English Agriculture
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The open field system of farming was commonly used in 18th century British villages. Each village was divided into three or four fields that villagers would farm together, with each person owning thin strips of land across the different fields. One field would be left fallow each year to restore nutrients to the soil. Housing and tools were basic, with many living in small cottages and using manual tools. Common land was available for grazing livestock and collecting wood and was important for community and support. However, the system had disadvantages like wasted land and difficulties trying new farming techniques.
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Medieval villages were centered around a lord's manor house. 90% of the population worked as peasants farming the land in long strips. Peasants lived in small huts and had a difficult life, working most of the time and often facing food shortages or starvation if harvests failed. They paid high taxes to the lord and church. Villagers came together at harvest time and for religious holidays, the few breaks from their difficult agricultural routine which dominated life in a medieval village.
Forest society and colonialism
This document discusses the impacts of colonialism on forests in India and Java. It notes that under colonial rule, forests were increasingly managed through scientific forestry methods which prioritized commercial timber production over local needs. This led to restrictions on shifting cultivation, grazing, and forest product collection by villagers. It caused resentment and rebellion in some areas. Large areas of forests were also cleared for commercial crops, plantations, and infrastructure like railways. During World Wars, forests were heavily exploited to meet military needs. More recently, governments have recognized the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts.
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- 1. Unit II The rise and fall of the British agriculture Student: Del Villar, Juan Carlos Instituto Superior Modelo del Pilar Profesorado de Inglés
- 11. Advantages Disadvantages Poor villagers could use the common land for crops or to graze cattle. The common land helped to create a feeling of community in the village. Common land could be used for growing more crops, but it was wasted. If a neighbour was lazy, then weeds might appear in other people's crops. The system provided security - villagers always had someone to rely on for help and a sense of structure. Having strips of land and sharing tools meant that it was hard to try new techniques.