The document discusses several major engineering mistakes throughout history. It describes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 due to unexpected wind forces. It also discusses the St. Francis Dam failure in 1928, the worst US civil engineering disaster of the 20th century, which was caused by inadequate foundation work. The 20 Fenchurch Street skyscraper in London was criticized for focusing design on aesthetics without considering safety, as its reflective glass caused overheating on nearby streets. The Kinzua Bridge collapsed in 2003 after over 100 years when a tornado struck, highlighting the risks of not properly maintaining and updating old structures. These mistakes provided important lessons that improved engineering safety standards and practices.
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Schoharie Creek Bridge Collapse - Case Study including the root causes of the failure and the lessons learned from the collapse. Moreover details of what actually happened on the day of collapse
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case Tacoma Narrows Suspen.pdfSANDEEPARIHANT
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case: Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge The
dramatic collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspen- a series of violent vertical and torsional
oscillations. sion bridge in 1940, barely four months after comple- Alarmingly, the amplitudes
steadily increased, suspen tion, was a severe blow to the design and construction sions came
loose, the support structures buckled, and of large span bridges. It serves as a landmark failure in
the span began to break up. In effect, the bridge seemed engineering history and is, indeed, a
featured lesson in to have come alive, struggling like a bound animal, most civil engineering
programs. The story of the col- and was literally shaking itself apart. Motorists caught lapse
serves as a fascinating account of one important on the bridge had to abandon their cars and
crawl off aspect of project failure: engineering\'s misunderstand- the bridge, as the side-to-side
roll had become so pro- ing of the effect that a variety of natural forces can have nounced (by
now, the roll had reached 45 degrees in on projects, particularly in the construction industry.
either direction, causing the sides of the bridge to rise Opening in July 1941, the Tacoma
Narrows and fall more than 30 feet) that it was impossible to tra Bridge was built at a cost of
$6.4 million and was verse the bridge on foot largely funded by the federal government\'s Public
After a fairly short period of time in which the was wave oscillations became incredibly violent,
the sus- ks Administration. The purpose of the bridge essentially viewed as a defense measure to
connect pension bridge simply could not resist the pounding Seattle and Tacoma with the Puget
Sound Navy Yard and broke apart. Observers stood in shock on either at Bremerton. As the
third-largest single suspension side of the bridge and watched as first large pieces of bridge in the
world, it had a center span of 2,800 feet the roadway and then entire lengths of the span rained
and 1,000-foot approaches at each er down into the Tacoma Narrows below. Fortunately, no
human lives were lost, since traffic had been closed in Even before its inauguration and op ening,
the bridge began exhibiting strange characteristics that the nick of time were immediately
noticeable. For example, the slightest wind could cause the bridge to develop a pronounced
supported by massive 130-meter-high steel towers longitudinal roll. The bridge would quite
literally begin comprised of 335-foot-long spans. These spans man to lift at one end and, in a
wave action, the lift would aged to remain intact despite the collapse of the main \"roll\" the
length of the bridge. Depending upon the span. The second bridge (TNB II) would end up mak
severity of the wind, cameras were able to detect any ing use of these spans when it was rebuilt
shortly there- where up to eight separate vertical nodes in its rolling after, by a new span
stiffened with a web truss ction. Many motorists crossing the bridge .
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case Tacoma Narrows Suspen.pdfSANDEEPARIHANT
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case: Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge The
dramatic collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspen- a series of violent vertical and torsional
oscillations. sion bridge in 1940, barely four months after comple- Alarmingly, the amplitudes
steadily increased, suspen tion, was a severe blow to the design and construction sions came
loose, the support structures buckled, and of large span bridges. It serves as a landmark failure in
the span began to break up. In effect, the bridge seemed engineering history and is, indeed, a
featured lesson in to have come alive, struggling like a bound animal, most civil engineering
programs. The story of the col- and was literally shaking itself apart. Motorists caught lapse
serves as a fascinating account of one important on the bridge had to abandon their cars and
crawl off aspect of project failure: engineering\'s misunderstand- the bridge, as the side-to-side
roll had become so pro- ing of the effect that a variety of natural forces can have nounced (by
now, the roll had reached 45 degrees in on projects, particularly in the construction industry.
either direction, causing the sides of the bridge to rise Opening in July 1941, the Tacoma
Narrows and fall more than 30 feet) that it was impossible to tra Bridge was built at a cost of
$6.4 million and was verse the bridge on foot largely funded by the federal government\'s Public
After a fairly short period of time in which the was wave oscillations became incredibly violent,
the sus- ks Administration. The purpose of the bridge essentially viewed as a defense measure to
connect pension bridge simply could not resist the pounding Seattle and Tacoma with the Puget
Sound Navy Yard and broke apart. Observers stood in shock on either at Bremerton. As the
third-largest single suspension side of the bridge and watched as first large pieces of bridge in the
world, it had a center span of 2,800 feet the roadway and then entire lengths of the span rained
and 1,000-foot approaches at each er down into the Tacoma Narrows below. Fortunately, no
human lives were lost, since traffic had been closed in Even before its inauguration and op ening,
the bridge began exhibiting strange characteristics that the nick of time were immediately
noticeable. For example, the slightest wind could cause the bridge to develop a pronounced
supported by massive 130-meter-high steel towers longitudinal roll. The bridge would quite
literally begin comprised of 335-foot-long spans. These spans man to lift at one end and, in a
wave action, the lift would aged to remain intact despite the collapse of the main \"roll\" the
length of the bridge. Depending upon the span. The second bridge (TNB II) would end up mak
severity of the wind, cameras were able to detect any ing use of these spans when it was rebuilt
shortly there- where up to eight separate vertical nodes in its rolling after, by a new span
stiffened with a web truss ction. Many motorists crossing the bridge .
Detailed outlineResearch question What happened to th.docxsimonithomas47935
Detailed outline
Research question:
What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again?
Thesis statement:
There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future.
I. Introduction
II. Design
A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour.
B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long.
III. Cause of collapse
How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind?
A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift.
B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension.
IV. For avoiding future problems
A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow.
B.
Detailed outline
Research question:
What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again?
Thesis statement:
There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future.
I. Introduction
II. Design
A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour.
B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long.
III. Cause of collapse
How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind?
A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift.
B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension.
IV. For avoiding future problems
A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow.
B.
The Tacoma Narrows Collapse
March, 2017
Imagine yourself driving through the third longest bridge with your beloved Golden Retriever on a hot sunny day. However, you suddenly feel the bridge kneeling towards the right and left. Seeing everyone in front of you vacating their cars and running away from the bridge before it collapses. Most likely, you would do the same even maybe 3 times faster before it’s too late. But sadly, when it’s too late and the bridge has collapsed you will eventually realize that you have left your beloved dog behind. The First Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being completed and designed in the state of Washington, Tacoma. The Tacoma Narrows bridge was constructed .
Bridge Fails: Famous Bridge Collapses Due to CorrosionRobert Heidersbach
As the author of Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Robert “Bob” Heidersbach talks about famous bridge collapses due to corrosion.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Engineering, mistakes and rectification
Engineering is the action of bringing imagination into reality, modification and development in a
particular area. It is a branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building and
usage of machines or structures.
Design, structural integrity and tolerances are often triple checked and then checked again for
safe measure, but sometimes mistakes are made.
Few of these mistakes can be and have been rectified throughout the history, but some, have
been left unattended too and have been a bad influence on the environment and surroundings.
3. The collapse of TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE
It was the world’s third longest suspension bridge,
Located in the U.S, state of Washington, that spanned the
Tacoma narrow strait of Puget sound, between Tacoma and
The Kitsap Peninsula.
Moisseff and Frederick Leinhard, which was probably the most
Important theoretical advance in the bridge engineering field of
The decade stating that the stiffness of the main cables would
Absorb up to one half of the static wind pressure pushing a
Suspended structure laterally. This energy would be transmitted
To the anchorages and towers.
Moisseff argued for stiffening the bridge with a set of 8 foot deep
(2.4m) plate girders rather than the 25 foot deep (7.6m) trusses.
4. The collapse of the bridge
was described as
“spectacular”. The failure
of the bridge occurred due
to never-seen-before
twisting movement from
winds at 40 miles per hour.
Planners expected fairly light traffic
volumes, designed with two lanes
and just 12m wide (quite narrow in
comparison to the length). The deck
of the bridge was insufficiently rigid
and moved due to wind, even during
the construction. The bridge was
opened on July 1, 1940 and collapsed
on November 7, the same year.
5. ST. FRANCIS DAM FLOODING
St. Francis dam(1924 – 1926) was
a curved concrete gravity dam to
provide as a storage reservoir for
the Los Angeles Aqueduct system.
Base and crest width were 175
feet and 16 feet. Main structure
had a height of 205 feet and
spanned 700 feet along its
curvilinear crest.
6. Worst American
civil engineering
disaster of the 20th
century.
Modifications were made during
construction and dam’s height was
increased by 20 feet, but the base
width wasn’t changed decreasing the
safety margin of structural stability.
Due to the saturated condition of the
reservoir, the left abutment
foundation rock weakened and
reactivated a large landslide. The
maximum height section tilted and
rotated at the right end, causing
catastrophic failure at both ends.
Failure occurred midnight of March 12-13, 1928.
7. 20 Fenchurch street
The 38 story building is a commercial skyscraper situated
in Fenchurch street, London is 160m tall, nicknamed ‘The
Walkie Talkie’.
The glass on the building, acts as a concave mirror when
sunlight hits directly for 2 to 3 hours each day. The light
gets reflected and shines on the surrounding streets and
vehicles, ending up in increase of temperatures to 91°C to
117°C.
8. Worst new
building in the UK,
2015
THE SUN LIGHT REFLECTED SET A
CARPET ON FIRE, MELTED THE
ROOF OF AN ELECTRIC CAR, ETC.
ALSO, DURING HIGH WINDS, THE
CURRENT EXTERIOR OF THE
TOWER, CREATES A WIND TUNNEL
EFFECT STRONG ENOUGH TO
KNOCK PEDESTRIANS OVER.
9. Kinzua Bridge
It was a railroad trestle that spanned Kinzua Creek in in
McKean County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
The bridge was 301 feet tall and 2,052 feet long with
wrought iron columns known as ‘phoenix columns’.
It was originally built of wrought iron in 1882 and was
billed the “Eighth Wonder of the World”, holding the
record of the tallest railroad bridge in the world for two
years.
In 1900, it was rebuilt using steel to allow it to
accommodate heavier trains.
10. The bolts used to
hold down the
anchor blocks were
from the first bridge.
In 2002, the bridge was closed as the
structure was at risk to high winds
and restoration work began.
A tornado hit on July 21, 2003,
increasing the winds to at least 94
miles per hour, which applied an
800kn lateral force on the bridge,
causing it to collapse.
The century old bridge was destroyed
in less than 30 seconds.
12. Conclusion
Even though these mistakes
resulted in millions of dollars of
property of damage and loss of
lives, they gave important lessons,
helped in the implementation of
strict safety rules in construction
industry and gave a pathway to
various papers published on
different theories in engineering.