Mobile devices have long been used in medical education, starting with PDAs in the 1990s primarily as decision-making tools. However, devices have greatly evolved since - they are more usable, affordable, and offer more services. While mobile devices can enhance learning through information management, communication, and time management, their use also risks superficial learning, distraction, and blurring of personal/professional boundaries. Studies show mobile devices should augment rather than replace current teaching methods. To optimize learning, mobile devices should be incorporated to support information management, communication, surgical simulation, health awareness, data collection, and accessibility for learners with disabilities. Ultimately, mobile devices are necessary for connecting learners and professionals to support powerful learning, if used judiciously