings around pipes Radon
- 35. Harmful Effects of Air Pollution Human respiratory system Asthma Lung cancer Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Health effects of major air pollutants (Table 15-1, p. 349) Premature deaths Serious threat of indoor air pollution Impact of coal-fired power plants Cancer from diesel exhausts
- 36. Fig. 15-14a, p.360 Human Respiratory System
- 37. Fig. 15-14a, p.360 Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx (throat) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Right lung Bronchioles Human Respiratory System
- 38. Fig. 15-14b, p.360 Epithelial cell Cilia Mucus Human Respiratory System Goblet cell (secreting mucus)
- 39. Fig. 15-14c, p.360 Bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac (sectioned) Human Respiratory System
- 40. Healthy and Diseased Human Lungs Fig.15-15, p. 360
- 41. © 2006 Brooks/Cole- Thomson Solutions Stationery Source Air Pollution Prevention Dispersion or Cleanup Burn low-sulfur coal Remove sulfur from coal Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel Shift to less polluting fuels Disperse emissions above thermal inversion layer with tall smokestacks Remove pollutants after combustion Tax each unit of pollution produced Fig. 15-17, p. 363 Solutions: Stationary Source Air Pollution
- 42. © 2006 Brooks/Cole- Thomson Solutions Motor Vehicle Pollutions Prevention Cleanup Mass transit Bicycles and walking Less polluting engines Less polluting fuels Improve fuel efficiency Get older, polluting cars off the road Give buyers tax write- offs for buying low- polluting, energy- efficient vehicles Restrict driving in polluted areas Emission control devices Car exhaust Inspections twice a year Stricter emission standards Fig. 15-18, p. 364 Solutions: Motor Vehicles
- 43. © 2006 Brooks/Cole- Thomson Solutions Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Cleanup Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Prevent radon infiltration Use office machines in well-ventilated areas Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Increase intake of outside air Change air more frequently Circulate building’s air through rooftop greenhouses Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves Fig. 15-19, p. 364 Solutions: Indoor Air Pollution
- 44. Solutions Air Pollution Prevention Cleanup Improveenergy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Rely more on lower- polluting natural gas Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar- produced hydrogen) Transfer technologies for latest energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention to developing countries. Reduce poverty Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves to poor families in developing countries Reduce or ban indoor smoking Develop simple and cheap test for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde Fig. 15-20, p. 365 Solutions: Air Pollution