The document provides 7 tips for solving physics problems faster on the MHT-CET exam: 1) Play logic games to improve reasoning skills, 2) Memorize logarithm tables, 3) Eliminate decimals by rewriting fractions as powers of 10, 4) Learn unit conversions, 5) Solve practice problems in reverse order, 6) Stay calm and focused as most questions are formula-based, 7) Practice formulas through numerical problems to improve speed and understanding. It also notes that around 45 of the 50 physics questions will be numerical.
The document presents a new approach to defining entropy in classical thermodynamics. It introduces the concept of internal heat energy (q) as a state function, representing the internal heat energy of the system. It then defines entropy (S) as the sum of two partial differentials - the internal heat energy (dq) divided by temperature (T), plus pressure-volume work (pdV) divided by temperature. This allows entropy to be expressed explicitly as the sum of state functions, satisfying the requirements for a state function definition without needing to restrict it to reversible processes.
This document discusses phase space and the statistical mechanics of classical particles. It can be summarized as:
1. The state of a classical particle is defined by its position and momentum coordinates, which together form a point in the particle's 6D phase space. For a system of N particles, the full 6N-dimensional phase space is called the Γ-space.
2. The minimum volume element in phase space is called the unit cell, with volume h^3 according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
3. The number of quantum states available to particles with energies between E and E+dE is given by the ratio of the volume of phase space to the volume of a unit cell.
This document defines key thermodynamic concepts such as systems, surroundings, open and closed systems, homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, state variables, equilibrium, extensive and intensive properties, and thermodynamic processes. Specifically, it discusses:
- A system is the part under study, while surroundings are everything else.
- Open, closed, and isolated systems differ in their ability to exchange matter and energy.
- Homogeneous systems are uniform, while heterogeneous systems have multiple phases.
- State variables like temperature, pressure, and volume define a system's state.
- Equilibrium occurs when properties do not change over time.
- Extensive properties depend on quantity, while intensive properties do not.
- Thermodynamic processes like is
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics concepts including:
- The various forms of energy and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, and boundary.
- The three laws of thermodynamics - the zero law states thermal equilibrium is transitive, the first law concerns conservation of energy, and the second law involves entropy and the spontaneity of processes.
- Other concepts like heat, work, internal energy, and free energy are discussed in relation to the first and second laws. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the principles.
This document provides an introduction to chemical thermodynamics and key concepts. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic, potential, heat, mechanical, electrical, and chemical energy. Thermodynamics is defined as the branch of science dealing with different energy forms and changes in physical and chemical processes. The document outlines the scope and limitations of thermodynamics and introduces basic concepts like system, surroundings, boundary, open system, closed system, isolated system, extensive and intensive properties, state and state functions, and types of processes including isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic. It also discusses thermodynamic equilibrium, nature of work and heat, reversible processes, and the expression for maximum work in an
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in thermodynamics. It discusses the four laws of thermodynamics, the classification of thermodynamics into classical and statistical approaches, and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, property, process, cycle, and path. The conversion of energy is governed by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and thermodynamic equilibrium refers to thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium within a system.
Melchor J. presented a teaching demo on the first law and of physics. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another, and the total amount of energy in a system remains constant. It also states that the change in a system's internal energy during a process depends only on the initial and final states, not the path between them.
In this topic (Thermodynamics)the students will be able to analyze and evaluate Zeroth law and First law of thermodynamic cycles used for energy production - work and heat, within the natural limits of conversion.
The document presents a new approach to defining entropy in classical thermodynamics. It introduces the concept of internal heat energy (q) as a state function, representing the internal heat energy of the system. It then defines entropy (S) as the sum of two partial differentials - the internal heat energy (dq) divided by temperature (T), plus pressure-volume work (pdV) divided by temperature. This allows entropy to be expressed explicitly as the sum of state functions, satisfying the requirements for a state function definition without needing to restrict it to reversible processes.
This document discusses phase space and the statistical mechanics of classical particles. It can be summarized as:
1. The state of a classical particle is defined by its position and momentum coordinates, which together form a point in the particle's 6D phase space. For a system of N particles, the full 6N-dimensional phase space is called the Γ-space.
2. The minimum volume element in phase space is called the unit cell, with volume h^3 according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
3. The number of quantum states available to particles with energies between E and E+dE is given by the ratio of the volume of phase space to the volume of a unit cell.
This document defines key thermodynamic concepts such as systems, surroundings, open and closed systems, homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, state variables, equilibrium, extensive and intensive properties, and thermodynamic processes. Specifically, it discusses:
- A system is the part under study, while surroundings are everything else.
- Open, closed, and isolated systems differ in their ability to exchange matter and energy.
- Homogeneous systems are uniform, while heterogeneous systems have multiple phases.
- State variables like temperature, pressure, and volume define a system's state.
- Equilibrium occurs when properties do not change over time.
- Extensive properties depend on quantity, while intensive properties do not.
- Thermodynamic processes like is
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics concepts including:
- The various forms of energy and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, and boundary.
- The three laws of thermodynamics - the zero law states thermal equilibrium is transitive, the first law concerns conservation of energy, and the second law involves entropy and the spontaneity of processes.
- Other concepts like heat, work, internal energy, and free energy are discussed in relation to the first and second laws. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the principles.
This document provides an introduction to chemical thermodynamics and key concepts. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic, potential, heat, mechanical, electrical, and chemical energy. Thermodynamics is defined as the branch of science dealing with different energy forms and changes in physical and chemical processes. The document outlines the scope and limitations of thermodynamics and introduces basic concepts like system, surroundings, boundary, open system, closed system, isolated system, extensive and intensive properties, state and state functions, and types of processes including isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic. It also discusses thermodynamic equilibrium, nature of work and heat, reversible processes, and the expression for maximum work in an
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in thermodynamics. It discusses the four laws of thermodynamics, the classification of thermodynamics into classical and statistical approaches, and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, property, process, cycle, and path. The conversion of energy is governed by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and thermodynamic equilibrium refers to thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium within a system.
Melchor J. presented a teaching demo on the first law and of physics. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another, and the total amount of energy in a system remains constant. It also states that the change in a system's internal energy during a process depends only on the initial and final states, not the path between them.
In this topic (Thermodynamics)the students will be able to analyze and evaluate Zeroth law and First law of thermodynamic cycles used for energy production - work and heat, within the natural limits of conversion.
This document contains guided notes on thermodynamics and kinetics for a chemistry unit. It defines key concepts like energy, heat, temperature, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat. It explains endothermic and exothermic reactions, Hess's law, and how to calculate heat transfer using specific heat capacity. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate calculating heat and temperature changes. The document is a set of lecture notes intended to instruct students on important topics in thermodynamics.
Basic concepts and laws of thermodynamicsAstutiRani2
The document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature and their relation to energy and matter.
- Key terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive/intensive properties, and processes are defined.
- The three laws of thermodynamics are summarized: 1) energy is conserved, 2) entropy always increases, and 3) entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
- Equations for several thermodynamic properties and processes like enthalpy, entropy, and adiabatic, isochoric and isothermal processes are also presented.
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including definitions of thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems, properties, processes and cycles. It discusses important thermodynamic concepts such as state, path, reversible and irreversible processes, equilibrium, and measurement of pressure. Examples are given to illustrate compression processes and the use of the Pascal's law for pressure measurement.
The document provides an overview of key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Thermodynamics examines the transfer of heat and work to produce mechanical energy.
2) Precise definitions are needed for concepts like system, state, property, process, and reversible process.
3) Ideal gas behavior is an excellent approximation for many aerospace applications and the ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas.
1. The document examines a three-parameter representation of the equation of state that provides reasonably accurate results for modeling the thermodynamic properties of various substances.
2. It presents a "main term" equation of state based solely on critical constants like temperature and compressibility factor, which approximates behaviors near the critical point. Additional terms are needed to reduce discrepancies.
3. The author defines several auxiliary functions and divides the temperature-pressure space into regions, applying a different additional term to each region to capture deviations piecewise and improve accuracy overall. Mean deviations confirm a satisfactory algebraic representation using three individual parameters for most substances.
This document analyzes the Humphrey thermodynamic cycle through five sections. Section A defines the thermal efficiency of the Humphrey and Brayton cycles and finds that the Humphrey cycle is more efficient. Section B derives an expression for the non-dimensional net work of the Humphrey cycle. Section C expresses thermal efficiency and net work in terms of temperature ratios and compressor pressure ratio. Section D determines the maximum compressor pressure ratio and corresponding maximum thermal efficiency. Section E accounts for irreversibilities by including compressor and turbine efficiencies.
1) The document provides an overview of classical mechanics, including definitions of key concepts like space, time, mass, and force. It summarizes Newton's three laws of motion and how they relate to concepts like momentum and inertia.
2) Key principles of classical mechanics are explained, such as reference frames, Newton's laws, and conservation of momentum. Vector operations and products are also defined.
3) Examples are given to illustrate fundamental principles, like Newton's third law and how it relates to conservation of momentum in systems with multiple objects. Coordinate systems are briefly introduced.
Partial Differential Equation plays an important role in our daily life.In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several variables, and are either solved by hand, or used to create a computer model. A special case is ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which deal with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.
PDEs can be used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such as sound, heat, diffusion, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid dynamics, elasticity, or quantum mechanics. These seemingly distinct physical phenomena can be formalised similarly in terms of PDEs. Just as ordinary differential equations often model one-dimensional dynamical systems, partial differential equations often model multidimensional systems. PDEs find their generalisation in stochastic partial differential equations.
Unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (2020-21 Session)Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Dear Students,
Please find the Basic Mechanical Engineering (TME-101, 2020-21 Session) Unit One notes in this section.
Topic cover in this section are:
UNIT-1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Definition of thermodynamics, System, Surrounding and universe, Phase, Concept of continuum, Macroscopic & microscopic point of view. Density, Specific volume, Pressure, temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium, Property, State, Path, Process, Cyclic and non-cyclic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Quasi-static process, Energy and its forms, Enthalpy.
Basic concept and first law of thermodynamics agsmeice
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics. It defines key terms like heat, power, temperature, and the science of thermodynamics. It describes different types of thermodynamic systems like closed, open, isolated, homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems. The document outlines thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles, and the first law of thermodynamics. It also reviews the laws of perfect gases and examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, reversible, and adiabatic processes.
This document derives thermodynamic relations using the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state for nitrogen. It starts by evaluating the constants a(T) and b in the equation of state. It then expresses the equation of state in reduced form and calculates the critical compressibility factor. Using the equation of state, it derives expressions for departure enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy. It also expresses other properties like speed of sound, isothermal expansion exponent, heat capacities, and viscosity in reduced form. The purpose is to estimate various thermodynamic relations for nitrogen using the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
Discover what is the Cell Method and how to apply it to physical problems. This presentation will guide you through some interesting computational implementations.
Youtube video: https://youtu.be/ZyyRovtibjo
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
This document discusses Lagrangian dynamics and Hamilton's principle. It begins by introducing important notation conventions used in the chapter. It then provides an overview of Hamilton's principle and how it can be used to derive Lagrange's equations of motion. This allows problems to be solved in a general manner even when forces are difficult to express or some constraints exist. Examples are provided, including deriving the equation of motion for a simple pendulum using both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. The concept of generalized coordinates is also introduced to represent the degrees of freedom of a system.
By using the anharmonic correlated einstein model to define the expressions o...Premier Publishers
By using potential effective interaction in the anharmonic correlated Einstein model on the basis of quantum statistical theory with phonon interaction procedure, the expressions describing asymmetric component (cumulants) and thermodynamic parameters including the anharmonic effects contributions and by new structural parameters of cubic crystals have been formulated. These new parameters describe the distribution of atoms. The expansion of cumulants and thermodynamic parameters through new structural parameters has been performed. The results of this study show that, developing further the anharmonic correlated Einstein model it obtained a general theory for calculation cumulants and thermodynamic parameters in XAFS theory including anharmonic contributions. The expressions are described through new structural parameters that agree with structural contributions of cubic crystals like face center cubic (fcc), body center cubic (bcc).
The document discusses key aspects of developing a marketing plan for construction businesses. It outlines the benefits of creating a marketing plan such as mapping a road to success and providing financial goals analysis. The document also discusses conducting a SWOT analysis to understand strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, it covers defining a unique selling proposition, pricing strategies, sales and distribution plans, and advertising and promotional tactics. The overall purpose of a marketing plan is to help businesses predict challenges, adjust strategies, and provide guidance to grow the business.
Workshop www.mebeljeparajati.com
Melayani pemesanan mebel Indoor,Outdoor Jual furniture berbagai macam model yang dapat ditentukan customer,bahan kayu jati,kayu mahoni berkualitas export. Quality menjadi prioritas.
http://www.mebeljeparajati.com/
http://mebelpengrajinjepara.blogspot.com/
http://www.furnitureducojepara.com/
This document discusses how to create an effective LinkedIn profile. It provides tips on how to design a great profile to be found by others on LinkedIn. Some key tips include writing for the web by using clear and concise language, connecting all of your experiences and information, and aiming to have at least 50 connections. The document then discusses how to use LinkedIn to find job and networking opportunities by searching for people, organizations, jobs and joining relevant groups. The overall goal is to create a professional online presence and use LinkedIn's tools to develop your career.
This document contains guided notes on thermodynamics and kinetics for a chemistry unit. It defines key concepts like energy, heat, temperature, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat. It explains endothermic and exothermic reactions, Hess's law, and how to calculate heat transfer using specific heat capacity. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate calculating heat and temperature changes. The document is a set of lecture notes intended to instruct students on important topics in thermodynamics.
Basic concepts and laws of thermodynamicsAstutiRani2
The document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature and their relation to energy and matter.
- Key terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive/intensive properties, and processes are defined.
- The three laws of thermodynamics are summarized: 1) energy is conserved, 2) entropy always increases, and 3) entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches absolute zero.
- Equations for several thermodynamic properties and processes like enthalpy, entropy, and adiabatic, isochoric and isothermal processes are also presented.
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including definitions of thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems, properties, processes and cycles. It discusses important thermodynamic concepts such as state, path, reversible and irreversible processes, equilibrium, and measurement of pressure. Examples are given to illustrate compression processes and the use of the Pascal's law for pressure measurement.
The document provides an overview of key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Thermodynamics examines the transfer of heat and work to produce mechanical energy.
2) Precise definitions are needed for concepts like system, state, property, process, and reversible process.
3) Ideal gas behavior is an excellent approximation for many aerospace applications and the ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas.
1. The document examines a three-parameter representation of the equation of state that provides reasonably accurate results for modeling the thermodynamic properties of various substances.
2. It presents a "main term" equation of state based solely on critical constants like temperature and compressibility factor, which approximates behaviors near the critical point. Additional terms are needed to reduce discrepancies.
3. The author defines several auxiliary functions and divides the temperature-pressure space into regions, applying a different additional term to each region to capture deviations piecewise and improve accuracy overall. Mean deviations confirm a satisfactory algebraic representation using three individual parameters for most substances.
This document analyzes the Humphrey thermodynamic cycle through five sections. Section A defines the thermal efficiency of the Humphrey and Brayton cycles and finds that the Humphrey cycle is more efficient. Section B derives an expression for the non-dimensional net work of the Humphrey cycle. Section C expresses thermal efficiency and net work in terms of temperature ratios and compressor pressure ratio. Section D determines the maximum compressor pressure ratio and corresponding maximum thermal efficiency. Section E accounts for irreversibilities by including compressor and turbine efficiencies.
1) The document provides an overview of classical mechanics, including definitions of key concepts like space, time, mass, and force. It summarizes Newton's three laws of motion and how they relate to concepts like momentum and inertia.
2) Key principles of classical mechanics are explained, such as reference frames, Newton's laws, and conservation of momentum. Vector operations and products are also defined.
3) Examples are given to illustrate fundamental principles, like Newton's third law and how it relates to conservation of momentum in systems with multiple objects. Coordinate systems are briefly introduced.
Partial Differential Equation plays an important role in our daily life.In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several variables, and are either solved by hand, or used to create a computer model. A special case is ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which deal with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.
PDEs can be used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such as sound, heat, diffusion, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid dynamics, elasticity, or quantum mechanics. These seemingly distinct physical phenomena can be formalised similarly in terms of PDEs. Just as ordinary differential equations often model one-dimensional dynamical systems, partial differential equations often model multidimensional systems. PDEs find their generalisation in stochastic partial differential equations.
Unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (2020-21 Session)Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Dear Students,
Please find the Basic Mechanical Engineering (TME-101, 2020-21 Session) Unit One notes in this section.
Topic cover in this section are:
UNIT-1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Definition of thermodynamics, System, Surrounding and universe, Phase, Concept of continuum, Macroscopic & microscopic point of view. Density, Specific volume, Pressure, temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium, Property, State, Path, Process, Cyclic and non-cyclic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Quasi-static process, Energy and its forms, Enthalpy.
Basic concept and first law of thermodynamics agsmeice
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics. It defines key terms like heat, power, temperature, and the science of thermodynamics. It describes different types of thermodynamic systems like closed, open, isolated, homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems. The document outlines thermodynamic properties, processes, cycles, and the first law of thermodynamics. It also reviews the laws of perfect gases and examples of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, reversible, and adiabatic processes.
This document derives thermodynamic relations using the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state for nitrogen. It starts by evaluating the constants a(T) and b in the equation of state. It then expresses the equation of state in reduced form and calculates the critical compressibility factor. Using the equation of state, it derives expressions for departure enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy. It also expresses other properties like speed of sound, isothermal expansion exponent, heat capacities, and viscosity in reduced form. The purpose is to estimate various thermodynamic relations for nitrogen using the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state.
hermodynamics is the branch of physics that has to do with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the composition or specific properties of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering.
Discover what is the Cell Method and how to apply it to physical problems. This presentation will guide you through some interesting computational implementations.
Youtube video: https://youtu.be/ZyyRovtibjo
1. Chemical thermodynamics deals with energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and processes involving chemical substances.
2. It helps determine the feasibility and extent of chemical reactions and processes under given conditions based on fundamental laws of physical chemistry.
3. Key concepts include the various types of systems (open, closed, isolated), state functions, state variables, and different thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric).
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
This document discusses Lagrangian dynamics and Hamilton's principle. It begins by introducing important notation conventions used in the chapter. It then provides an overview of Hamilton's principle and how it can be used to derive Lagrange's equations of motion. This allows problems to be solved in a general manner even when forces are difficult to express or some constraints exist. Examples are provided, including deriving the equation of motion for a simple pendulum using both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. The concept of generalized coordinates is also introduced to represent the degrees of freedom of a system.
By using the anharmonic correlated einstein model to define the expressions o...Premier Publishers
By using potential effective interaction in the anharmonic correlated Einstein model on the basis of quantum statistical theory with phonon interaction procedure, the expressions describing asymmetric component (cumulants) and thermodynamic parameters including the anharmonic effects contributions and by new structural parameters of cubic crystals have been formulated. These new parameters describe the distribution of atoms. The expansion of cumulants and thermodynamic parameters through new structural parameters has been performed. The results of this study show that, developing further the anharmonic correlated Einstein model it obtained a general theory for calculation cumulants and thermodynamic parameters in XAFS theory including anharmonic contributions. The expressions are described through new structural parameters that agree with structural contributions of cubic crystals like face center cubic (fcc), body center cubic (bcc).
The document discusses key aspects of developing a marketing plan for construction businesses. It outlines the benefits of creating a marketing plan such as mapping a road to success and providing financial goals analysis. The document also discusses conducting a SWOT analysis to understand strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, it covers defining a unique selling proposition, pricing strategies, sales and distribution plans, and advertising and promotional tactics. The overall purpose of a marketing plan is to help businesses predict challenges, adjust strategies, and provide guidance to grow the business.
Workshop www.mebeljeparajati.com
Melayani pemesanan mebel Indoor,Outdoor Jual furniture berbagai macam model yang dapat ditentukan customer,bahan kayu jati,kayu mahoni berkualitas export. Quality menjadi prioritas.
http://www.mebeljeparajati.com/
http://mebelpengrajinjepara.blogspot.com/
http://www.furnitureducojepara.com/
This document discusses how to create an effective LinkedIn profile. It provides tips on how to design a great profile to be found by others on LinkedIn. Some key tips include writing for the web by using clear and concise language, connecting all of your experiences and information, and aiming to have at least 50 connections. The document then discusses how to use LinkedIn to find job and networking opportunities by searching for people, organizations, jobs and joining relevant groups. The overall goal is to create a professional online presence and use LinkedIn's tools to develop your career.
This document outlines topics related to child and adolescent singing, including psychophysical aspects, vocal parameters, physiology and anatomy, and pedagogy. It discusses pitch perception, tonal memory, vocal coordination, vocal registers, range, tessitura, breathing, phonation, resonation, articulation, and the changing voice. The document also provides a brief history of singing instruction for children from the 1800s to present, covering influential figures and their contributions.
Peloton Smart Retro Bagarmossen PresentationDemos Helsinki
After our successful first Peloton Smart Retro Innovation Camp in Lahti, Finland, our programme now moves into its second phase in Stockholm: the testing period.
Why Stockholm?
In 2005, the City of Stockholm launched the slogan “Stockholm, the Capital of Scandinavia”, pointing at the City’s ambition of establishing Stockholm as a commercial node, especially for cleantech, IT and knowledge industries. Stockholm was the first city to be awarded EU Green Capital status in 2010, year after being crowned Intelligent Community of the Year by the Intelligent Community Forum. The revised “Vision 2030” emphasizes the role of the City as a centre for the growing region and a motor for economic growth in the entire country. Also for the Stockholm region, growth, innovation and green development are top of the agenda, as can be seen in the overarching goals in the 2010 Stockholm regional development plan. Climate change is taken seriously, at least at a policy level where there are a number of strategic documents directed to curbing greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. But climate change is also seen as a business opportunity for the City as a whole, and for the variety of companies involved in the sustainability sector.
http://smartretro.demoshelsinki.fi/
Terry Zink of Microsoft explains a general industry plan for sending and receiving email over IPv6.
It includes requiring the sending IPv6 address to have a PTR record, and the sender must pass SPF or DKIM authentication. In addition, Office 365 does some basic capacity planning in its IPv6 implementation.
Recherche translationnelle et maladies métaboliques - Philippe FROGUEL - Renc...PharmaSuccess
The document discusses the lack of personalized treatment approaches for diabetes over the past 30+ years and the potential for genetic sequencing and stem cell technologies to enable truly personalized diabetic care. Specifically:
- Currently, all diabetics receive metformin initially, but there are no agreed guidelines for alternative treatments if metformin fails.
- Recent advances in genetic sequencing allow for better characterization of familial diabetes cases and improved management.
- Sequencing the genome and using reprogrammed stem cells can help advance toward personalized diabetic medicine and understanding disease complications at the individual level.
Project management involves techniques for developing software systems and delivering products, including choosing a development model, estimating costs and schedules, and ensuring safety. It also includes management issues like training staff, risk assessment, and keeping projects on schedule. Effective project management requires agreeing on objectives that consider implications, stakeholders' views, and social costs. The project team should be well-briefed on issues, debate implications, and seek additional resources to consider all aspects, including ethical ones. Proper project management accommodates an ethical perspective to guide the process with justice, equality, and opportunity.
Il primo numero di YtseMagazine, la fanzine digitale, appendice naturale di Metropolzine.
Nel primo numero trovate tutte le foto dei tre concerti one-off dei Dream Theater nel mese di luglio 2004.
Nouvelles exigences en pharmacovigilance - Aprova - Rencontres de la Recherch...PharmaSuccess
1) The document discusses new pharmacovigilance requirements in clinical trials in the European Union. It emphasizes the important role of investigators in ensuring patient safety and their responsibilities in reporting adverse events and serious adverse events.
2) Thalidomide is provided as a historical example of the importance of pharmacovigilance, as its teratogenic effects in the 1960s led to the creation of pharmacovigilance regulations. Vioxx is also discussed as a more recent example of post-market safety issues emerging.
3) The presentation provides guidance to investigators on proper adverse event reporting, including defining adverse events and serious adverse events, assessing causality, completing reporting forms, and timelines for reporting serious
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
This document provides an introduction to an intermediate-level course on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It discusses how thermodynamics applies to many-body systems and can explain many everyday phenomena. It notes that while the atomic motions can be described by known physics equations, directly solving these equations for macroscopic systems is impossible due to their enormous complexity and number of particles. Therefore, thermodynamics takes a statistical approach, focusing on average properties rather than individual particle motions.
This document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The Zeroth Law states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2) The First Law states that energy can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
3) The Second Law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases and approaches a maximum value at equilibrium.
4) The Third Law states that the entropy of a pure crystalline substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law defines temperature as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. It defines the relationship between changes in internal energy of a system and heat/work.
3) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, and perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible. It relates entropy to heat transfer.
4) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum value as temperature approaches absolute zero.
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
This document provides an overview of the course MCT-114: Fundamentals of Thermal Sciences. The objectives of the course are to provide a solid grounding in engineering thermodynamics and its fundamental concepts. Topics covered include the basic concepts, laws of energy, ideal gas model, entropy, and power/refrigeration cycles. The course also introduces heat transfer concepts. The document outlines the suggested textbooks, course learning objectives, and provides an introduction to thermal-fluid sciences, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
GETTING STARTED IN THERMODYNAMICS: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Kum Visal
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal and mechanical forms. A system is defined as the subject of analysis, which has specified boundaries and properties that may change as it undergoes processes or reaches equilibrium states. Thermodynamic properties are either extensive, meaning their values depend on system size, or intensive, with values independent of system size. Temperature, pressure, and specific volume are important intensive properties. The SI system of units is commonly used, with the pascal and kelvin as units of pressure and temperature. A system reaches thermal equilibrium when its intensive properties become uniform throughout.
Thermodynamic systems, boundaries, and states are introduced.
1) A thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter or a region of space distinguished from its surroundings. It is enclosed by a real or imaginary boundary.
2) Systems are classified as closed, open, or isolated depending on whether mass and/or energy can cross their boundaries.
3) The thermodynamic state of a system is specified by its thermodynamic variables like pressure, volume, and temperature. Variables are either intensive (invariant to system size) or extensive (dependent on system size).
This document discusses thermodynamic principles and concepts. It defines key thermodynamic terms like system, environment, isolated system, open system, closed system, state parameters, and equations of state. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat transferred plus work done on the system. The second law states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases and approaches a maximum value. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system and is related to the number of microscopic arrangements that can produce a given macrostate.
Laws of thermodynamics and their significancekanmanivarsha
The document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The Zeroth Law establishes that temperature is a fundamental property and bodies in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
2) The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and the change in internal energy of a system equals heat added minus work done.
3) The Second Law explains that efficiency is always less than 100% due to wasted heat, and isolated systems progress towards disorder over time.
4) The Third Law establishes that entropy approaches a constant, minimum value as temperature approaches absolute zero.
Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energy. There are four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive - if A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved - it can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat absorbed or released is used to change a system's internal energy or do work.
3) The second law establishes that spontaneous processes result in increasing disorder and unavailable energy for work. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to hot body.
4)
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including:
- A definition of thermodynamics as the study of energy and energy transformations between a system and its surroundings.
- A brief history of thermodynamics beginning with Otto von Guericke's vacuum pump in 1650 and the formulation of Boyle's Law by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.
- Explanations of key thermodynamics concepts and terminology like system, boundary, properties, and the zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics.
- Summaries of processes involving perfect gases like isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, as well as thermodynamic cycles like the Carnot,
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics. It begins with definitions of state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The fundamental equation of thermodynamics is derived by combining the first and second laws. The document discusses open and closed systems, and introduces Legendre transforms and free energies. It provides an outline of topics that will be covered, including single and multicomponent systems, the ideal solution model, nonideal solutions, equations of state, and chemical reaction equilibria.
Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energy. There are four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium is transitive - if A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
2) The first law states that energy is conserved - it can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat supplied to a system increases its internal energy and can do work.
3) The second law establishes that spontaneous processes are irreversible and heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot body. Entropy always increases over time for isolated systems.
4
The document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: (1) the zeroth law which underlies the definition of temperature, (2) the first law which mandates conservation of energy and states that heat is a form of energy, (3) the second law which states that entropy of the universe always increases, and (4) the third law which concerns entropy at absolute zero temperature. It also defines key thermodynamic concepts like internal energy, heat, and work.
This document summarizes the key laws and concepts of thermodynamics. It introduces thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with heat and other energy transfers. It outlines the zeroth law, which established the concept of temperature, the first law regarding energy conservation, and the second law concerning entropy and the impossibility of converting all heat to work. The objectives of thermodynamics are also summarized as predicting process feasibility, estimating reaction yields, and deducing important relationships like gas laws. Limitations are noted as dealing with bulk rather than microscopic properties and not addressing reaction time or path. Mathematical equations for the first law relating internal energy, heat, and work are also provided.
This document contains definitions, examples, and questions related to thermodynamics. It covers topics like the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
1) It defines open, closed, and isolated systems and gives examples. Open systems allow heat, work, and mass transfer while closed systems only allow heat and work transfer.
2) It provides definitions for key thermodynamics terms like intensive and extensive properties, boundary, specific heat, and more. Intensive properties do not depend on amount of substance while extensive properties do.
3) It lists statements of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy. The second law states that heat
This document provides definitions and explanations of thermodynamic concepts related to pure substances and the steam power cycle. It includes definitions of terms like latent heat, saturation temperature and pressure, and superheated steam. It also summarizes the key points that latent heat is the heat required for phase changes, saturation conditions define boiling and vaporization, and superheating steam provides benefits like more work and efficiency by further heating dry steam.
The document provides an overview of statistical thermodynamics including:
- Its historic background beginning with Bernoulli's work in the 18th century and contributions from Maxwell, Boltzmann, Gibbs, and others.
- The key difference between classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics is that the latter links microscopic properties to macroscopic behaviors.
- Statistical thermodynamics is needed to explain thermodynamic parameters in terms of molecular properties and interactions since classical thermodynamics does not address this microscopic level.
- Central topics in statistical thermodynamics include the partition function, degrees of freedom, heat capacity, and Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics.
1. Please read:
7 tips to solve physics faster in MHT-CET
September 19, 2010 By Prof. Rohan Shenoy40 Comments
1. Play chess or any other mild puzzle for improving basic logical, analytic and reasoning skills.
2. By-heart logarithm tables of common nos (Ex: 0 – 9) for faster calculation.
3. Wherever you are dealing with fractional nos, always eliminate the decimal and spin it into a
power of 10. Example: (5.1/17) should be solved as [(51/17)*10-1]. Eliminating fractions will
improve the accuracy exponentially. In MHT-CET physics paper, many times the only
difference in options is their decimal place. Ex: a) 1.3 b) 0.13 c) 0.013 d) 0.0013
4. Learn inter-conversion of units in various systems such as MKS and CGS.
5. While solving numerical MCQs from any book, such as P.S. Bangui, start solving from the last
question to first question, i.e in reverse order. The difficult questions are usually given in the
last. If reverse order is too difficult, you can solve alternate questions in serial order.
6. Use common sense, and do not be nervous or anxious while approaching questions. Most of
the questions are straight forward formula based. Students blow it up because they are weak
on calculation parts, or are not prepared fully.
7. Instead of “reading” formulas, practice them in the form of numericals. This will give dual
benefit of learning the formula as well math speed.
For your information:
Atleast 45 out of 50 questions in physics paper are numerical questions. It is foolish on the
part of any student to appear for CET without having practiced numeric
a personal appeal from
Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales Read now
Laws of thermodynamicsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
Thermodynamics
The classical Carnot heat engine
Branches[show]Classical · Statistical · Chemical
Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium
2. Laws[hide]Zeroth · First · Second · Third
Systems[show]State:
Equation of state
Ideal gas · Real gas
Phase of matter · Equilibrium
Control volume · Instruments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processes:
Isobaric · Isochoric · Isothermal
Adiabatic · Isentropic · Isenthalpic
Quasistatic · Polytropic
Free expansion
Reversibility · Irreversibility
Endoreversibility
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cycles:
Heat engines · Heat pumps
Thermal efficiency
System properties[show]Property diagrams
Intensive and extensive properties
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Functions of state:
Temperature / Entropy (intro.) †
Pressure / Volume †
Chemical potential / Particle no. †
3. († Conjugate variables)
Vapor quality
Reduced properties
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Process functions:
Work · Heat
Material properties[show]Specific heat capacity
Compressibility
Thermal expansion
Property database
Equations[show]Carnot's theorem · Clausius theorem · Fundamental relation · Ideal gas law · Maxwell
relations · Onsager reciprocal relations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table of thermodynamic equations
Potentials[show]Free energy · Free entropy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Internal energy
Enthalpy
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy
4. History and culture[show]Philosophy:
Entropy and time · Entropy and life
Brownian ratchet
Maxwell's demon
Heat death paradox
Loschmidt's paradox
Synergetics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
General · Heat · Entropy · Gas laws
Perpetual motion
Theories:
Caloric theory · Vis viva
Theory of heat
Mechanical equivalent of heat
Motive power
Publications:
"An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat"
"On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances"
"Reflections on the
Motive Power of Fire"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Timelines of:
Thermodynamics · Heat engines
5. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Art:
Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Education:
Entropy as energy dispersal
Scientists[show]Bernoulli · Carnot · Clapeyron · Clausius · von Helmholtz · Carathéodory · Pierre
Duhem · Gibbs · Joule · Maxwell · von Mayer · Onsager · Rankine · Smeaton · Stahl · Thompson · Kelvin
· Waterson
v ·t ·e
The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and
entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems. The laws describe how these quantities behave
under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).
The four laws of thermodynamics are:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they
must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics: Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. Energy is invariably
conserved but the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or
out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost
always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of
maximum entropy of the system—in a process known as "thermalization". Equivalently, perpetual
motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all
cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a
pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.
6. Classical thermodynamics describes the exchange of work and heat between systems. It has a special
interest in systems that are individually in states of thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermodynamic
equilibrium is a condition of systems which are adequately described by only macroscopic variables.
Every physical system, however, when microscopically examined, shows apparently random
microscopic statistical fluctuations in its thermodynamic variables of state (entropy, temperature,
pressure, etc.). These microscopic fluctuations are negligible for systems which are nearly in
thermodynamic equilibrium and which are only macroscopically examined. They become important,
however, for systems which are nearly in thermodynamic equilibrium when they are microscopically
examined, and, exceptionally, for macroscopically examined systems that are in critical states[7], and
for macroscopically examined systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
There have been suggestions of additional laws, but none of them achieve the generality of the four
accepted laws, and they are not mentioned in standard textbooks.[1][2][3][4][5][8][9]
The laws of thermodynamics are important fundamental laws in physics and they are applicable in
other natural sciences.
Contents [hide]
1 Zeroth law
2 First law
3 Second law
4 Third law
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
[edit] Zeroth lawThe zeroth law of thermodynamics may be stated as follows:
7. If system A and system B are individually in thermal equilibrium with system C, then system A is in
thermal equilibrium with system B
The zeroth law implies that thermal equilibrium, viewed as a binary relation, is a Euclidean relation. If
we assume that the binary relationship is also reflexive, then it follows that thermal equilibrium is an
equivalence relation. Equivalence relations are also transitive and symmetric. The symmetric
relationship allows one to speak of two systems being "in thermal equilibrium with each other",
which gives rise to a simpler statement of the zeroth law:
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other
However, this statement requires the implicit assumption of both symmetry and reflexivity, rather
than reflexivity alone.
The law is also a statement about measurability. To this effect the law allows the establishment of an
empirical parameter, the temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in equilibrium
with each other have the same temperature. The notion of transitivity permits a system, for example
a gas thermometer, to be used as a device to measure the temperature of another system.
Although the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium is fundamental to thermodynamics and was
clearly stated in the nineteenth century, the desire to label its statement explicitly as a law was not
widely felt until Fowler and Planck stated it in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law
were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law. The
importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it allows the definition of
temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable.
[edit] First lawThe first law of thermodynamics may be stated thus:
Increase in internal energy of a body = heat supplied to the body - work done by the body. U = Q - W
For a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat supplied to the system equals the net work done by the
system.
More specifically, the First Law encompasses several principles:
8. The law of conservation of energy.
This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and
energy can flow from one place to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains the same.
The concept of internal energy and its relationship to temperature.
If a system, for example a rock, has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three
distinguishable components. If the rock is flying through the air, it has kinetic energy. If it is high
above the ground, it has gravitational potential energy. In addition to these, it has internal energy
which is the sum of the kinetic energy of vibrations of the atoms in the rock, and other sorts of
microscopic motion, and of the potential energy of interactions between the atoms within the rock.
Other things being equal, the internal energy increases as the rock's temperature increases. The
concept of internal energy is the characteristic distinguishing feature of the first law of
thermodynamics.
The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer.
In other words, a quantity of heat that flows from a hot body to a cold one can be expressed as an
amount of energy being transferred from the hot body to the cold one.
Performing work is a form of energy transfer.
For example, when a machine lifts a heavy object upwards, some energy is transferred from the
machine to the object. The object acquires its energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in
this example.
Combining these principles leads to one traditional statement of the first law of thermodynamics: it is
not possible to constuct a perpetual motion machine which will continuously do work without
consuming energy.
[edit] Second lawThe second law of thermodynamics asserts the existence of a quantity called the
entropy of a system and further states that
When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic
equilibrium in itself (but not necessarily in equilibrium with each other at first) are at some time
allowed to interact, breaking the isolation that separates the two systems, allowing them to exchange
matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the
entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal to the entropy of the final combination
of exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new thermodynamic equilibrium, total entropy
has increased, or at least has not decreased.
9. It follows that the entropy of an isolated macroscopic system never decreases. The second law states
that spontaneous natural processes increase entropy overall, or in another formulation that heat can
spontaneously be conducted or radiated only from a higher-temperature region to a lower-
temperature region, but not the other way around.
The second law refers to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible. Its main import is to
tell about irreversibility.
The prime example of irreversibility is in the transfer of heat by conduction or radiation. It was known
long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies of different temperatures
are connected with each other by purely thermal connection, conductive or radiative, then heat
always flows from the hotter body to the colder one. This fact is part of the basic idea of heat, and is
related also to the so-called zeroth law, though the textbooks' statements of the zeroth law are
usually reticent about that, because they have been influenced by Carathéodory's basing his
axiomatics on the law of conservation of energy and trying to make heat seem a theoretically
derivative concept instead of an axiomatically accepted one. Šilahvý (1997) notes that Carathéodory's
approach does not work for the description of irreversible processes that involve both heat
conduction and conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy by viscosity (which is another prime
example of irreversibility), because "the mechanical power and the rate of heating are not expressible
as differential forms in the 'external parameters'".[10]
The second law tells also about kinds of irreversibility other than heat transfer, and the notion of
entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, in a reversible heat transfer, an element of heat
transferred, δQ, is the product of the temperature (T), both of the system and of the sources or
destination of the heat, with the increment (dS) of the system's conjugate variable, its entropy (S)
[1]
The second law defines entropy, which may be viewed not only as a macroscopic variable of classical
thermodynamics, but may also be viewed as a measure of deficiency of physical information about
the microscopic details of the motion and configuration of the system, given only predictable
experimental reproducibility of bulk or macroscopic behavior as specified by macroscopic variables
that allow the distinction to be made between heat and work. More exactly, the law asserts that for
10. two given macroscopically specified states of a system, there is a quantity called the difference of
entropy between them. The entropy difference tells how much additional microscopic physical
information is needed to specify one of the macroscopically specified states, given the macroscopic
specification of the other , which is often a conveniently chosen reference state. It is often convenient
to presuppose the reference state and not to explicitly state it. A final condition of a natural process
always contains microscopically specifiable effects which are not fully and exactly predictable from
the macroscopic specification of the initial condition of the process. This is why entropy increases in
natural processes. The entropy increase tells how much extra microscopic information is needed to
tell the final macroscopically specified state from the initial macroscopically specified state.[11]
[edit] Third lawThe third law of thermodynamics is sometimes stated as follows:
The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.
At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal energy. This statement
holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy. Entropy is related to the
number of possible microstates according to S = kBln(Ω), where S is the entropy of the system, kB
Boltzmann's constant, and Ω the number of microstates (e.g. possible configurations of atoms). At
absolute zero there is only 1 microstate possible (Ω=1) and ln(1) = 0.
A more general form of the third law that applies to systems such as glasses that may have more than
one minimum energy state:
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero.
The constant value (not necessarily zero) is called the residual entropy of the system.
[edit] HistorySee also: Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
Count Rumford (born Benjamin Thompson) showed, about 1797, that mechanical action can generate
indefinitely large amounts of heat, so challenging the caloric theory. The historically first established
thermodynamic principle which eventually became the second law of thermodynamics was
formulated by Sadi Carnot during 1824. By 1860, as formalized in the works of those such as Rudolf
Clausius and William Thomson, two established principles of thermodynamics had evolved, the first
principle and the second principle, later restated as thermodynamic laws. By 1873, for example,
thermodynamicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, in his memoir Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of
11. Fluids, clearly stated the first two absolute laws of thermodynamics. Some textbooks throughout the
20th century have numbered the laws differently. In some fields removed from chemistry, the second
law was considered to deal with the efficiency of heat engines only, whereas what was called the
third law dealt with entropy increases. Directly defining zero points for entropy calculations was not
considered to be a law. Gradually, this separation was combined into the second law and the modern
third law was widely adopted.
Date: 21 Feb 2013 (Thursday)
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Paper: German / Andhramagadhi / Persian
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Paper: Physics
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Date: 27 Feb 2013 (Wednesday)
12. Paper: Chemistry
Time: 11.00 am to 2.00 pm
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Paper: Mathematics & Statistics Paper
Time: 11.00 am to 2.00 pm
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13. Home>Time Table -
Maharashtra Board HSC Time Table
Maharashtra Board HSC Time Table 2013, Maharashtra
HSC Time Table 2013: -
The MSBSHSE is a state education board of Maharashtra state. The MSBSHSE board is known
as the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. The board is
providing education facilities to the students of Maharashtra state. The MSBSHSE board was
established on the 1st January of 1966 year. The MSBSHE board was established under the act of
the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra education board. The main headquarters of the board is
the Pune district of the Maharashtra state. Some other offices are also located in the Mumbai,
Nagpur districts. The board is providing education in the local state language and in the English
language.
Maharashtra Board HSC Time Table 2013:-
The board is providing higher secondary education in different subjects in the different
departments. Mainly board is providing higher secondary education in the science, arts and
commerce stream with different combinations of subjects. The MSBSHSE board is conducting
exams at the end of every annual session. The board conducts class 12th board exams in the
march month after the end of the session. The Maharashtra Board HSC Time Table is very
important for all the appearing students in the 12th class examination.
The board exams of class 12th are important for the students and for this education board. The
students work hard in the class 12th from the start of the session to get a good percentage of
marks. The Maharashtra board announced Maharashtra Board HSC Time Table 2013 mention
as below: -
FIRST HALF SECOND HALF
SUBJECT WITH INDEX SUBJECT WITH
DATE/DAY TIME TIME
NUMBER INDEX NUMBER
Marathi (02)
Thursday Gujarati (03) Urdu (05) French (13)
Kannada (06) Pali (35)
3:00 pm
21st 11:00 am to Tamil (09)
to 6:00
February, 2:00 pm Telugu (10)
pm
Malayalam (08)
2013 Sindhi (07)
Bengali (12)
Punjabi (11)
14. German (14)
Friday
11:00 am to
3:00 pm Ardhamagadhi (16)
22nd 2:00
Hindi (04) to 6:00
February, pm11:00 am
pm Persian (37)
to 1:00 pm
2013
Avesta – Pahalavi (87)
Saturday
11:00 am to
23th English (01)
2:00pm
February,
2013
Secretarial Practice (C) (52)
11:00 am to
2:00 PM
Monday
3:00 pm
11:00 am to Political Science (A)
25th Physics (S) (54) to 6:00
2:00 pm (42)
February, pm
2013
11:00 am to
1:00 pm
Physics Paper 1st (S) (54)
Tuesday 11.00 a.m.
Physics Paper – II (S) (54)
26th to
( For Repeater Candidates
February,
Only)
2013 1.00 p.m.
11.00 a.m.
to Book Keeping & Accountancy
(A/C) (50)
Wednesday 2.00 p.m.
Chemistry (S) (55) 3:00 pm
27th, to 6:00 Philosophy (A) (46)
February Chemistry Paper – I (S) (55) pm
2013 11.00 a.m.
( For Repeater Candidates
to Only)
1.00 p.m.
Thursday
Chemistry Paper – II (S) (55)
11:00 am to
28th
1:00 pm ( For Repeater Candidates
February,
Only)
2013
Friday 11:00 am to Mathematics & Statistics Paper 3:00 pm Sociology (A/S) (45)
15. 2:00 pm (A/S) (40) to 6:00
01st March, pm
2013
11.00 a.m. Mathematics & Statistics
paper-I (A/S) (40)
to
( For Repeater Candidates
1.00 p.m. Only)
Mathematics & Statistics Paper
– I (C) (88)
Mathematics &
Statistics Paper – II
(A/S) (40)
3.00 p.m.
Saturday
( For Repeater
to
02nd March, Candidates Only)
2013
5.00 p.m.
Mathematics &
Statistics Paper – II
(C) (88)
11.00 a.m.
Biology (S) (56)
to
2. 00 p.m. 3.00 p.m.
Monday
Economics (A/S/C)
to
04th March, (49)
2013 Biology Paper – I (S) (56)
11.00 a.m. 6.00 p.m.
( For Repeater Candidates
to
Only)
1. 00 p.m.
Tuesday 11.00 a.m. Biology Paper – II (S) (56)
05th March, to ( For Repeater Candidates
2013 Only)
1.00 p.m.
Wednesday 11.00 a.m. Organisation of Commerce & 3.00 p.m. History (A) (38)
06th March, to Management (C) (51) to
2013
2.00 p.m. 6.00 p.m.
16. Friday VOCATIONAL COURSES- 3.00 p.m. Education (A/S) (78)
PAPER – I
08th March, to
2013 (TECHNICAL GROUP)
11:00 am to 6.00 p.m.
2:00 pm General Civil Engineering (A4)
——————
11.00 a.m. Electrical Maintenance (A1)
to Mechanical Maintenance (A2)
1.30 p.m. Scooter and Motor Cycle
Servicing (A3)
Electronics (C2)
11.00 a.m.
Computer Science (D9)
to
2.00 p.m.
COMMERCE GROUP PAPER
–I
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Home>Electronics> Home Appliances > Washing Machines > Semi Automatic > Videocon Semi
Automatic Washing Machine 6.5 kg Kyle
Videocon Semi Automatic Washing Machine 6.5 kg Kyle
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About Videocon Semi Automatic Washing Machine 6.5 kg Kyle
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42. Water fall gives better circulation of water , and better dispersion of detergent , providing better wash
Videocon Semi Automatic Washing Machine 6.5 kg Kyle Details
Brand Videocon See All Videocon Products
Category Semi Automatic
body : Pp
pulsator Type : Normal
wash Timer (in Min) : 15
spin Time (in Min) : 5
knob : Normal
water Inlet : 1
waterfall/ Cascade : Yes
Other features
castor : Yes
water Level : 3
lint Collector : Magic Filter
spin Shower : Yes
wash Window : Transparent
spin Window : Transparent
spin Motor (w) : 180
Warranty 1 Year Videocon India Warranty
Active Soak
Convenience features
Yes
Wxdxh
Dimensions
795 X 460 X 900
No Of Wash Programs
2
Soft Dry
Washing features Yes
Wash Motor
380
Spin Shower
43. 5
Spin Speed Rpm
Yes
Rust Free Plastic Body
waterfall
Key features spin Shower Rinsing
3 Water Level Indicator
castor
Color
Body
Grey Light
Wash Capacity
General features
6.5 Kg
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Sold Out Sold Out Sold Out Sold Out
Rs 5999 Rs
Price Rs 4999 Rs 4999 Rs 6190
459023% Off
Sold Out Sold Out Sold Out Sold Out
Availability Dispatched in 2 Dispatched in 2 Dispatched in 2 Dispatched in 2
business days business days business days business days
48. NA NA NA NA
Highlights - Dual SIM (GSM - Dual SIM - Android v2.3.5 - 4 Inch Touch
+ GSM) - Wi-Fi Enabled (Gingerbread) OS Screen
- 1 GHz - 1.2 GHz ARM - 2 MP Primary - Android 4.0 ICS
Qualcomm Cortex-A5 Camera OS
Scorpion Processor - 4.3-inch TFT - Dual SIM
Processor - Android v2.3.5 Capacitive - 3MP Camera
- Android v2.3.5 (Gingerbread) OS Touchscreen
(Gingerbread) OS - Dual SIM
- 3.5-inch
Capacitive
Touchscreen
Technical Specification
GENERAL
FEATURES
Keypad No No No No
Battery, Charger, Battery, Charger, Battery, Charger,
Handset, Battery,
Data Cable, Data Cable, Data Cable,
Charger, Headset,
Handset, Handset, Handset,
In Sales Package USB Cable, User
Headset,User Headset,User Headset,User
Manual, Warranty
Guide, Warranty Guide, Warranty Guide, Warranty
Card
Card Card Card
Form Touch Touch Touch Touch
Dual Dual Dual
SIM Dual SIM
SIM(GSM+GSM) SIM(GSM+GSM) SIM(GSM+GSM)
PLATFORM
Android v2.3.5 Android v2.3.5 Android v2.3.5
OS Android 4.0 ICS
(Gingerbread) (Gingerbread) (Gingerbread)
Java No No No No
1 GHz Qualcomm 1 GHz ARM 1 GHz ARM
Processor 1.0 GHz
Scorpion Cortex-A5 Cortex-A5
Graphics Adreno NA NA N/A
DISPLAY
Type TFT TFT TFT TFT
Size 3.5 Inches 4.3 Inches 4.3 Inches 4 Inches
Resolution N/A N/A N/A N/A
Colors 262 K 262 K 262 K NA
DIMENSIONS
69.7x130x10.95 69.7x130x10.95
Size 62x116x12 mm 124 64 10.6mm
mm mm
Weight 108.96 g 148 g 148 g 113 NA
CAMERA
Primary Camera 3 Megapixel 2 Megapixel 2 Megapixel 3 Megapixel
Secondary
No 0.3 Megapixel 0.3 Megapixel No
Camera
Flash No No No No
49. Video
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Recording
Zoom Yes Yes Yes Yes
BATTERY
Type Li-Ion, 1300 mAh Li-Ion, 1350 mAh Li-Ion, 1350 mAh 1450 mAh
Talktime N/A N/A N/A Up to 4hrs
Standby Time 170 hrs (2G) 205 hrs (2G) 205 hrs (2G) Up to 170 hrs
MEMORY
AND
STORAGE
Internal 130 MB 190 MB 190 MB 4GB ROM
microSD, upto 32 microSD, upto 32 microSD, upto 32
External Up to 32GB
GB GB GB
256 MB RAM, 512 2 GB RAM, 4 GB 2 GB RAM, 4 GB
Memory 512MB RAM
MB ROM ROM ROM
INTERNET &
CONNECTIVI
TY
Yes, 7.2 Mbps
3G HSDPA,5.76 Mbps No No Yes
HSUPA
Wifi Yes, 802.11 b/g/n Yes, 802.11 b/g/n Yes, 802.11 b/g/n Yes
GPRS Yes, Class 10 Yes, Class 12 Yes, Class 12 Yes
Bluetooth Yes Yes Yes Yes
USB
Yes Yes Yes Yes
connectivity
MULTIMEDIA
Music Player Yes Yes Yes Yes
Video Player Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ringtone 128 Polyphonic MP3, WAV MP3, WAV MP3, WAV
FM Yes Yes Yes Yes
Audio Jack 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm
SD Guarantee
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