This document discusses energy and its relationship to matter and space. It explains that energy exists as vibration caused by opposing forces, and that the intersection of low frequency energy waves in space forms matter. Matter occupies space by converting travelling energy waves into standing waves. Energy and matter are two aspects of the same thing, influenced by surrounding conditions. Gravity arises from the rotation of atoms or molecules, and increases with their mass rather than volume. Gravity operates similarly to voltage in an electrical circuit.
1. The document discusses the nature of energy and how it relates to concepts like matter, gravity, and spacetime. It describes how opposing forces generate vibration in the form of travelling waves of energy.
2. Gravity arises when atoms or molecules form, generating rotational movement of energy known as "conveyor belts of gravity." A larger mass results in more vigorous gravitational attraction due to more conveyor belts rotating simultaneously.
3. Near a black hole, the conveyor belts rotate in a harmonized way, increasing the outward push of gravity and diminishing the inward push. This warps spacetime outward, compressing the black hole's mass into a singularity from which nothing can escape.
1. The document discusses the nature of gravity and how it arises from the interaction of energy flows through the "arteries and veins" that make up the fabric of spacetime.
2. Gravity normally arises from the rotation of "conveyor belts of gravity" formed by the integration of energies traveling in opposite directions. However, near a black hole these conveyor belts rotate in a unique way that increases the outward push of gravity and decreases the inward push.
3. This warping of the natural energy flows near a black hole leads to gravitational lensing, time dilation, and the trapping of matter and light within the black hole's event horizon.
1. Gravity arises from the rotation of "conveyor belts of gravity" between atoms and molecules. These conveyor belts are formed from the rotational movement of energies traveling through the "arteries and veins" that make up spacetime.
2. In a black hole, these conveyor belts rotate in a unique way where energies in the arteries accelerate while energies in the veins decelerate, greatly increasing the outward push of gravity near the black hole.
3. This intense gravitational force near a black hole causes effects like gravitational lensing, where light bends as it approaches the black hole, and time dilation, where time passes more slowly near the black hole.
1) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. Newton's second law states that force is equal to mass times acceleration (F=ma).
2) Newton's third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
3) Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. The coefficient of friction determines the maximum static and kinetic friction forces.
Here are the key points about centripetal force:
- It is a force that pulls an object towards the center of its circular path.
- It continuously changes the direction of motion but not the speed.
- The centripetal force formula relates this force to mass, speed, and radius of the circular motion.
- Examples include forces that keep planets in orbit or cause objects to travel in circular loops like a roller coaster.
According to Newton's
second law...
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).
What does this mean?
Everyone unconsiously knows the Second Law. Everyone knows that heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter objects.
However, the Second Law gives us an exact relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. It can be expressed as a mathematical equation:
FORCE = MASS times ACCELERATION
Newton's second law of motion explains how an object will change velocity if it is pushed or pulled upon.
Firstly, this law states that if you do place a force on an object, it will accelerate (change its velocity), and it will change its velocity in the direction of the force. So, a force aimed in a positive direction will create a positive change in velocity (a positive acceleration). And a force aimed in a negative direction will create a negative change in velocity (a negative acceleration).
Secondly, this acceleration is directly proportional to the force. For example, if you are pushing on an object, causing it to accelerate, and then you push, say, three times harder, the acceleration will be three times greater.
1) The document discusses several topics in physics including Newton's laws of motion, mass vs weight, projectile motion, friction, circular motion, impulse, momentum, work energy theorem, collisions, rotational motion, gravitation, elasticity, fluids, thermodynamics, and oscillations.
2) Key concepts are explained such as an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts upon it, inertia causes a moving object to continue moving in a straight line, mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object while weight depends on gravity, and horizontal motion of a projectile is independent of its vertical motion.
3) Formulas and equations are also provided for topics like static and kinetic friction,
Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the relationship between an object's mass, the net force acting upon it, and its acceleration. Specifically, it states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The equation that expresses this is Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma). According to this law, a baseball that is thrown with greater force will experience a higher acceleration than one that is tossed gently, as the greater force applied results in a greater acceleration even though their masses are the same.
1. The document discusses the nature of energy and how it relates to concepts like matter, gravity, and spacetime. It describes how opposing forces generate vibration in the form of travelling waves of energy.
2. Gravity arises when atoms or molecules form, generating rotational movement of energy known as "conveyor belts of gravity." A larger mass results in more vigorous gravitational attraction due to more conveyor belts rotating simultaneously.
3. Near a black hole, the conveyor belts rotate in a harmonized way, increasing the outward push of gravity and diminishing the inward push. This warps spacetime outward, compressing the black hole's mass into a singularity from which nothing can escape.
1. The document discusses the nature of gravity and how it arises from the interaction of energy flows through the "arteries and veins" that make up the fabric of spacetime.
2. Gravity normally arises from the rotation of "conveyor belts of gravity" formed by the integration of energies traveling in opposite directions. However, near a black hole these conveyor belts rotate in a unique way that increases the outward push of gravity and decreases the inward push.
3. This warping of the natural energy flows near a black hole leads to gravitational lensing, time dilation, and the trapping of matter and light within the black hole's event horizon.
1. Gravity arises from the rotation of "conveyor belts of gravity" between atoms and molecules. These conveyor belts are formed from the rotational movement of energies traveling through the "arteries and veins" that make up spacetime.
2. In a black hole, these conveyor belts rotate in a unique way where energies in the arteries accelerate while energies in the veins decelerate, greatly increasing the outward push of gravity near the black hole.
3. This intense gravitational force near a black hole causes effects like gravitational lensing, where light bends as it approaches the black hole, and time dilation, where time passes more slowly near the black hole.
1) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. Newton's second law states that force is equal to mass times acceleration (F=ma).
2) Newton's third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
3) Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. The coefficient of friction determines the maximum static and kinetic friction forces.
Here are the key points about centripetal force:
- It is a force that pulls an object towards the center of its circular path.
- It continuously changes the direction of motion but not the speed.
- The centripetal force formula relates this force to mass, speed, and radius of the circular motion.
- Examples include forces that keep planets in orbit or cause objects to travel in circular loops like a roller coaster.
According to Newton's
second law...
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).
What does this mean?
Everyone unconsiously knows the Second Law. Everyone knows that heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter objects.
However, the Second Law gives us an exact relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. It can be expressed as a mathematical equation:
FORCE = MASS times ACCELERATION
Newton's second law of motion explains how an object will change velocity if it is pushed or pulled upon.
Firstly, this law states that if you do place a force on an object, it will accelerate (change its velocity), and it will change its velocity in the direction of the force. So, a force aimed in a positive direction will create a positive change in velocity (a positive acceleration). And a force aimed in a negative direction will create a negative change in velocity (a negative acceleration).
Secondly, this acceleration is directly proportional to the force. For example, if you are pushing on an object, causing it to accelerate, and then you push, say, three times harder, the acceleration will be three times greater.
1) The document discusses several topics in physics including Newton's laws of motion, mass vs weight, projectile motion, friction, circular motion, impulse, momentum, work energy theorem, collisions, rotational motion, gravitation, elasticity, fluids, thermodynamics, and oscillations.
2) Key concepts are explained such as an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts upon it, inertia causes a moving object to continue moving in a straight line, mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object while weight depends on gravity, and horizontal motion of a projectile is independent of its vertical motion.
3) Formulas and equations are also provided for topics like static and kinetic friction,
Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the relationship between an object's mass, the net force acting upon it, and its acceleration. Specifically, it states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The equation that expresses this is Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma). According to this law, a baseball that is thrown with greater force will experience a higher acceleration than one that is tossed gently, as the greater force applied results in a greater acceleration even though their masses are the same.
This document provides an overview of Newton's laws of motion and the concept of gravity. It discusses Newton's second law of motion which relates force, mass and acceleration. It describes how gravity is an attractive force between objects based on their masses and distance. It also discusses how friction and air resistance oppose motion and influence acceleration. Terminal velocity is defined as the highest speed an object reaches when air resistance balances the force of gravity.
Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. It states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Several problems are provided as examples applying Newton's second law to calculate acceleration given force and mass or vice versa.
Newton's second law of motion, also known as the law of acceleration, states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Specifically, the acceleration (a) of an object is equal to the total force (F) applied divided by the mass (m) of the object, or F=ma. This means that applying more force will cause greater acceleration, and greater mass will result in less acceleration from the same applied force.
This document contains definitions and explanations of various physics concepts across multiple topics in mechanics, waves, heat, electricity, modern physics, and nuclear physics. It is organized as a series of menus with questions and short answers about key terms.
The document discusses the paradox of modern life, noting that while technology and material goods have advanced, things like relationships, health, and wisdom seem to be declining. It argues that people today live faster paced lives with more distractions and less focus on quality time and inner reflection. The fast pace of modern life may be driving shallowness in how people connect and prioritize things in their daily lives.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to its mass. Specifically, the acceleration of an object depends on the net force applied and is inversely proportional to the object's mass, such that acceleration equals net force divided by mass. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object, while weight is the measure of gravitational force acting on the object and depends on location.
Newton's laws of motion are summarized as follows: (1) Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (2) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. (3) Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force on an object can be calculated using the formula F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how Newton's second law can be used to calculate the force or acceleration when one variable is known.
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
The document discusses Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The total momentum of a closed system remains constant unless an external force acts on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum can be transferred between objects during collisions. Perfectly elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy, while inelastic collisions only conserve momentum as some kinetic energy is lost.
Here are 3 examples for each of Newton's Laws of Motion:
1st Law (Inertia):
- A car at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it.
- A ball rolling across a table will keep rolling at the same speed and direction unless something stops it or changes its motion.
- An object in motion in outer space will stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless another force interacts with it.
2nd Law (F=ma):
- The harder you push on a heavy box, the slower it will accelerate compared to a lighter box with the same push.
- A rocket accelerates faster as it burns fuel and loses mass over time.
- Braking
This document discusses Isaac Newton's three laws of motion and their applications. Newton's first law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law establishes that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). Newton's third law describes that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples are provided to demonstrate these laws, such as how gravity causes apples to fall from trees and how objects with different masses accelerate at the same rate but with different forces due to their mass.
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.
This document provides an overview of Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in motion.
2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Acceleration depends on both the net force and the object's mass.
3) For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs explain various motions like a kayaker moving through water. The action and reaction forces do not cancel each other out because they act on different objects.
This chapter covers basic theories and math related to automotive systems. It defines key concepts like the states of matter, forms of energy, and conversions between energy types. It also explains Newton's laws of motion and how forces affect vehicles. Formulas for volume, circumference, and engine displacement are provided. Torque and horsepower are defined, and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical principles are summarized.
- Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. It is a vector quantity that points in the direction of travel.
- The rate of change of an object's momentum is directly proportional to the net external force acting on it. Newton's second law states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).
- Examples are given to illustrate how momentum and force calculations can be used to determine the force needed to stop vehicles of different masses traveling at different velocities over different periods of time.
This document discusses momentum and collisions. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It explains that momentum is conserved in collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum. It also discusses different types of collisions, including perfectly elastic collisions where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, and inelastic collisions where kinetic energy is not conserved. Examples of applications to rockets and collisions are provided. Learning activities and assessments are outlined to help students understand these concepts.
1) Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) Newton's second law establishes the relationship between the net force acting on an object, the object's mass, and the object's acceleration. It can be expressed by the equation F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
3) Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It explains the interactions between pairs of objects.
This document provides a detailed overview of universal gravitation and its discovery. It discusses how Kepler summarized astronomical data and formulated his three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600s. Newton then used thought experiments involving cannonballs to deduce that gravity causes objects to fall and that the force of gravity follows an inverse-square law, decreasing with the square of the distance between objects. The document also explains how Cavendish experimentally determined the gravitational constant G.
The document discusses different types of forces including contact forces, normal force, tension force, spring force, frictional force, air resistance force, applied force, buoyant force, gravitational force, magnetic force, electrical forces, strong force, electromagnetic force, weak force, and gravitational force. It provides definitions and examples for each force and describes their characteristics such as how they are generated and their relative strengths. Key formulas related to these forces are also presented.
This document provides an overview of Newton's laws of motion and the concept of gravity. It discusses Newton's second law of motion which relates force, mass and acceleration. It describes how gravity is an attractive force between objects based on their masses and distance. It also discusses how friction and air resistance oppose motion and influence acceleration. Terminal velocity is defined as the highest speed an object reaches when air resistance balances the force of gravity.
Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. It states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Several problems are provided as examples applying Newton's second law to calculate acceleration given force and mass or vice versa.
Newton's second law of motion, also known as the law of acceleration, states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Specifically, the acceleration (a) of an object is equal to the total force (F) applied divided by the mass (m) of the object, or F=ma. This means that applying more force will cause greater acceleration, and greater mass will result in less acceleration from the same applied force.
This document contains definitions and explanations of various physics concepts across multiple topics in mechanics, waves, heat, electricity, modern physics, and nuclear physics. It is organized as a series of menus with questions and short answers about key terms.
The document discusses the paradox of modern life, noting that while technology and material goods have advanced, things like relationships, health, and wisdom seem to be declining. It argues that people today live faster paced lives with more distractions and less focus on quality time and inner reflection. The fast pace of modern life may be driving shallowness in how people connect and prioritize things in their daily lives.
Introduction to Classical Mechanics:
UNIT-I : Elementary survey of Classical Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics for single particle and system of particles, Types of the forces and the single particle system examples, Limitation of Newton’s program, conservation laws viz Linear momentum, Angular Momentum & Total Energy, work-energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Principle of Virtual work, D’Alembert’s principle’ applications.
UNIT-II : Constraints; Definition, Types, cause & effects, Need, Justification for realizing constraints on the system
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to its mass. Specifically, the acceleration of an object depends on the net force applied and is inversely proportional to the object's mass, such that acceleration equals net force divided by mass. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object, while weight is the measure of gravitational force acting on the object and depends on location.
Newton's laws of motion are summarized as follows: (1) Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (2) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. (3) Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force on an object can be calculated using the formula F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how Newton's second law can be used to calculate the force or acceleration when one variable is known.
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.01 Apply the relationship between a particle’s kinetic
energy, mass, and speed.
7.02 Identify that kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
7.03 Apply the relationship between a force (magnitude and
direction) and the work done on a particle by the force
when the particle undergoes a displacement.
7.04 Calculate work by taking a dot product of the force vector and the displacement vector, in either magnitude-angle
or unit-vector notation.
7.05 If multiple forces act on a particle, calculate the net work
done by them.
7.06 Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to relate the
work done by a force (or the net work done by multiple
forces) and the resulting change in kinetic energy. etc...
The document discusses Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The total momentum of a closed system remains constant unless an external force acts on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum can be transferred between objects during collisions. Perfectly elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy, while inelastic collisions only conserve momentum as some kinetic energy is lost.
Here are 3 examples for each of Newton's Laws of Motion:
1st Law (Inertia):
- A car at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it.
- A ball rolling across a table will keep rolling at the same speed and direction unless something stops it or changes its motion.
- An object in motion in outer space will stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless another force interacts with it.
2nd Law (F=ma):
- The harder you push on a heavy box, the slower it will accelerate compared to a lighter box with the same push.
- A rocket accelerates faster as it burns fuel and loses mass over time.
- Braking
This document discusses Isaac Newton's three laws of motion and their applications. Newton's first law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law establishes that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). Newton's third law describes that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples are provided to demonstrate these laws, such as how gravity causes apples to fall from trees and how objects with different masses accelerate at the same rate but with different forces due to their mass.
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.
This document provides an overview of Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in motion.
2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Acceleration depends on both the net force and the object's mass.
3) For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs explain various motions like a kayaker moving through water. The action and reaction forces do not cancel each other out because they act on different objects.
This chapter covers basic theories and math related to automotive systems. It defines key concepts like the states of matter, forms of energy, and conversions between energy types. It also explains Newton's laws of motion and how forces affect vehicles. Formulas for volume, circumference, and engine displacement are provided. Torque and horsepower are defined, and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical principles are summarized.
- Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. It is a vector quantity that points in the direction of travel.
- The rate of change of an object's momentum is directly proportional to the net external force acting on it. Newton's second law states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).
- Examples are given to illustrate how momentum and force calculations can be used to determine the force needed to stop vehicles of different masses traveling at different velocities over different periods of time.
This document discusses momentum and collisions. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It explains that momentum is conserved in collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum. It also discusses different types of collisions, including perfectly elastic collisions where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, and inelastic collisions where kinetic energy is not conserved. Examples of applications to rockets and collisions are provided. Learning activities and assessments are outlined to help students understand these concepts.
1) Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) Newton's second law establishes the relationship between the net force acting on an object, the object's mass, and the object's acceleration. It can be expressed by the equation F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
3) Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It explains the interactions between pairs of objects.
This document provides a detailed overview of universal gravitation and its discovery. It discusses how Kepler summarized astronomical data and formulated his three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600s. Newton then used thought experiments involving cannonballs to deduce that gravity causes objects to fall and that the force of gravity follows an inverse-square law, decreasing with the square of the distance between objects. The document also explains how Cavendish experimentally determined the gravitational constant G.
The document discusses different types of forces including contact forces, normal force, tension force, spring force, frictional force, air resistance force, applied force, buoyant force, gravitational force, magnetic force, electrical forces, strong force, electromagnetic force, weak force, and gravitational force. It provides definitions and examples for each force and describes their characteristics such as how they are generated and their relative strengths. Key formulas related to these forces are also presented.
Have a data in the form of required information in descriptive form.And learn to know how newtons's laws of motion are applicable in different phenomena-----------------------------'--'---'---'''''''-----------------------------------
- The document discusses Newton's laws of motion and forces.
- Newton's first law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net force. The second law relates the net force on an object to its acceleration. The third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
- A force is defined as an interaction between two bodies or a body and its environment. Forces can be contact forces like normal forces or long-range forces like gravity. Forces are represented as vectors with magnitude and direction.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion. It provides background on Newton, an overview of his three laws, and explanations of concepts like inertial mass, gravitational mass, weight, momentum, and energy. Newton's laws state that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
1) There are four main types of forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, and centripetal. Gravitational force acts between any two masses and depends on their masses and the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets in the solar system. Newton's universal law of gravitation states that there is a gravitational attraction between any two masses that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
3) Gravitational acceleration (g) is the acceleration on an object due to gravity. On Earth, g is approximately 9.8 m/s2. The value of g depends on factors like the
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energyfaisal razzaq
1) The document discusses kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion and depends on the object's mass and speed. Gravitational potential energy is the energy contained in an object above the ground and depends on the object's mass and position.
2) The gravitational field can be compared to an electric field. Both are conservative fields that represent the gradient of potential energy. Calculations of fields and potentials can be adapted from electricity to gravity.
3) The document makes analogies between the Coulomb force law in electricity and the gravitational force law. Both are foundations for their respective fields and phenomena can be described similarly using mathematical formulas.
The document provides definitions and concepts related to Newtonian mechanics, including:
- Dynamics deals with the motion of bodies under forces, where motion is caused by force. Key definitions include length, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
- Equations of motion relate variables like initial/final velocities, displacement, and time. Motion under gravity incorporates acceleration due to gravity.
- Newton's three laws of motion are summarized: inertia, F=ma relationship, and action-reaction forces. Examples apply the laws to calculate values like net force, acceleration, and velocity components.
- Reference frames define the context for measuring motion quantities like velocity. Inertial frames satisfy Newton's laws of motion while non-
This document discusses the concept of forces in physics. It defines a force as a push or pull on an object and explains that forces are vectors that have both magnitude and direction. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. Dynamics and statics are introduced as areas of study related to forces and motion. Newton's three laws of motion are outlined. Common ways of measuring mass and examples of force problems are provided, including free body diagrams, friction, inclined planes, and pulleys.
JOURNEY OF THE UNIVERSE FROM BIRTH TO REBIRTH WITH INSIGHT INTO THE UNIFIED I...SURAJ KUMAR
1) The document proposes a hypothesis for the universe's life cycle from birth to death and rebirth, referring to concepts like the cosmic microwave background radiation and spiral structure of galaxies and particles.
2) It suggests that the initial spontaneous symmetry breaking that triggered the Big Bang was gravity, represented by a spiral particle structure. This led to the formation of the Higgs field and then other fundamental particles.
3) The spiral structures of these elementary particles provide a unified approach for describing their interactions through properties like the orientation and rate of change of the spiral arms. This model aims to incorporate gravity into a unified theory.
Forces can cause objects to move, change speed or direction, turn, bend or twist. Forces can be contact forces that act through direct physical contact, like pushing or pulling, or non-contact forces that act over a distance, like magnetism or gravity. Balanced forces cause no change in motion, while unbalanced forces cause acceleration or changes in speed or direction. Newton's three laws of motion describe how forces affect the motion of objects.
13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.01 Apply Newton’s law of gravitation to relate the gravitational force between two particles to their masses and
their separation.
13.02 Identify that a uniform spherical shell of matter attracts
a particle that is outside the shell as if all the shell’s mass
were concentrated as a particle at its center.
13.03 Draw a free-body diagram to indicate the gravitational
force on a particle due to another particle or a uniform,
spherical distribution of matter.
13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
13.04 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
draw a free-body diagram showing those forces, with the
tails of the force vectors anchored on the particle.
13.05 If more than one gravitational force acts on a particle,
find the net force by adding the individual forces as
vectors. etc...
This document provides an introduction to the chapter on gravitation for class 9 students. It defines gravity and the universal law of gravitation. The law states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It also discusses how gravitational force changes with varying mass and distance between objects. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are introduced, which were explained by Newton's universal law of gravitation. Examples are provided to demonstrate concepts like gravitational force and acceleration.
Gravity is a natural force that attracts all physical objects to each other. Newton developed his law of universal gravitation, which states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law implies Kepler's laws of planetary motion and provided an explanation for why planets orbit the sun and moons orbit planets.
1. The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, gravitational force, and acceleration due to gravity.
2. Key points covered include Newton's inverse square law formula for gravitational force, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, and definitions of free fall and acceleration due to gravity.
3. The document also discusses properties of gravitational force and provides examples to illustrate concepts like why objects on Earth do not continuously accelerate towards each other due to gravitational attraction.
1) Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist born in 1642 who made seminal contributions to classical mechanics, inventing calculus and formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
2) Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between an object's mass, its motion (including changes in motion), and the applied force. His law of universal gravitation states that a force exists between any two masses and this force decreases with the square of the distance between them.
3) Newton published his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, considered one of the most influential books in the history of science. It described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, forming the
The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including:
1. Newton's universal law of gravitation which states that the gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Kepler's laws of planetary motion which describe the motion of planets around the sun, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus.
3. The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s2 and causes objects with mass to have weight, defined as the gravitational force on an object.
The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's universal law of gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, acceleration due to gravity, and equations of vertical motion. Some key points covered include:
1) Newton's universal law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets and include that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus.
3) Acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s2 and causes objects to experience weight. Weight depends on both mass and location.
This document discusses Sir Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler's contributions to the understanding of gravitation. It covers Newton's universal law of gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational force, acceleration due to gravity, equations of vertical motion, mass, weight, thrust, pressure, Archimedes' principle, and density. Key points include Newton's inverse square law of gravitation, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, how gravitational force causes objects to accelerate at 9.8 m/s2 on Earth, and how pressure depends on both force and contact area.
The document discusses the philosophical concepts of yin and yang and how they relate to existence and the dichotomy between life and death. It argues that life and death are human constructs and that from a broader perspective, everything exists in a constant state of rising and falling under the influences of karma. Ultimately, the orientation of truth depends on the observer's perceptions and mind, and there is no single objective truth but rather multiple subjective truths that can vary between observers. Realizing this interconnectedness of all things is the essence of enlightenment.
The document discusses several key Buddhist concepts:
1. It explains the cycle of dependent origination, which describes the continuous iterations of birth, life, death, and rebirth known as samsara.
2. It discusses how energy and matter are two aspects of the same thing, and all phenomena arise from a background of energy, matter, and orienting space.
3. It provides diagrams to illustrate how all elements are interconnected in an interdependent network through vibrational energy and opposing forces.
- Mother Nature refers to the universal, inherent, and dependent systems of existence that have been in place since the beginning of time.
- It consists of three basic elements - energy, matter, and space. Energy exists inherently and gives rise to matter through aggregation. Phenomena exist dependently based on perception.
- All phenomena arise from conditions and are empty of inherent existence. They are in a continuous cycle of dependent origination, constantly transforming through a balanced or imbalanced dependent nature.
Existence is defined as that which can be known through our senses and interpreted by our minds. Whether something exists depends on if it is known by an individual's mind. For example, a ball exists for one person who sees it but not another who does not see it. Phenomena are perceived differently by different observers based on their perspective and consciousness. What exists continues to expand as civilization and technology advance our ability to detect more through expanding our mind frequencies and consciousness. Ultimate reality exists beyond concepts and labels, in a state of completeness without definitions of good and bad.
The document discusses Buddhist concepts of dependent origination, the cycle of samsara, and the three basic elements of energy, matter, and space. It explains that when the elements interact under balanced conditions, aggregation occurs, leading to the emergence of beings made up of those elements. When imbalance occurs, the elements separate through disintegration. The cycle of dependent origination depicts how one condition gives rise to the next from birth to death and rebirth in an endless loop, driven by ignorance and craving. Ultimate enlightenment comes from seeing through this process to its cessation.
The document discusses the Buddha's original teachings of Buddhadhamma, which is about direct experience rather than adherence to a system or religion. It emphasizes that Buddhadhamma is universal and applicable to all, focusing on methodology over any individual. True understanding comes from direct experience and practice, not just reading scriptures. The key is meditating to see the ultimate nature of reality for oneself, rather than getting attached to ideas of Buddhism.
Nature & Reality (The Route to Enlightenment)Stephen Sia
“If the Supreme Truth is unknown, the study of Scriptures is fruitless; and when the Supreme Truth is realised the study of Scriptures becomes fruitless.”
From Sri Sankaracharya
In Buddhism, kamma refers to volitional actions and their results (vipaka). Kamma is generated by the prevailing conscious mind and results in discernible reactions through the subtle conscious mind. The prevailing mind is responsible for decision making and actions, while the subtle mind attracts similar vibrational frequencies based on those actions. As humans have both prevailing and subtle conscious minds, the human realm is where new kamma is often initiated through choice and resolution of past kamma. It is important for humans to live wholesome lives guided by wisdom rather than ignorance, in order to avoid regret and attain opportunities to learn.
1) The document discusses the concept of 'nothing' and argues that nothing does not truly exist. Instead, everything exists dependently and conditionally without any permanent essence.
2) It states that energy has always existed and is the driving force behind all change and activity in the universe. Energy exists as vibration that generates the cycles of rising and falling phenomena.
3) The document concludes that without consciousness or mind, no duality or multiplicity would exist. In a state without mind, all things would be in a completely neutralized state of no-thingness without qualities, names, or attributes.
The document discusses the Buddhist concept of dependent origination and how to properly understand it. It explains that all phenomena arise from a network of interdependent causes and conditions, rather than having single, independent causes. No phenomenon has inherent existence on its own. All things exist in relation to other things in a constantly changing, interconnected web. The emptiness of inherent existence is both the cause and result of this dependent nature of phenomena. Understanding dependent origination and emptiness is key to overcoming ignorance and achieving freedom from samsara.
Memory is the ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. It exists in two forms - short-term working memory that exists alongside the physical brain, and long-term subtle memory that can exist without the physical body. Memory is necessary for consciousness to exist across time, as the past consciousness is linked to the present and future ones. Without memory, the processes of rebirth, evolution, learning, and dependent origination could not occur. Both ignorance and the law of kamma also depend on memory to function across multiple lives.
This document discusses the Buddhist concept of kamma (volitional action) and how it relates to the laws of motion. It explains that kamma is governed by natural laws of action and reaction, like Newton's three laws of motion. Meditation practices like metta bhavana (loving-kindness meditation) can help decelerate come factors and accelerate become factors, allowing wishes to be realized sooner through the universal law of attraction. By understanding the dependent nature of phenomena and laws of motion, we can better comprehend how kamma operates to achieve balance.
This document discusses Buddhism's perspective on the relationship between mind and brain. It explains that in Buddhism, mind and body are not separate but two aspects of the same thing. The mind is a pattern of consciousness that arises from awareness, while the brain is a coagulated form of the mind itself. It describes how subtle and prevailing minds arise from vibrational frequencies and interact with the nervous system and brain. The prevailing mind is closely related to the physical body and brain and allows for complex functions like decision making. The subtle mind operates more independently and acts like a radar over long periods. At death, the prevailing mind departs first, followed by the subtle mind. Fragments of subtle mind then evolve into other energies or disperse
There are two facets of nature: dependent arising and inherent existence. Dependent arising refers to phenomena that arise and fall based on conditions, while inherent existence refers to the absence of these conditional phenomena. This is represented mathematically as a series of terms that equal zero, demonstrating nature's tendency towards balance and absence. When things become imbalanced, natural laws work to restore equilibrium over time and space. Anything that inherently exists does not change, and created objects cannot inherently exist since that would require change. The two facets of nature are similar in maintaining a balanced system.
1. The document discusses the scientific process of procreation from fertilization to the development of a zygote into an embryo and eventually a fetus. It explains how electrical charges and energies are transferred between sperm, egg, and subtle mind consciousness to initiate this process.
2. It goes on to compare the development of consciousness in a new physical body to the origination of fire. Just as fire arises from a combination of fuel, oxidizer, heat and a chain reaction, a sentient being arises from the combination of a physical body, oxygen intake, subtle mind consciousness, and electrochemical impulse transmission in the nervous system.
3. Prevailing mind consciousness and sense consciousness arise simultaneously with the formation of the
Yin and yang are complementary opposing forces that interact to form a whole, as depicted in the Taijitu symbol. They represent natural dualities like male/female, light/dark, etc. When one reaches its peak it transforms into the other, in a continuous cycle. Mind and body arise from vibrational frequencies manas projects onto consciousness - slower frequencies form the body and senses, faster form the mind. Even atoms have individualized minds. At death, prevailing consciousness departs first in a final energy burst, then subtle consciousness leaves and fragments, taking on new forms in the cycle of samsara.
Buddhism views the mind as responsible for interpreting existence and determining what exists. The mind is comprised of two aspects: the prevailing consciousness and subtle consciousness. Meditation practices like samatha and vipassana are aimed at transforming the ignorant state of mind into an enlightened one by separating these two consciousnesses and attaining pure awareness through mindfulness. With enlightenment, one gains clear insights into past and future and sees all things as they truly are without delusion, though full liberation can only be achieved upon death when both consciousnesses are absorbed and no mind remains.
The document discusses the law of attraction, which states that similar or like things attract each other, while dissimilar things repel. It provides examples from nature to illustrate this principle. Specifically:
1) In nature, opposing forces balance each other out over time, such as positive and negative electric charges attracting to achieve equilibrium.
2) Giving and taking in human interactions also follow this principle, with favorable energies attracting favorable energies and unfavorable attracting unfavorable.
3) Mathematically, quantities with the same magnitude but opposite direction attract, while those with the same direction repel, maintaining a balanced whole.
Everything exists dependently and lacks an eternal essence. All phenomena arise from the interaction of multiple causes and conditions, and the fundamental qualities of existence are emptiness and energy. Emptiness refers to the lack of inherent existence of all things, while energy is the constant vibration that generates phenomena. Cultivating qualities like loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy and equanimity through meditation helps one weaken suffering and realize emptiness to attain enlightenment. All things are interconnected through their dependent arising from emptiness and energy.
Buddhism views all phenomena as arising from a combination of multiple causes and conditions, rather than a single cause and effect. Our bodies exist due to the proper arrangement of elements like earth, water, fire and wind, which represent the causes, while the conditions ensure their harmonious interaction. Similarly, a new house requires various materials like bricks, cement and wood as causes, but also conditions like skilled workers and sufficient time. Causes and effects are interdependent and co-arising, with no single first cause or effect. Everything exists dependently and lacks a permanent essence, making all phenomena empty.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Energy Web
1. Energy is Space in Tango, Space is Energy in Play
By nature, we exist in a system whereby everything is interconnected and
balanced. If we were to ponder at the dependent nature intently, our mind
would discover the circumstances of duality or multiplicity in all things.
Conventionally, there is a beginning and an ending of all things or matters i.e.
when there is a rising, there will be a falling or vice versa. In other words,
there’s no two ways about it i.e. one factor is always being balanced off with
another factor, without exception. This conclusion would bring us to an
understanding that nature is functioning in a feature that is constant – a
situation that does not change i.e. the characteristic of an inherent existence.
Therefore, we could mention that nature is a system that is universal i.e. it is
inherent existing and dependent arising concurrently.
Right now, we would realise that every of our intention or action on things or
matters would bear with its respective consequences; regardless of timeline.
And it is commonly known that we would need energy to initiate our desires or
motions. Therefore, energy is a fundamental element in the dependent nature
and it is nothing but mere vibration. When there are opposing forces, there
would be vibration. The alternate movement of the opposing forces would
generate a continuum of wavy pattern oscillating up and down. This is the main
reason for all the repeating cycle of rising and falling activities that one could
witness in the dependent nature or samsāra. In other words, by understanding
well and observing thoroughly into the characteristics of energy, one could gain
insight into the nature and its orientation. So energy starts with vibration and
in turn, vibration starts with opposing forces. These opposing forces would
function as a constant factor and it fits well into the category of inherent
existence.
In order to understand profoundly into the characteristics of energy, we could
begin with a scientific study on the basic elements of life existence i.e. energy,
matter and space. For general understanding, energy means the ability to do
work. Such ability can be elucidated by a partaking of tango dance (a partner
dance) in space due to its wavy nature. In other words, space can be
described as energy in play on a dance floor. And the intersection of low
frequency waves of energy or so-called the crystallisation of low frequency
waves of energy in space is known as matter. It is an element that occupies
space due to the conversion from travelling waves of energy into standing
2. waves of energy. In other words, energy and matter are simply two aspects of
the same thing - both reflected in a different form under the influence of the
surrounding conditions. Let us ponder at the following illustrations: -
The Travelling Wave Lines of Energy
7. E = mc2
m = E/c2
Energy (J) = Mass (kg) x Speed of Light (m2
/s2
)
The above illustration depicts that one quantum of energy is defined as the diffusion
of one mass at the speed of light squared. Comparatively, in an electrical circuit, one
watt is defined as the current flow of one ampere with voltage of one volt.
Mass-energy Equivalence
c
c
m m
c
c
cc
m
One quantum of
energy released,
E = mc2
1W = 1V x 1A «« »» 1E = 1m x (1c) 2
8. The Network of Existence
Key: -
Point of friction = a communion of the two opposite forces.
= a balanced point.
For example,
The Structure of Human Skin
FA1
FA2
FA1-2 = FA2-1
FA3
FA4
FA3-2 = FA1-1
FA3-1 = FA4-2
FA2-2 = FXX-X
F(A3-1=A4-2)-1 = FXXXX-XXXX
F(A3-1-A4-2)-2 = F(A3-2-A1-1)-1
F(A3-2=A1-1)-2 = F(A1-2=A2-1)-1
F(A1-2=A2-1)-2 = F(A2-2=XX-X)-1
Cause-Effect
Effect-Cause
9. The Curvature of Spacetime
Key: -
Rotational synergic force Fabric of energy
Nodule of matter Gravitational force /
The relationship between
nodules of matter
10. The Bonding of Atoms as in Object
Key: -
Standing waves of electron
Proton and neutron
A single atom
e -
e -
e -
e -
p+
, n
A
B
C
D
11. Transformation of Atoms into Molecules
B
B
A
C
A
B
C
D
A
D
B
C
D
C
B
A
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
As per Bernoulli’s principle
– when the speed of
substance increases, the
pressure decreases.
D
A
C
B
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
R
S
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
The congregating path of atoms as
in object (a spiral-like pattern).
12. Chemical bond
Gravitational bonds
The strong chemical bonds and the gravitational forces between atoms
(In accordance with Bernoulli’s principle)
Low
HighHigh
High High
13. Chronology: -
1. Firstly, through the crystallising process of low frequency waves of energy, atom A
is formed and followed by atom B and then atom C and atom D.
2. The natural path of flowing waves of energy along atom A and atom B has resulted
in a rotational force between the gap of atom A and atom B. Thus a clockwise
rotational force is conjured up and it is also known as the gravitational force. Both
atom A and atom B would then rotate in anti-clockwise directions respectively.
3. When atom C is formed, it would be drawn to either one of the existing atoms due
to the natural path of flowing waves of energy, let’s say - atom B. A chemical bond
is then originated between atom B and atom C. It is a strong bond due to the
confronting direction in the natural path of flowing waves of energy, just like the
kissing of a pair of rubber cymbals. Thus a new molecule is formed – molecule B-C.
4. When atom D is formed, it would be drawn to either one of the existing atoms due
to the natural path of flowing waves of energy, let’s say - atom A, to form into
molecule A-D. A newly confined rotational bond (gravitational force) is conjured up
between molecule A-D and molecule B-C.
5. Thereafter, these molecules would be magnetised or attracted to one another in
accordance with Bernoulli’s principle that says when the speed of substance around
the objects increases, the pressure reduces. Thus the molecule A-D and molecule
B-C would move or travel in accelerating motions toward one another.
6. Concurrently, the atoms in the molecules would cease to self-rotate; instead it
would vibrate in standing wave patterns respectively. The newly bonded molecules
would then assume an anti-clockwise rotation with a new synergic force that gives
rise to an enormous potency that is also known as the gravitational line force.
7. At the end of the day, a new spiral-like gravitational line wave is configured in a
diffusing pattern due to the natural aerodynamic flows i.e. the outer wave line is
curling at a higher speed than the inner wave line with the illustration depicted as
below: -
14. For example,
The spiral-like orientation of Human Hair
M
2
M
1
M
1
M
2
Outer wave line moving at a higher
speed – a low pressure condition
A gradual outward
expanding force
Inner wave line moving at a lower
speed – a high pressure condition
15. How does gravity work?
1. For general understanding, the gravitational force would begin with at least three
arising atoms. Gravity is directly influenced by the mass of atoms or molecules in an
object (the amount of matter in an object); not the volume size. In other words, an
increase in the density of the mass of atoms would conjure up a higher gravitational
force between the objects or vice versa.
2. On the other hand, the rotation of an object does not affect its gravitational force.
However, in terms of the surface gravity, it has a minor influence whereby when the
centrifugal force increases the surface gravity would reduce slightly. For example,
the Earth’s rotation causes a slight bulging at the equator and a slight flattening at
the poles. As such, one would weigh slightly less at the equator and more at the
poles. Let us ponder at the following illustration: -
When centrifugal force accelerating, centripetal force decelerates
3. All objects have a force that attracts them toward each other. Even we attract
other objects to us because of gravity but our mass is too insignificant for the force
to come into effect.
4. For general understanding, weight is a force caused by the gravitational attraction.
The weight of an object is the gravitational force between the object and the earth.
The more mass the object has, the greater its weight will be. The principle-in-effect:
-
Weight (N) = Mass (kg) x Gravity (m/s2
)
Also, the mass of an object stays the same wherever it is, but its weight may vary in
line with the variance of the gravitational force on it, such as the Earth and the Moon.
Centrifugal force
accelerates
Centripetal force
decelerates
16. Let us ponder at the following illustration: -
Key: -
The downward pushing force is vigorous due to large masses and the narrow
gap between the conveyor belts of gravity.
The upward pushing force is weak due to small masses and the wide gap
between the conveyor belts of gravity.
Object B
GF1
GF2
1.5V
1.5V
1.5V
Gravity ≈ Voltage
-ve
+ve
GF1
GF2
Object A
Object C
17. 5. The above illustration would depict that gravitational force arises when the
conveyor belts of gravity begin to rotate in the respective clockwise and anti-
clockwise directions concurrently with the arising of atoms or molecules.
6. An object with a larger mass would induce a more vigorous pushing force toward
the other side of another object with a smaller mass. In other words, it is the amount
of matter in an object that determines the strength of its gravitational force.
Therefore, gravitational force increases when the masses of the objects are larger;
instead of the volume size.
7. As a general reference, gravity between atoms is akin to voltage in an electrical
circuit. When batteries are connected in series, the total amount of voltage in the
circuit would be represented by the total sum of each battery’s capacity.
Supposedly, one battery would bring about 1.5V then the overall two batteries would
bring about 3.0V respectively. Therefore, a larger mass would bring about a greater
gravitational force due to a higher number of conveyor belts of gravity rotating
simultaneously between the atoms. Just like a series of turbine engines operating
concurrently to generate a higher voltage that in turn brings about a higher
electromotive force in an electrical circuit.
8. Also, gravitational force increases when the objects are closer against one
another. In accordance with Bernoulli’s principle, a more confined space between the
atoms of the confronting objects would induce the conveyor belt of gravity to rotate
at a higher speed thus generating a much lower pressure condition to its vicinity.
Subsequently, the atoms between the confronting objects would be pushed toward
one another at a more intense accelerating speed.
9. Finally, the more mass an object has, the more inertia it has. Inertia is described
as the tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion. It is mainly due
to the arising of larger momentum in the object with a larger mass. For general
understanding, translational momentum is solely dependent on the mass and the
velocity of the object. A larger mass would take a prolonged force to bring up the
object to the targeted speed and similarly, to bring it to a stop afterwards.
10. Supposedly, object A is the Earth, object B is the rock and object C is the
feather. In this case, the Earth would certainly contain much more masses than the
rock, and the rock would contain more masses than the feather. When these three
objects are closing in toward one another, the Earth with a much higher density of
masses would certainly inherit a much greater inertia i.e. a resistance to change in its
state of motion. This is despite the fact that these three objects are pushing against
one another simultaneously.
18. 11. At the end of the day, the force in effect would be the objects with lesser
masses (object B and object C) moving toward the object with higher masses (object
A) at the same accelerating motions. Another example would be the gravitational
attraction between a human body and a tiny particle of dust. Certainly, the tiny
particle of dust would move toward the human body that encompasses a
comparatively higher mass and with greater inertia rather than the other way round.
How does gravitational lensing work?
1. The fabric of spacetime is fully occupied with the vessels of energy, just like the
blood vessels in our body tissues and organs. In a way, we could label these vessels
of energy as the arteries and the veins of the cosmos in an interlocking structure of
wavy configuration as depicted below: -
2. Under a common circumstance, the gravitational force would arise when the
conveyor belts of gravity begin to rotate in the respective clockwise and anti-
clockwise directions concurrently with the arising of atoms or molecules. These
conveyor belts of gravity are actually rotational movement of energies being formed
out of the integration of the arteries and the veins of the cosmos.
3. However, in the case of a black hole, these conveyor belts would rotate in a
unique harmonising mechanism i.e. energies in the arteries of the cosmos would travel
in accelerating motions and concurrently, energies in the veins of the cosmos would
travel in decelerating motions (in accordance with Newton’s 2nd
law of motion) as
illustrated below: -
19. Key: -
Artery of the cosmos
Vein of the cosmos
Traveling wave of light
Increasing push out
force of gravity
Diminishing push in
force of gravity
Conveyor belt of gravity
Mass or matter
4. Consequently, the push out force of gravity would increase in rate (vigorous) and
the push in force of gravity would diminish in rate (weak). In addition, the variance in
the velocity of energies between the arteries and the veins of the cosmos is inversely
proportional to the circumference of the black hole.
5. The natural path of flowing waves of energy would then warp towards the outward
direction from the centre of the black hole i.e. the route of energies traveling in the
wavy arteries of the cosmos as illustrated below. Subsequently, the colossal mass of
the black hole is compressed inwardly before collapsing into a singularity. This is the
precise phenomenon of a black hole having a gravitational field so intense that no
matter or radiation can escape.
Event horizon
20. Key: -
Artery of the cosmos
Vein of the cosmos
Traveling wave of light
Increasing push out
force of gravity
Diminishing push in
force of gravity
Conveyor belt of gravity
Mass or matter
The colossal mass of a black hole is compressed inwardly
and collapsed into a singularity
21. 6. Based on the above illustration, when a beam of light travels (via the veins of the
cosmos) towards a black hole and very close to the event horizon, its velocity would
slow down correspondingly. As a result, the respective beams of light would bend and
travel at an angle towards the slower speed end, thus creating an optical phenomenon
known as mirage (refers the following illustration). Just like the steering of 2-wheel
hover board i.e. when the left wheel is rotating at a slower speed than the right wheel,
the machine would move forward and proportionately curve towards the left direction.
Source: Wikipedia
The velocity of Light B slows down much more than the velocity of Light A due to
intense push out force of gravity in the vicinity just outside the event horizon
Light A
Light B
Actual
position
of a star
Mirage
22. 7. At the same time, the rigorous gravitational force (push out force) would induce
another new phenomenon known as time dilation. This is because in a faster inertial
system, the velocity of change slows down due to high frequential occurrences near
the black hole. The relationship between time dilation and the distance from the
event horizon of a black hole is depicted as below: -
Time dilation
Distance from the black hole (event horizon)
8. At the end of the day, we could conclude that the gravitational force is inversely
proportional to the velocity of photon. The phenomenon of gravitational lensing is due
to the velocity of photon that slows down when approaching a black hole with intense
gravitational force. In other words, the speed of photon (light) should be part of the
equation instead of its mass when analysing the process of gravitational lensing.
With all the above illustrations and descriptions, one would realise that energy
is truly a fundamental element for the dependent nature to exist; without it, the
dependent nature would be impossible. In fact, energy is an element that
involves with basically the translational, the rotational and the vibrational
motions. And these motions are the key components for the proceeding of
universal laws such as the law of kamma, the law of attraction, the law of
vibration, etc.
Under a conventional circumstance, all minds, consciousnesses, things or
matters are part of the becoming processes with time as a tool for
quantification. This becoming process is the main reason for all the rising and
falling of things or matters that we observe right here, right now. This is what
the principle of emptiness is all about in accordance with Buddhism. Nothing
23. remains unchanging on any given moment i.e. all things or matters would evolve
from one configuration into another at all times. Just like the saying goes,
‘Now you see it, now you don’t.’ Also, no two minds are the same. Your past
mind is not the same as your present mind and your present mind is not the
same as your future mind.
When there is a becoming process, there is a changing process and when the
becoming process ceases, the changing process would cease together with
time. Thus the ambience of nibbāna would arise concurrently. In the Buddhist
context, nibbāna is a non-conventional phenomenon whereby nothing would
rise and fall under the absence of time. In other words, we could mention that
the elements of energy have been ‘frozen’ indefinitely without being
annihilated. It is considered being blown-off completely due to the absence of
vibrational motion. This means nibbāna is a neutralised state of affair that
would exist under the remaining translational and rotational motions per se.
In a way, there is still motion arising in nibbāna but it would be a homologous
one. And under such a circumstance, any new rising or falling activities would
cast no chance of emerging at all i.e. no light at the end of the tunnel for the
becoming process. When the becoming process cease to exist, the
consciousness or the mind would cease to exist as well. Subsequently, the
state of suffering would end in permanence.
As a conclusion, the ultimate goal in the Buddhist practice is to quest for an
everlasting happiness that is unconditional via enlightenment. As again,
Buddhism is not about circumstances but attitude to circumstances. The
Buddha has merely expounded the nature and its orientation, in particular, the
mind and body suffering and the ultimate way for the spiritual liberation.
And one of the key elements for the spiritual liberation is to see things or
happenings as they truly are; not delusively are. Just see the things or
happenings in direct perception - that is basically label-less, bound-less,
stereotype-less or colour-less, just like the pure nature of energy or
emptiness.
More importantly, one has to let go and blow away the mindset that is
associated with the ‘-ism’ or ‘-ology’, for it is a system of stereotyping,
pre-conditioning or prisoning. Liberation is the only right potion to the ultimate
truth discovery and with the inculcation of right determination, enlightenment
24. becomes achievable for everyone right here, right now. Those who see, read,
hear and evaluate for themselves can find the truth they seek. The role of
religion in this era is not as a blockage but to help explain and educate in a
mature manner. Once again, be bound-less, be stereotype-less, be label-less
and with the right attitude, it would open up a new horizon of wisdom. Just
change the way you see your surroundings and you may get a kind of insight
different from yesterday.
‘If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.’
~ Albert Einstein ~
‘Condemnation without investigation is the height of ignorance.’
~ Albert Einstein ~