This is a presentation from a series related to course LA181 named "Introduction to Environmental Design", Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdulaziz University.
the atmosphere, (The cover of the air)
the hydrosphere, (water bodies)
the lithosphere (the earth’s crust)
the biosphere. (the life layer)
Environmental Engineer’s role
This is a presentation from a series related to course LA181 named "Introduction to Environmental Design", Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdulaziz University.
the atmosphere, (The cover of the air)
the hydrosphere, (water bodies)
the lithosphere (the earth’s crust)
the biosphere. (the life layer)
Environmental Engineer’s role
Environment is what is surrounding us, whether living or non-living. Things wecan see and feel, things we cannot see but feel e.g. air, people and theirpractices and landforms also the weather
The different use and negative effects of computers in education.
P.S. Guys kindly click like if the article is helpful and IF you're going to download the slides/presentation.Thank you.
Environment is what is surrounding us, whether living or non-living. Things wecan see and feel, things we cannot see but feel e.g. air, people and theirpractices and landforms also the weather
The different use and negative effects of computers in education.
P.S. Guys kindly click like if the article is helpful and IF you're going to download the slides/presentation.Thank you.
Evolution of Microsoft windows operating systemsSai praveen Seva
A presentation regarding the evolution of operating systems developed by Microsoft corporation..... i have searched for such presentation on the internet but couldn't find one. So I chose to make one
Spatial and temporal distribution of Nitrate (NO3 -) In groundwater of Rohtak...IJERD Editor
The contamination of ground water has increased with rapid urbanization, agricultural inputs and
industrialization. In the last few decades the nitrate (NO3
-) pollution is on the increase in the urban areas.
Contamination of ground water with nitrate is mainly by the process of leaching due to high mobility of nitrate
ions through soil. By mapping water quality using the decision support system like geographical information
system (GIS), the data can be represented graphically in map and is useful for taking quick decision. The
objective of present study was to monitor the spatial and temporal nitrate ion concentration in ground water of
Rohtak city in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season of private ground water drinking sources, and
graphical representation of data using GIS. The samples from the various colonies of Rohtak city showed nitrate
range from 1.8 mg/l to 45mg/l. Most areas showed a ground water nitrate level within permissible limits of 45
mg/L (CPCB) how ever Village Samargopalpur had the highest nitrate concentration (79mg/L). Higher nitrate
concentration was observed in area having history of agriculture use and open sewage, septic tanks, municipal
solid waste and dairy waste dumps. In all the sampling sites the nitrate concentration was highest during the pre
monsoon season.
Contributions of the Weakness of Local Aggregates to the Failure of Buildings...IJERD Editor
There appears to be an increase in the frequency of building collapse in Nigeria, especially in
Anambra state where the Governor recently opened what is widely believed to be the first building and
construction materials quality control laboratory in Nigeria. This was to ensure that substandard materials are
not used in construction. This paper investigated the contributions of the weakness of substandard local broken
stone aggregates (commonly used in the study area as a substitute for granite chippings) to the incessant collapse
of buildings. Using a
1
1:1 : 3
2
concrete mix ratio, concrete cubes containing various percentage replacements of
granite chippings with broken stone aggregates were cast and tested. It was found that the use of washed broken
stone aggregates in place of granite chippings lowered the strength of the concrete member by 12.50%, while
unwashed local broken stone aggregates contributed to the weakness of the concrete member by as much as
28% of the design strength. It was therefore concluded that if washed broken stone aggregates are to be used in
buildings as replacement for crushed granite chippings, richer mix proportions would be required to attain the
same concrete strength as that of granite chipping concrete. The study also revealed that impurities in the
particular local broken stone aggregates accounted for about 16% of the weakness of the concrete member
where they are used.
W jaki sposób zmieniały się relacje marka-konsument w czasie? Dlaczego zaangażowanie jest ważne? Jak je mierzyć? Case studies kampanii.
Paulina Sobieszek, Partner Business Development
&
Bartosz Sikora, Director Invention
An Investigation on the Performance Characteristics of a Centrifugal CompressorIJERD Editor
The design and off-design performance characteristics of single stage centrifugal compressor
consisting of 12 vanes impeller interfacing with 11 vanes diffuser have been studied experimentally and
numerically. The impeller has been designed and developed with radial exit, 30o inlet blade angle (with
tangent), 77 mm diameter and the discharge volute considering constant mean flow velocity. The performance
of the compressor at varying capacity (60 to 120 % of design) by controlling the discharge valve and with the
variation of rotating speed (15000 to 35000 rpm) by regulating speed of the coupled gas turbine has been
conducted at the recently developed test rig. The numerical simulation has been done by adopting viscous
Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with and without Coriolis Force & Centrifugal Force in
rotating reference frame (impeller) and stationary reference frame (casing) respectively utilizing CFD software
Fluent 14. The flow around a single vane of impeller interfacing with single vane of diffuser, the rotational
periodicity and sliding mesh at the interfacing zone between rotating impeller and stationery diffuser are
considered. Non dimensional performance curves derived from experimental and numerical results are
presented and compared. The numerical results are found to match very closely with the experimented data near
the design point and deviation is observed at the both side of the designed operating point. Non-uniform
pressure profiles towards the impeller exit and strong cross flow from blade to blade are detected at low flow
operating conditions. Total pressure, static pressure and velocity distributions at design and off design
operation obtained from the CFD results are analysed and presented here.
The Earth SystemEarth is the third planet from the sun in our so.docxtodd701
The Earth System
Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system. Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical (oval) path. Earth’s orbit is sometimes called the “Goldilocks zone.” Mercury and Venus travel too close to the sun to sustain life—they’re “too hot.” Planets beyond Earth travel too far from the sun—they’re “too cold.” But Earth is “just right.” (Note that there’s evidence that Mars—the Red Planet—once may have sustained microscopic life on its surface. However, conditions on the Red Planet no longer seem favorable.)
The term “Earth system” refers to the different processes and cycles that exist on the planet. All of these work together to sustain life. The four domains of the Earth system include the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Let’s quickly review each of these.
Layers of Earth
(NASA public domain image)
The geosphere refers to the solid portion of the planet. It includes the rocks and minerals that make up the continents as well as the ocean floor. It also includes structures within Earth, including the liquid mantle and the dense, solid, metallic core. Nonliving surface ground layers, such as desert sands and volcanic rock, are part of the geosphere.
The hydrosphere includes all the water on or near Earth’s surface. The oceans are the major component of the hydrosphere. They make up 97 percent of the Earth’s water. Glaciers and polar ice caps make up about 2 percent of the hydrosphere. Only about 1 percent of the hydrosphere is made up of the liquid freshwater found in ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, and underground water reservoirs (aquifers).
Aquifers are the main freshwater source in America’s “breadbasket” states of the Midwest and Great Plains. (“Breadbasket” states get their name from the volume of wheat, a primary ingredient in bread, grown there.) The hydrosphere extends several miles above the surface of the planet into the atmosphere, mainly in the form of water vapor.
Water vapor is water in its gaseous state. Precipitation is water released from the clouds. It may take the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It’s part of the water cycle.
For more information on the hydrosphere, follow this link: What is the HYDROSPHERE?
The atmosphere is the planet’s blanket. It allows living beings on the planet to breathe. It also protects us from the unfriendly features of the universe, such as meteors, cosmic radiation, and the effects of solar flares.
The atmosphere is made up of a variety of layers, as follows:
Earth’s Atmosphere
(NASA public domain image)
· The troposphere is the densest part of the atmosphere. It starts at Earth’s surface and extends upward from about 5 miles (in the higher or lower latitudes) to 9 miles (over the equatorial regions). Most of our weather takes place here.
· The stratosphere extends from the troposphere upward about 31 miles. The ozone layer, which protects the planet from solar ultraviolet radiation, is located in this region.
· The mesosph.
It's a piece of work which will be quite helpful for undergraduate or higher secondary students. Other may have a look. Actually it's a copy of one of my chemistry course's assignments. Have fun and download it.
Elements of the physical environmentElements of the Physical E.docxjack60216
Elements of the physical environment
Elements of the Physical Environment
The environment can basically described to be everything that surrounds man, interacts with man and influences the way he exists. The elements therefore can be put to four different categories: the atmosphere which contains the air, gases, climate and water, the hydrosphere that includes water in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes, the lithosphere that describes things on the earth’s surface like rocks, soil and landforms and finally the biosphere that contains life or living things like the flora – plants and fauna – animals. Environment means the surroundings. Land, water, air, plants, animals, solid wastes and other things that are surrounding us constitute our environment. Man and environment are closely intertwined with each other, to maintain a balance or equilibrium in nature.
The Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and very minimal amounts of other gases. This thin gaseous layer insulates the Earth from extreme temperatures; it keeps heat inside the atmosphere and it also blocks the Earth from much of the Sun's incoming ultraviolet radiation. It’s approximated to be about 480 km thick, but most of the atmosphere (about 80%) is within 16 km of the surface of the Earth. There is no exact place where the atmosphere ends; it just gets thinner and thinner, until it merges with outer space. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level, is about equals 760 mm (29.92 inches) of mercury, 14.70 pounds per square inch the air pressure decreases. At an altitude of 10,000 feet, the air pressure is 10 pound per square inch and there is less oxygen to breathe. The atmosphere is made up of layers namely: the thermosphere which includes the exosphere and part of the ionosphere, the exosphere which is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. The exosphere goes from about 640 km high to about 1,280 km, the ionosphere that starts at about 70-80 km high and continues for hundreds of kilometers like 640 km. It contains many ions and free electrons. The ions are created when sunlight hits atoms and tears off some electrons. Auroras occur in the ionosphere. Others include the mesosphere characterized by decreasing temperatures as you rise, the stratosphere characterized by slight temperature increase with altitude, the tropopause which sits between the stratosphere and the troposphere and finally the troposphere which is the lowest region in the earth’s atmosphere.
A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground—as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog. The frozen part ...
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
India Diagnostic Labs Market: Dynamics, Key Players, and Industry Projections...Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled “India Diagnostic Labs Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Diagnostic Labs Market was valued at USD 16,471.21 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.55% through 2029. This significant growth can be attributed to various factors, including collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, the expansion of diagnostic chains, and increasing accessibility to diagnostic services across the country. This comprehensive report delves into the market dynamics, recent trends, drivers, competitive landscape, and benefits of the research report, providing a detailed analysis of the India Diagnostic Labs Market.
Collaborations and Partnerships
Collaborations and partnerships among leading companies play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the India Diagnostic Labs Market. These strategic alliances allow companies to merge their expertise, strengthen their market positions, and offer innovative solutions. By combining resources, companies can enhance their research and development capabilities, expand their product portfolios, and improve their distribution networks. These collaborations also facilitate the sharing of technological advancements and best practices, contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Expansion of Diagnostic Chains
The expansion of diagnostic chains is a driving force behind the growing demand for diagnostic lab services. Diagnostic chains often establish multiple laboratories and diagnostic centers in various cities and regions, including urban and rural areas. This expanded network makes diagnostic services more accessible to a larger portion of the population, addressing healthcare disparities and reaching underserved populations. The presence of diagnostic chain facilities in multiple locations within a city or region provides convenience for patients, reducing travel time and effort. A broader network of labs often leads to reduced waiting times for appointments and sample collection, ensuring that patients receive timely and efficient diagnostic services.
Rising Prevalence of Chronic Diseases
The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is a significant driver for the demand for diagnostic lab services. Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer require regular monitoring and diagnostic testing for effective management. The rise in chronic diseases necessitates the use of advanced diagnostic tools and technologies, driving the growth of the diagnostic labs market. Additionally, early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for managing chronic diseases, further boosting the demand for diagnostic lab services.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
3. The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on
Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living
species. Theconcept of thenaturalenvironmentcan bedistinguished by components:
•Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention,
including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and natural phenomena that
occur within theirboundaries.
•Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air,
water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating
from human activity.
The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment, which comprises the areas and
components that are strongly influenced by humans. A geographical area is regarded as a natural
environment.
rajhans computers 3
5. Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the
atmosphere, and the biosphere[3] as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life. Some
scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice)
as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil)
as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the
geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the
planet Earth.[4] There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography,
geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology,
chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the
principalareasorspheresoftheEarthsystem
rajhans computers 5
6. The Earth's crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is
chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantle. It has been generated
largely by igneous processes in which magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies to form
solid rock. Beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of
radioactive elements. The mantle though solid is in a state of rheic convection. This
convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting
process is known as plate tectonics.[5][6][7] Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of
subductedcrustmaterialorofrising mantleatmid-oceanridges andmantleplumes.
rajhans computers 6
8. The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin
layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry air consists of 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other inert gases, such as carbon dioxide. The remaining gases
are often referred to as trace gases,among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many
other chemical compounds. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor and suspensions of
water droplets and ice crystals seen as clouds. Many natural substances may be present in tiny
amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, volcanic ash, and
meteoroids. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine (elementary or in
compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulphur compounds such as sulphur
dioxide[SO2].
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9. Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall,
atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological elements in a given region over
long periods of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these
sameelementsover periodsuptotwoweeks.
Climates can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most
commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme is the
one originally developed by Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948,
incorporates evapotranspiration in addition to temperature and precipitation information and is
usedin studyinganimal speciesdiversity andpotentialimpactsofclimatechanges.
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11. Weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmospheric area
at a given time. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just
below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day
temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the
average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used
without qualification, "weather" is understood to bethe weather of Earth.
rajhans computers 11
13. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic
factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the
environment.
Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms are continually engaged in a
highly interrelated set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in
which they exist. Eugene Odum, one of the founders of the science of ecology, stated: "Any unit
that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the
physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic
diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts)
withinthesystemisanecosystem."
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A greater number or variety of species or biological diversity of an ecosystem may contribute to
greater resilience of an ecosystem, because there are more species present at a location to respond
to change and thus "absorb" or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's
structure is fundamentally changed to a different state. This is not universally the case and there is
no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide
goods and services on a sustainable level.
The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as human ecosystems
and human-influenced ecosystems, and can describe any situation where there is relationship
between living organisms and their environment. Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today
exist free from human contact, although some genuine wilderness areas continue to exist without
any forms of human intervention.
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Global biogeochemical cyclesarecritical to life, most notably those of water,
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Thenitrogen cycle is the transformation of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing
compounds in nature. It is a cycle which includes gaseous components.
Thewater cycle,is the continuous movement of water on, above,and belowthe
surface of the Earth. Watercan change states among liquid, vapour, and ice at
various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains
fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.
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The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the
biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
The oxygen cycle is the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the
atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is
photosynthesis, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmospheric composition and life.
The phosphorus cycle is the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere,
and biosphere. The atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movements of
phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are usually solids at the typical
ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.
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Wilderness is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been
significantly modified by human activity. The WILD Foundation goes into more detail,
defining wilderness as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet -
those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads,
pipelines or other industrial infrastructure."[30] Wilderness areas andprotected parks are
considered important for the survival of certain species, ecological studies, conservation,
solitude, and recreation. Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, moral, and
aesthetic reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human
spirit and creativity.
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The word, "wilderness", derives from the notion of wildness; in other words that which is not
controllable by humans. The word's etymology is from the Old English wildeornes, which in
turn derives from wildeor meaning wild beast (wild + deor = beast, deer).[32] From this point
of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity
of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness." Many ecosystems that are, or
have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild." This
way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without
very noticeable human interference.