reading and coversation for examples, a wide range of reading genres.

2. Conversation Topics
1. Does an exam result determine how intelligent you are?
2. Can we live without social media?
3. Are there more than two genders?
4. You can’t be happy if you have no money.
5. Should people have a gun at home?
6. All schools should teach Christian values.
7. It is OK to lie sometimes.

3. Power Words
1. Addition of ideas:
- moreover
- additionally
- furthermore
3. Contrasting ideas:
- however
- nevertheless
- on one hand… on the
other hand.
2. Consequences:
- Therefore
- Thus
- Consequently

4. GIVING OPINIONS
• As far as I am concerned…
• In my personal opinion…
• From my point of view…
• The way I see it…
• I believe that…
• I honestly think that…
• Personally speaking, I think that…
• As for me, I believe that…

5. When you agree.
• I totally agree with you.
• I couldn’t agree more.
• I feel the same.
• I would go along with that.
• You’re absolutely right.
• No doubt about it.
• That’s a good point.

6. Disagreement
• I’m afraid I disagree.
• I don’t agree with you since…
• That’s not the way I see it…
• I don’t think so.
• I don’t feel the same.

7. What is a genre?
It is a specific type of writing. Literature can be divided into 4 different
genres:
Literature
Fiction
Non-fiction
Poerty
Drama

8. What is fiction?
It refers to events and characters that are not real or that are
imagined by the author.
What is non-fiction?
It’s a writing that is true and not made up. It has a specific purpose: to
inform the reader about something real, to teach about true events.
Examples: Research papers, biography and autobiography,
brochure, articles, essays, ads, instructional manuals, etc.

9. Fantasy Mystery
Realistic
Fiction
Historial
Fiction
Science
Fiction
Fairy
tales
Myths Legend Fable

10. Fantasy stories are fictional stories that are very imaginative, they
encompass characters that are impossible and strange such as
magic creatures and talking animals.

12. Sometimes Fantasy is created through the following formula:
Reality + Reality = Fantasy
+ =

13. Mystery is all about stories that deal with a puzzling event such as a
crime or discovering a secret. They aren’t solved until the end, and
include a lot of suspense.

15. Realistic fiction uses characters and places from real life. They can
be made up but they must be possible. Even though these events are
imagined, they can realistically happen in real life.

16. entertaining
Recognizable characters in recognizable
situations.
short or long stories
Realistic events
A conflict must be solved.

17. Historical fiction is a story that takes place in a particular time in the
past (a story during the Holocaust, a pandemic, etc.) The setting and
characters can be real or made up.

19. Science Fiction is about science, the future, and technology such as
inventions that do not exist yet. It may also involve aliens.

20. entertaining
It suggests what may happen in the future.
Scientific knowledge
Futuristic worlds
Space travel / laboratories / scientific advancements

21. Fairy Tales Fable
Myths Legends

22. Expressions used in traditional literature:
Once upon a time…
In a land far, far away…
They lived happily ever after…

23. Fable: A short story that is entertaining and often teaches a moral
lesson, typically with animals as the main characters.

24. Old-
fashioned
vocabulary
It has a moral
lesson.
A few
characters
It is short
Mostly animal
characters
One simple
conflict

25. Fairy tale: A story that typically involved magical forces and
unlikely events that lead to a happy ending.

26. It is magical and short story.
Contains a problem to solve.
Good vs evil
Good almost
always wins.
Unbelievable
powers
Moral
lessons

27. Legend: A story that is based on an event or a person that cannot
be proven. Some legends are stories about real people who did
heroic acts; others are about creatures that belong to a culture or a
place.
Loch Ness Monster Cipitio
Bit foot

28. Robin Hood is a
legendary heroic outlaw originally
depicted in English folklore and
subsequently featured in literature and
film. According to the legend, he was a
highly skilled archer and swordsman
who protected the poor by killing and
stealing from the richest people of the
time.

29. Myth: A traditional story that involves supernatural events or being,
explaining the origin of the world, natural phenomena or natural events
in the world. Myths have no real basis and usually involve gods and
goddesses.

30. Belong to Anciente Greek and Roman period.
Attempt to explain nature, values, and beliefs.
Gods and Godesses who help or hurt humans.
Unrealistic features
It is not proven but believed.

31. Literature
Fiction
Non-fiction
Poerty
Drama

32. Poetry is a form of literature (spoken or written) that uses
aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language. It’s purpose is to
evoke feelings, emotions, beautiful and imaginative thoughts.

33. All poems share specific characteristics. For example, poetry is written
in verses and stanzas instead of sentences and paragraphs.

35. Theme: the lesson or message of the poem.
Mood: the feeling the author tries to convey.
Verse: a row of words in a poem.
Stanza: a group of lines in a poem.
Rhythm: it’s the beat and sound of the poem.
Rhyme: words that have similar ending sounds.

39. Drama is the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the
performance of written dialogues. To define drama in simple terms, it simply
means stories being brought to life by actors and events on a stage.

40. • It aims to make the audience laugh and has
a happy ending.
Comedy
(dramedy)
• based on human suffering and the terrible
or sorrowful events that befall a main
character.
Tragedy
• It blends aspects of both tragic and comic
forms. There is a lot of sarcasm and parody.
Tragicomed
y
• It is a play with a lot of exciting or sad events and in
which people's emotions are very exaggerated. The
performance is accompanied with instrumental music.
Melodrama

42. In literature, any technique used to help the author achieve his or
her purpose is called a literary device. Typically, these devices are
used for an aesthetic purpose.
Literary devices are ways of taking writing beyond its literal
meaning. They’re intended to make the piece or writing more
beautiful.

43. 1.Metaphor
They’re also known as direct comparisons. A metaphor is a statement in
which two objects, often unrelated, are compared to each other.
Examples:
• You are my sunshine.
• My sister is the devil.
• Keren has the voice of an angel.
• Time is money.

44. 2. Simile
They are similar to metaphors, but unlike a metaphor, the comparison relies
on the words “like” or “as.”
Examples:
• Marvin is like a brother to me.
• My shoes smell like garbage.
• Peter walks as slowly as a turtle.
• The kingdom of God is like treasure hidden in a field.

45. 3. Imagery
Imagery is the author’s use of language that appeals to the five senses in
order to make the reader imagine exactly what is being described.
Examples:
“The night was black as ever, but bright stars lit up the sky in
beautiful and varied constellations which were sprinkled across the
astronomical landscape.”

47. 4. Personification
Personification uses human traits to describe non-human things. It attributes
human behaviors to inanimate things.
Examples:
“The stars danced in the midnight sky.”
“You can hear the trees whisper in the dark.”
“The flowers begged for water.”
“Death robbed her dreams.”

48. 5. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates,
resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Onomatopoeia can differ
between languages.
In English, some verbs have been originated from their onomatopoeic sound.
Examples:
Cats meow on the roof every night.
Cows always moo when they eat grass.
The audience didn’t like his performance and started to boo him
off the stage.
Click on the link to enter the website.

50. 6. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that emphasizes the significance of
the statement’s actual meaning.
Examples:
“I haven’t seen you in a million years!”
“Freddy has tons of money.”
“I have told you a million times no”
“This is killing me.”

54. False friends:
• Summarize: (verb) to describe sth briefly.
• Resume: (verb) to continue doing something after a
pause.
- Elena resumed her studies after her therapies.
- We will resume classes after vacation.
• Résumé: (noun) a CV

55. A summary is a
significant
reduction
of the original
source.

56. A summary is a condensed version of an original text, usually a full
article, essay, or book. A summary contains the main points and
removes needless details to give a more concise explanation.
Summaries are usually a paragraph long, and may even be a few
paragraphs long depending on the length of the work being condensed.
Both fiction and non-fiction materials can be summarized.

57. How to summarize
nonfiction
materials.

58. A tornado is a powerful, twisting windstorm.
It begins high in the air, among the winds
of a giant storm cloud. People who have
watched a tornado’s howling winds reach
down from the sky have said it’s the most
frightening thing they have ever seen. In
some parts of the United States, these
windstorms are called twisters or cyclones.

59. A tornado is a prowerful,
twisting windstorm.
They come from
a storm cloud.
They are
frightening.
They are also
called twister or
cyclone.

60. Tornadoes are frightening, powerful, twisting
windstorms, sometimes also called twisters
or cyclones, that start in a giant storm
cloud.

61. Tornadoes are not the only whirling windstorms
that move through the Earth’s air. There are
other natural phenomena such as dust devils,
hurricanes and typhoons which have twisting
winds, but these windstorms differ from
tornadoes in important ways.

62. Tornadoes are not the
only windstorms there
are.
Dust devils, hurricanes
typhoons also have
twisting winds.
Different

63. Tornadoes are not the only windstorms there are.
Dust devils, hurricanes typhoons also have
twisting winds, but they differ from tornadoes.

64. Turtles have been around for more than 200 million years.
Scientists think they are the most ancient of all reptiles.
Turtles live in many places on land and in water. Like all
reptiles, they are cold-blooded. Turtles that live where winters
are cold usually hibernate. Turtles eat insects, fish, and frogs.
They also munch on plants, including fruit and flowers. The
largest turtle is the leatherback, which can weigh more than
2,000 pounds!

65. Turtles have existed for
millions of years.
Cold-blooded
reptiles
Live on land and
in water
They hibernate
They eat insects,
fish, frogs, plants,
and flowers.

66. Summary
Vs
Paraphrase

67. A summary is a brief account of the
main points of a text.
A paraphrase is the rewording of a text.
A summary attempts to condense
the text using our own words.
A paraphrase attempts to clarify the text
using a our own words and structures.
A summary is shorter than the
original text or story.
A paraphrase is about as long as the
original text, although it might be shorter.
A summary contains only the main
ideas of the text.
A paraphrase contains all the ideas
of the text.
A summary shortens and prioritizes
the elements of a passage.
A paraphrase captures all the
arguments of a passage.

68. Nevertheless, they do share one similarity:
Both a summary and a paraphrase use
simplified language (your own words).

69. Summary
Vs
The main idea

70. The difference between a summary and a main idea is length. They
both provide only the important details from the text, but the main
idea sums up the text in a single sentence. Therefore, a main
idea is defined as a single-sentence summary.

71. Turtles have been around for more than 200 million years.
Scientists think they are the most ancient of all reptiles.
Turtles live in many places on land and in water. Like all
reptiles, they are cold-blooded. Turtles that live where winters
are cold usually hibernate. Turtles eat insects, fish, and frogs.
They also munch on plants, including fruit and flowers. The
largest turtle is the leatherback, which can weigh more than
2,000 pounds!

72. Main idea:
Turtles are the most ancient reptiles that live on land and in
water, hibernate and eat other animals and plants.
Summary:
Turtles have existed for millions of years. These cold-blooded
reptiles can live on land and in water, some hibernate during cold
winters. They eat insects, frogs, plants, and flowers.

73. Topic
The subject of the
text (2 or 3 words)
Main Idea
What the text is about
(1 or 2 sentences)
Summary
A paragraph that
retells the main ideas
of a text.

74. Steps to keep in mind
1. Read the material and identify the main ideas.
2. Write the in short phrases. They can be noted in a list or map.
3. Turn the main ideas into full sentences.
4. Combine the sentences into paragraph.
5. Use transition words (also, and, however, moreover, etc).
6. Make corrections if necessary (redrafting)

75. When summarizing, remember to:
1. Avoid plagiarism
2. Use your own words.
3. Leave your opinion out.
4. Don’t include minor details.
5. Check the original source to make sure you’ve
included the main points.

76. When the text has
an author, start
with an IVF topic
sentence.

77. Writing a summary: IVF topic sentence.
1. Identify
2. Verb
3. Finish

79. I V F
Identify the text:
Title and the author.
Choose the verb:
Tells
Explains
Describes
Finish the thought:
What’s the text about?

80. I V F
Identify the text:
“Why Apple’s 10th anniversary is a
Game Changer” by Alyssa
Newcomb
Choose the verb:
Describes
Finish the thought:
The features of the new Iphone.
“Why Apple’s 10th anniversary is a Game Changer” by Alyssa Newcomb
describes the features of the new Iphone.

81. Summarizing
Fiction Materials.

82. Summarizing Stories
Here we provide a shortened version of a story which retells the main
parts of it.
The summary of a story…
• contains an IVF topic sentence.
• is told in sequence.
• Includes the main ideas and parts of the story.

83. I V F
Identify the text:
Title and the author of the
story.
Choose the verb:
Tells
Explains
Describes
Finish the thought:
What’s the story about?
My summary of the story should start with an IVF topic sentence.

84. I V F
“For Whom the Bell Tolls” by
Ernest Hemmingway
Tells How Robert Jordan has come
to Spain to participate in a war
by blowing up an important
bridge.
“For Whom the Bell Tolls” by Ernest Hemmingway tells how Robert Jordan has
come to Spain to participate in a war by blowing up an important bridge.

85. I V F
The fable “The Boy who Cried
Wolf” by Aesop
shows Why you should not lie.
The fable “The Boy who Cried Wolf” by Aesop shows why you should not lie.

86. What comes after
the IVF topic
sentence?

88. The fable “The Boy who Cried Wolf” by
Aesop shows why you should not lie. There
was a shepherd boy who felt really bored
one day, so he decided to trick people by
yelling “Wolf! Wolf!”. The villagers came to
help but the boy said he’d tricked them. He
did the same trick a few days later; the
people were very upset with the boy. One
day, a real wolf did show up and he ran for
help crying and screaming “Wolf, wolf!” All
the villagers who heard the boy did not go
to help him this time. Because of that, the
wolf ate all the shepherd boy’s sheep and
left.

89. To glare at
somebody
To smirk at
somebody
To grimace
To beam at somebody
To frown at somebody
To wince

90. Review on the Summary.
 It is on you to prioritize the ideas of the text.
 You have to shorten and simplify the text. Authors usually use
unnecessary structures to describe their ideas.
 Ask yourself if the part you are about to summarize is relevant.
 You can redraft your summary until you have an accurate
account of the original text.

91. Review on the Summary.
 Try not to exceed one paragraph in your summary.
 Use an outline or a map to better organize the main ideas.
 Follow the sequence of the original text.
 If the text mentions the title and the author, start with an IVF topic
sentence.
 For stories, follow the sequence of it and use the format previously
seen.