Environmental degradation occurs when human activities like urbanization, population growth, intensive agriculture, and increased energy and transportation use deplete natural resources like water, air, and soil and impact wildlife. It is caused by factors such as exhaust gases, pollution from industries and chemicals, and unplanned land use. The effects of major environmental problems include water and air pollution, water scarcity, soil degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and atmospheric changes. Potential solutions involve afforestation, conservation practices, renewable energy, and advocacy.