This document summarizes the findings of an energy and safety audit conducted at Sonthalia Rice Mill in 2012-13. It identifies several areas for improvement, including installing capacitors to improve power factor, reducing compressed air pressure, improving the electrical earthing system, and establishing preventative maintenance for electrical equipment. Implementing all recommendations could save the mill over Rs. 2.27 lakh annually while requiring a one-time investment of Rs. 52,500 for capacitors.
Doubling a VFD driven test-stand’s throughput and capacityVacon Plc
This document summarizes the upgrade of a major clutch and brake manufacturer's test stand from 1500HP to 3000HP capacity. The upgrade involved adding a second identical 1500HP VFD, motor, and control system and connecting them to a new combining gearbox. This allows either VFD to independently test 1500HP loads, or both to combine for a 3000HP test. Issues addressed in the upgrade included electrical harmonics, mechanical alignment challenges, expanded cooling requirements, and configuring the control systems for independent or combined ("master-follower") operation. The doubled capacity test stand now meets customer demands for testing larger and more demanding brakes and clutches.
Three Phase AC to DC Boost Converter Using D-Q TheoryIRJET Journal
This paper presents a three-phase AC to DC boost bidirectional converter using D-Q theory based current control. The converter provides a constant DC output voltage from a three-phase AC input using closed-loop control. It achieves a boosted DC output voltage with unity power factor and harmonic-free source currents. The converter topology and control scheme are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate unity power factor operation and sinusoidal source currents with low total harmonic distortion of less than 2%. The converter provides a regulated DC output voltage while drawing clean input currents from the three-phase AC source.
This document summarizes a 20 dBm power amplifier for 60 GHz applications that was fabricated using a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS process. Key features include:
1) A fully-integrated on-chip RMS power detector enables automatic level control, built-in self test, and voltage standing wave ratio protection.
2) The single-stage push-pull amplifier achieves a peak power gain of 18 dB, 1-dB compression point of 13.1 dBm, and peak power-added efficiency of 12.7% at 60 GHz.
3) The amplifier can deliver up to 20 dBm of output power, which is the highest reported for silicon at mm-wave
Kapasitor bank functions primarily to improve power factor, especially for large AC current applications in industry. It also provides reactive power to maximize utilization of complex power (kVA), reduces voltage drop, prevents transformer overload, controls temperature rise in cables, improves efficiency by lowering total KVA usage, minimizes electrical network losses, and prevents penalties from electricity suppliers due to reactive power. Examples show how to calculate the required capacitor size in kVAR and Farads to improve the power factor of motors and alternators from given values using simple formulas and tables. Key formulas used in power factor improvement and these calculations are also outlined.
The existing mixer grinder comprises of the universal motor operating in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the Brushless DC (BLDC) extends its lifetime and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A novel solar-powered BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC boost converter has been utilised to operate a PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. A performance comparison is made using the commercially available mixer grinder along with the simulated proposed system.
The document provides a typical list of materials required for construction of a 132 kV grid substation, including:
1. Various types of structures/beams, outdoor equipment like transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, current/potential transformers, lightning arresters, post insulators.
2. Control room equipment such as different voltage control and relay panels, battery sets, chargers, distribution boards.
3. Bus bar materials like hardware for single zebra and panther conductors, disc insulators.
The list covers common equipment but is not exhaustive, as additional items may be needed depending on the specific substation layout and requirements. It is intended to aid planning for substation construction projects.
1. An industrial plant experienced electrical failures and power quality issues that forced shutdowns. Harmonic analysis revealed unstable power and common mode voltage issues.
2. Harmonic filters were installed to eliminate failures at the plant and auxiliary systems. This allowed increasing production capacity by 30%.
3. A new unexpected problem emerged with a VFD drive tripping. The root cause was found to be conductive air forming inside an acrylic sheet used for touch protection, causing an earth fault and VFD damage. This finding will change electrical panel engineering practices.
NTDC 220kV Transmission gird station Internship reportAneel-k Suthar
This document provides an overview of Anil Kumar's internship report on the 220/132 kV grid station in Jamshoro-T.M. Khan Road. It includes acknowledgements, an executive summary, and sections on the grid station, one-line diagram, bus bar, switches, relays, transformers, and maintenance. The grid station regulates and controls power flow and supplies electricity to substations. It uses a double bus one and a half breaker scheme, which improves reliability over other schemes by allowing maintenance without power interruptions.
Doubling a VFD driven test-stand’s throughput and capacityVacon Plc
This document summarizes the upgrade of a major clutch and brake manufacturer's test stand from 1500HP to 3000HP capacity. The upgrade involved adding a second identical 1500HP VFD, motor, and control system and connecting them to a new combining gearbox. This allows either VFD to independently test 1500HP loads, or both to combine for a 3000HP test. Issues addressed in the upgrade included electrical harmonics, mechanical alignment challenges, expanded cooling requirements, and configuring the control systems for independent or combined ("master-follower") operation. The doubled capacity test stand now meets customer demands for testing larger and more demanding brakes and clutches.
Three Phase AC to DC Boost Converter Using D-Q TheoryIRJET Journal
This paper presents a three-phase AC to DC boost bidirectional converter using D-Q theory based current control. The converter provides a constant DC output voltage from a three-phase AC input using closed-loop control. It achieves a boosted DC output voltage with unity power factor and harmonic-free source currents. The converter topology and control scheme are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate unity power factor operation and sinusoidal source currents with low total harmonic distortion of less than 2%. The converter provides a regulated DC output voltage while drawing clean input currents from the three-phase AC source.
This document summarizes a 20 dBm power amplifier for 60 GHz applications that was fabricated using a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS process. Key features include:
1) A fully-integrated on-chip RMS power detector enables automatic level control, built-in self test, and voltage standing wave ratio protection.
2) The single-stage push-pull amplifier achieves a peak power gain of 18 dB, 1-dB compression point of 13.1 dBm, and peak power-added efficiency of 12.7% at 60 GHz.
3) The amplifier can deliver up to 20 dBm of output power, which is the highest reported for silicon at mm-wave
Kapasitor bank functions primarily to improve power factor, especially for large AC current applications in industry. It also provides reactive power to maximize utilization of complex power (kVA), reduces voltage drop, prevents transformer overload, controls temperature rise in cables, improves efficiency by lowering total KVA usage, minimizes electrical network losses, and prevents penalties from electricity suppliers due to reactive power. Examples show how to calculate the required capacitor size in kVAR and Farads to improve the power factor of motors and alternators from given values using simple formulas and tables. Key formulas used in power factor improvement and these calculations are also outlined.
The existing mixer grinder comprises of the universal motor operating in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the Brushless DC (BLDC) extends its lifetime and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A novel solar-powered BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC boost converter has been utilised to operate a PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. A performance comparison is made using the commercially available mixer grinder along with the simulated proposed system.
The document provides a typical list of materials required for construction of a 132 kV grid substation, including:
1. Various types of structures/beams, outdoor equipment like transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, current/potential transformers, lightning arresters, post insulators.
2. Control room equipment such as different voltage control and relay panels, battery sets, chargers, distribution boards.
3. Bus bar materials like hardware for single zebra and panther conductors, disc insulators.
The list covers common equipment but is not exhaustive, as additional items may be needed depending on the specific substation layout and requirements. It is intended to aid planning for substation construction projects.
1. An industrial plant experienced electrical failures and power quality issues that forced shutdowns. Harmonic analysis revealed unstable power and common mode voltage issues.
2. Harmonic filters were installed to eliminate failures at the plant and auxiliary systems. This allowed increasing production capacity by 30%.
3. A new unexpected problem emerged with a VFD drive tripping. The root cause was found to be conductive air forming inside an acrylic sheet used for touch protection, causing an earth fault and VFD damage. This finding will change electrical panel engineering practices.
NTDC 220kV Transmission gird station Internship reportAneel-k Suthar
This document provides an overview of Anil Kumar's internship report on the 220/132 kV grid station in Jamshoro-T.M. Khan Road. It includes acknowledgements, an executive summary, and sections on the grid station, one-line diagram, bus bar, switches, relays, transformers, and maintenance. The grid station regulates and controls power flow and supplies electricity to substations. It uses a double bus one and a half breaker scheme, which improves reliability over other schemes by allowing maintenance without power interruptions.
Comparison of the performance of hvdc and hvac overhead transmission lines fo...Mahdi Bahaghighat
The document compares the performance of the HVAC and HVDC transmission lines that are part of the Itaipu power system in Brazil over a 15-year period. The HVAC transmission system consists of three 765kV lines while the HVDC system consists of two ±600kV bipolar lines. The HVAC lines experienced an average of 0.174 transient faults and 0.852 permanent faults per 100km per year. The HVDC lines experienced 0.488 transient faults, 0.057 faults requiring reduced voltage restart, and 0.169 permanent faults per 100km per year. An analysis of forced energy unavailability also showed better performance for the HVDC lines compared to the HVAC lines.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ishank Ranjan completed an industrial training project at the 220kV Grid Transmission Substation in Naubasta, Kanpur. The report acknowledges the contributions of staff at the substation who helped explain the various equipment. It includes sections on the components used at grid transmission substations such as conductors, transformers, capacitor banks, isolators, circuit breakers and lightning arresters. The report provides details on the panel section which contains control and protection panels, and the substation yard layout.
Juliet Joseph is applying for the position of Electrical Engineer. She holds a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from 2013. She has over 5 years of experience as an Electrical Engineer working on projects in the UAE and Saudi Arabia for companies like Tebodin, JSE Engineering, and ADCO. Her experience includes performing load flow and short circuit studies, preparing engineering drawings and specifications, and reviewing designs. She is proficient in software like ETAP, AutoCAD, and Enervista.
Industrial Training at Howrah 220 kV Substation.Avirup Ghosh
The document describes a presentation by four electrical engineering students on their vocational training at the Howrah 220 kV substation. It provides an overview of the substation, including its main components such as transformers, transmission lines, and protective equipment. It also discusses the roles and specifications of key elements within the substation, such as circuit breakers, insulators, and instrument transformers.
Impact of APFC Panel at LT Side of TransformerIJERA Editor
The Development of automatic sensing technologies have significantly advanced in recent years in electrical systems.One of them is Automatic Power Factor Correction(APFC)Panels.It is very difficult to maintain consistent power factor by using fixed capacitors because they need to be operated manually which may result in over voltages,saturation of transformers etc. that may lead to the interruption in the power supply of the distribution system.APFC Panels automatically varies according to the load requirements on the L.T side i.e. distribution side which compensates the load requirements.Impact of automatic power factor correction panels (APFC) at L.T side of a transformer are discussed which are inductive in nature.
The document summarizes the setup of a 132kv substation with 3 incoming transmission lines and 1 outgoing line. It has 2 transformers that step down the voltage from 132kv to 33kv to feed a 33kv substation. The substation contains circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, capacitor banks, and other equipment to regulate voltage and distribute power safely throughout the electrical network.
The document summarizes a presentation on vocational training provided by CSPDCL. It discusses the training location and dates, supervisor, and topics covered including substation equipment, types of transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, fuses, and protection schemes. It also reviews maintenance procedures for transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and discusses capacitor banks for power factor improvement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study comparing a conventional electronic load controller (ELC) using a 6-pulse rectifier to a proposed ELC using a 24-pulse rectifier for isolated pico-hydropower generation. The 24-pulse rectifier ELC is shown to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion in the generated voltage and current. MATLAB simulations are conducted for both ELCs, showing the 24-pulse ELC maintains constant voltage, frequency and power with negligible distortion under changing loads, while the 6-pulse ELC exhibits more distortion. Harmonic analysis finds the 24-pulse ELC reduces harmonic distortion in current from 8.28% to 0.42% and voltage from 11.3% to 0.
This document is an internship training report submitted by Muhammad Usman Rafiq to the Department of P&I at IESCO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a one month internship. The report provides an overview of the equipment used at a 132kv grid substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, bus couplers, incoming and outgoing panels, and batteries/battery chargers. It discusses the components and functions of these devices. The report is dedicated to Usman Rafiq's parents and teachers for their support and includes certificates, acknowledgments, and abstract sections.
Kraft Power was founded in 1965 in Boston, Massachusetts and has since grown to operate nine sales and service facilities across eight states with over 170 employees. The company specializes in the distribution, service, and manufacturing of industrial engine-generator systems. Kraft Power prides itself on building long-term relationships and offering responsive customer service and leading technology solutions.
This document provides information about the design and components of a 220kV switchyard. It discusses:
1. The double main bus with transfer bus scheme used, which has two main buses (Bus-1 and Bus-2) and one transfer bus for maintenance.
2. The key equipment used including circuit breakers, current transformers, capacitor voltage transformers, isolators, lightning arresters, and insulators.
3. The testing procedures for current transformers, which include insulation resistance testing, polarity testing, excitation testing, ratio testing, and winding resistance testing.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
This document discusses methods for reducing power losses in radial distribution systems through optimal capacitor placement using plant growth simulation algorithms. It begins with an introduction describing how distribution systems experience significant power losses and how capacitor placement can help reduce losses and improve voltage regulation. It then describes the problem formulation as a constrained optimization aiming to minimize losses while meeting voltage constraints. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine candidate nodes for capacitor placement by calculating loss sensitivity factors. The plant growth simulation algorithm is then applied to determine optimal capacitor locations and sizes on test systems. The objective is to minimize losses while considering capacitor costs.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document describes Duct-O-Bar electrical conductor systems for overhead cranes and other moving power applications. It provides information on selecting the appropriate conductor based on amperage load and lists conductor options ranging from 90 to 500 amps. It also discusses how to calculate amperage load based on motor horsepower and duty cycle, how to determine voltage drop, and how to account for temperature effects. The document provides guidance on installation considerations for curves, expansion gaps, and other special applications.
- The document provides details of a 132kV grid station project in Rawalpindi for Islamabad Electric Supply Company, including scope of work, contract values, equipment installed, civil works completed, and diagrams of the site layout, single line diagram, and protection relay circuits. Key equipment installed includes two 31.5/40MVA power transformers, four 132kV circuit breakers, disconnect switches, current and potential transformers, and indoor panels. Civil works included foundations, trenches, roads, fencing and a control house building. Diagrams show the layout and protection schemes.
Training ppt on Chittaranjan Locomotive WorksDhruv Upadhaya
This training presentation provides an overview of Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW). It discusses the history of CLW including key dates of its establishment and production milestones. It then describes various types of locomotives produced at CLW, including diesel, electric, DC, and three-phase locomotives. Key components of electric locomotives such as traction motors, transformers, and static equipment are also explained. Finally, it summarizes the advantages of electric locomotives over diesel locomotives.
Role of technology in safety and security and energy conservation Dr. Sunil Kumar
This document discusses various aspects of technology, safety, security, fire safety, and energy conservation in hotels. It provides information on common fire safety equipment like sprinklers, smoke detectors, fire alarms, and extinguishers. It also outlines technologies used for security like electronic door locks, employee key cards, CCTV, and metal detectors. The document emphasizes the importance of fire safety given fires can cause major disasters in hotels. It stresses the role of technology in improving security and monitoring access. It also provides areas where hotels can conserve energy, such as through more efficient lighting, water, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems.
This a power point presentation comparing the results of one week of energy use with a 1500 watt un-insulated electric kettle with a 3000 watt UK style insulated Kettle. It also projects the energy savings for 1500 people over 10 years
Comparison of the performance of hvdc and hvac overhead transmission lines fo...Mahdi Bahaghighat
The document compares the performance of the HVAC and HVDC transmission lines that are part of the Itaipu power system in Brazil over a 15-year period. The HVAC transmission system consists of three 765kV lines while the HVDC system consists of two ±600kV bipolar lines. The HVAC lines experienced an average of 0.174 transient faults and 0.852 permanent faults per 100km per year. The HVDC lines experienced 0.488 transient faults, 0.057 faults requiring reduced voltage restart, and 0.169 permanent faults per 100km per year. An analysis of forced energy unavailability also showed better performance for the HVDC lines compared to the HVAC lines.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ishank Ranjan completed an industrial training project at the 220kV Grid Transmission Substation in Naubasta, Kanpur. The report acknowledges the contributions of staff at the substation who helped explain the various equipment. It includes sections on the components used at grid transmission substations such as conductors, transformers, capacitor banks, isolators, circuit breakers and lightning arresters. The report provides details on the panel section which contains control and protection panels, and the substation yard layout.
Juliet Joseph is applying for the position of Electrical Engineer. She holds a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from 2013. She has over 5 years of experience as an Electrical Engineer working on projects in the UAE and Saudi Arabia for companies like Tebodin, JSE Engineering, and ADCO. Her experience includes performing load flow and short circuit studies, preparing engineering drawings and specifications, and reviewing designs. She is proficient in software like ETAP, AutoCAD, and Enervista.
Industrial Training at Howrah 220 kV Substation.Avirup Ghosh
The document describes a presentation by four electrical engineering students on their vocational training at the Howrah 220 kV substation. It provides an overview of the substation, including its main components such as transformers, transmission lines, and protective equipment. It also discusses the roles and specifications of key elements within the substation, such as circuit breakers, insulators, and instrument transformers.
Impact of APFC Panel at LT Side of TransformerIJERA Editor
The Development of automatic sensing technologies have significantly advanced in recent years in electrical systems.One of them is Automatic Power Factor Correction(APFC)Panels.It is very difficult to maintain consistent power factor by using fixed capacitors because they need to be operated manually which may result in over voltages,saturation of transformers etc. that may lead to the interruption in the power supply of the distribution system.APFC Panels automatically varies according to the load requirements on the L.T side i.e. distribution side which compensates the load requirements.Impact of automatic power factor correction panels (APFC) at L.T side of a transformer are discussed which are inductive in nature.
The document summarizes the setup of a 132kv substation with 3 incoming transmission lines and 1 outgoing line. It has 2 transformers that step down the voltage from 132kv to 33kv to feed a 33kv substation. The substation contains circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, capacitor banks, and other equipment to regulate voltage and distribute power safely throughout the electrical network.
The document summarizes a presentation on vocational training provided by CSPDCL. It discusses the training location and dates, supervisor, and topics covered including substation equipment, types of transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, fuses, and protection schemes. It also reviews maintenance procedures for transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and discusses capacitor banks for power factor improvement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study comparing a conventional electronic load controller (ELC) using a 6-pulse rectifier to a proposed ELC using a 24-pulse rectifier for isolated pico-hydropower generation. The 24-pulse rectifier ELC is shown to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortion in the generated voltage and current. MATLAB simulations are conducted for both ELCs, showing the 24-pulse ELC maintains constant voltage, frequency and power with negligible distortion under changing loads, while the 6-pulse ELC exhibits more distortion. Harmonic analysis finds the 24-pulse ELC reduces harmonic distortion in current from 8.28% to 0.42% and voltage from 11.3% to 0.
This document is an internship training report submitted by Muhammad Usman Rafiq to the Department of P&I at IESCO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a one month internship. The report provides an overview of the equipment used at a 132kv grid substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, bus couplers, incoming and outgoing panels, and batteries/battery chargers. It discusses the components and functions of these devices. The report is dedicated to Usman Rafiq's parents and teachers for their support and includes certificates, acknowledgments, and abstract sections.
Kraft Power was founded in 1965 in Boston, Massachusetts and has since grown to operate nine sales and service facilities across eight states with over 170 employees. The company specializes in the distribution, service, and manufacturing of industrial engine-generator systems. Kraft Power prides itself on building long-term relationships and offering responsive customer service and leading technology solutions.
This document provides information about the design and components of a 220kV switchyard. It discusses:
1. The double main bus with transfer bus scheme used, which has two main buses (Bus-1 and Bus-2) and one transfer bus for maintenance.
2. The key equipment used including circuit breakers, current transformers, capacitor voltage transformers, isolators, lightning arresters, and insulators.
3. The testing procedures for current transformers, which include insulation resistance testing, polarity testing, excitation testing, ratio testing, and winding resistance testing.
Power loss reduction in radial distribution system by using plant growth simu...Alexander Decker
This document discusses methods for reducing power losses in radial distribution systems through optimal capacitor placement using plant growth simulation algorithms. It begins with an introduction describing how distribution systems experience significant power losses and how capacitor placement can help reduce losses and improve voltage regulation. It then describes the problem formulation as a constrained optimization aiming to minimize losses while meeting voltage constraints. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine candidate nodes for capacitor placement by calculating loss sensitivity factors. The plant growth simulation algorithm is then applied to determine optimal capacitor locations and sizes on test systems. The objective is to minimize losses while considering capacitor costs.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document describes Duct-O-Bar electrical conductor systems for overhead cranes and other moving power applications. It provides information on selecting the appropriate conductor based on amperage load and lists conductor options ranging from 90 to 500 amps. It also discusses how to calculate amperage load based on motor horsepower and duty cycle, how to determine voltage drop, and how to account for temperature effects. The document provides guidance on installation considerations for curves, expansion gaps, and other special applications.
- The document provides details of a 132kV grid station project in Rawalpindi for Islamabad Electric Supply Company, including scope of work, contract values, equipment installed, civil works completed, and diagrams of the site layout, single line diagram, and protection relay circuits. Key equipment installed includes two 31.5/40MVA power transformers, four 132kV circuit breakers, disconnect switches, current and potential transformers, and indoor panels. Civil works included foundations, trenches, roads, fencing and a control house building. Diagrams show the layout and protection schemes.
Training ppt on Chittaranjan Locomotive WorksDhruv Upadhaya
This training presentation provides an overview of Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW). It discusses the history of CLW including key dates of its establishment and production milestones. It then describes various types of locomotives produced at CLW, including diesel, electric, DC, and three-phase locomotives. Key components of electric locomotives such as traction motors, transformers, and static equipment are also explained. Finally, it summarizes the advantages of electric locomotives over diesel locomotives.
Role of technology in safety and security and energy conservation Dr. Sunil Kumar
This document discusses various aspects of technology, safety, security, fire safety, and energy conservation in hotels. It provides information on common fire safety equipment like sprinklers, smoke detectors, fire alarms, and extinguishers. It also outlines technologies used for security like electronic door locks, employee key cards, CCTV, and metal detectors. The document emphasizes the importance of fire safety given fires can cause major disasters in hotels. It stresses the role of technology in improving security and monitoring access. It also provides areas where hotels can conserve energy, such as through more efficient lighting, water, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems.
This a power point presentation comparing the results of one week of energy use with a 1500 watt un-insulated electric kettle with a 3000 watt UK style insulated Kettle. It also projects the energy savings for 1500 people over 10 years
Orgniziation study of sri sai rice mill bba project reportBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of Sri Sai Rice Industries, a rice milling company located in Gangavati, Karnataka, India. Some key details include:
- The company was established in 2007 as a partnership firm with four partners.
- It produces various types of rice such as sona masoori, basmati, and swarna through milling processes that remove hulls and bran from paddy grains.
- The company aims to achieve national dominance in the rice sector through investments in automation and a focus on customer satisfaction.
- An organizational study was conducted over one month to understand the company's operations, functional departments, strategies, culture and areas for improvement.
The document provides information on techniques for energy conservation in industries. It defines energy conservation as decreasing energy usage while maintaining output. Key points include:
- Industries conserve energy to reduce costs and increase profits. Common areas of high energy usage are electricity, labor, and materials.
- Common equipment like motors, pumps, compressors, lighting offer significant savings potential through efficiency improvements, proper sizing, maintenance and technology upgrades.
- Proper energy management includes regular audits, monitoring consumption, identifying waste, and implementing cost-effective conservation opportunities.
- Renewable energy options like solar, wind and biomass are also discussed as ways to reduce industries' environmental impacts.
An energy audit is a technical assessment of an organization's energy consumption aimed at reducing wasteful usage. It involves collecting data at energy points, identifying losses, and recommending conservation measures. Certified experts use instruments to analyze equipment performance against benchmarks. This helps achieve compliance, lower costs, faster return on investments, improved productivity, reduced emissions, and a more efficient overall system. Energy audits cover industrial, commercial, and other facility types.
The document summarizes recent space achievements of India from 2010-2014 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It discusses successful satellite launches using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), including launches of communication, earth observation, and navigation satellites. It also covers the first Indian Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. Key missions highlighted include the launch of GSAT satellites, Resourcesat, and the successful development of India's own cryogenic rocket engine technology.
Pinch analysis a tool for efficient use of energyArvind Kumar
This document provides an overview of process intensification. It defines process intensification as dramatically reducing the physical size of chemical plant equipment to lower costs. Process intensification can reduce equipment size by factors of 10 to 1000. It offers benefits like lower capital costs, improved safety, and reduced environmental impact. Process intensification includes novel equipment like static mixer reactors and monolithic catalysts as well as methods like reactive distillation, reverse flow reactors, and sonochemistry that integrate and intensify unit operations.
This presentation discusses energy conservation. It defines energy as the ability to do work and outlines different types of energy sources, distinguishing between renewable sources like solar and wind, and non-renewable fossil fuels. The presentation urges conservation efforts, noting that demands are increasing while resources are limited. It suggests individual actions like using efficient light bulbs and unplugging unused devices to save energy and money. India relies heavily on fossil fuel imports, so increased conservation could help address future energy demands and reliance on foreign sources.
The document discusses electrical power supply systems and power factor correction. It provides details on components of an electric power supply system including power stations, transmission lines, and distribution. It defines power factor and discusses types of electrical loads and their typical power factors. The document also describes various methods for power factor improvement including capacitors, synchronous motors, and phase advancers. It discusses the effects of low power factor and benefits of power factor correction such as reduced losses, current, transformer rating, and cost savings.
The document discusses electrical power supply systems and power factor correction. It provides details on components of an electric power supply system including power stations, transmission lines, and distribution. It defines power factor and different types of electrical power. The document also discusses causes of low power factor, various power factor improvement equipment like static capacitors, synchronous condensers and phase advancers. It provides advantages and disadvantages of these equipment. Finally, it discusses effects of improving power factor such as reduction in transformer rating, KVAR demand, line current, line losses, cable size and switchgear rating.
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power factor and power factor correction schneider EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUESEMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
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Energy & safety audit of rice mill for husk based power plant for finance, subsidy & project related support contact - 9861458008
1. P a g e | 1
ENERGY & SAFETY AUDIT
FOR THE YEAR 2012-13
For
SONTHALIA RICE MILL
S-3/36,37 SEC-A, ZONE-B
MANCHESWAR INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
BHUBANESHWAR-10
22nd. July -2012
AUDITED BY
V S RAI ASSOCIATES
ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
TIRUPATI APARTMENT, FLAT-1D
BD-205/206, KAMALPARK
KOLKATA-700101
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
2. P a g e | 2
C O N T E N T S
SECTIONS DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
Summary of Findings 3
1.0 Power scenario at the Rice mill 4
2.0 Power Requirement with CPP 7
3.0 Power distribution & PF improvement
8
4.0 Compressed Air at Color sorting machine
10
5.0 Electrical safety audit & precaution
11
6.0 General maintenance & Prevention of break downs 12
Annexure I-II
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
3. P a g e | 3
SUMARY OF FINDINGS
Ref no. Action Suggested Recurring
Saving/year
Rs.
Budgetary
Investment
Rs.
Page
No
1.0 Power scenario of rice mill operation is
illustrated
Details are specifically illustrated 4
2.0 Power requirement with envisaged CPP Details are specifically illustrated 7
3.0 Power distribution & PF improvement 167000 52500 8
4.0 Reduction of Air pressure from 7.0
Kg/cm²to 5.0 kg./cm²
60200 nil 10
5.0 Interconnecting Present Earthing system Specific suggestions are made to
improve safety of electrical
system.
11
6.0 Initiate cleaning schedule for Electrical
Equipment
Specific measures are made to
minimize break downs.
12
Total Rs.2,27,200/year Rs. 52,500
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
4. P a g e | 4
1.0 POWER SCENARIO AT THE MILL
1.1 BACKGROUND
i. Sonthalia Rice Mill (SRM),Paribasudevpur , Khurda Orissa) is rice mills equipped with 3
parallal production lines of 3Ton/hour capacity each.Two production lines are equipped with
parboiling process while other line is of Arua section. The total power consumption of the plant
is about 11,40,000 kwh/annum which amount to Rs.75.00 Lac/annum. SRM purchase power
from Orissa power supply & distribution company Limited on 11KV power line to cater power
requirement of the mill besides it has also installed 100 KVA DG set to manage power
requirement of critical equipment only during non availability of purchase power.
Further SRM is also facing regular power interruption problems besides very poor quality of
power supply w.r.t low voltage. To overcome low voltage problem, the management has also
installed 500KVA automatic voltage stabilizer. However many times, the said stabilizer is not
able to boost power voltage for the efficient operation of Electric motors & their controls. The
matter of very poor quality of power supply coupled with power interruption is one the key
concern before management to main productivity. The management is contemplating to go for its
own captive power plant to sort out recurring power problems for their steady growth with
higher productivity.
ii. Power Demand & consumption Profile.
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
5. P a g e | 5
iii. Total Connected Electrical load of Entire Rice Mill
Sections Connected HP Connected-KW Remarks
i.Arua ketel 22.5 16.785 i.Total actual running load with
two lines ( parboiling
Operation) was found to the
order of 300KW with running
Power demand of 320KVA
ii Powqer factor was observed
to the order of 0.94-0.96
ii.Arua section 172.5 128.68
iii.Old mill with
Dryers
222+27 165.612+20
iv. New mill with
dryers
116.5+20 86.909+15
v.color sorting with
air compressor
40 30
vi Boiler 30 22
vii.Other Misc
47 35
(Lighting, Packing
etc)
Total Load 697.50 HP 519.986 KW
iv. Total Running Power Requirement
Power measurement exercise was conducted to ascertain actual power requirement of rice mill
with two line operation. Details are out lined below:
Sections Running load-
KW
Running Load-
KVA
Remarks
i.New line with dryers 90 96 i.Total actual running load with
ii. Old line with 135 143.9 two lines ( parboiling
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
6. P a g e | 6
dryers Operation was found to the
order of 300KW.
ii. Power was found to the
order of 0.94-0.96.
iii.Colour sorting m/c
with Compressor
30 33
iv Boiler section 10 10.70
v. Other misc load 35 37
Total load 300 KW 320.06 KVA
Proposed load with
110 120
Arua section& ketel
Total Plant running
load
410 KW 440 say 450KVA
v. Projected Power Requirement with 3 lines operation:
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
7. P a g e | 7
2.0 POWER REQUIREMENT WITH PROPODSED CPP
In case SRM, plan for CPP ( Captive Power Plant ), the requirement would be as follows
a. The power requirement with 3 lines operation =460Kw
b. Power demand requirement with 3 lines operation = 515 KVA
c. Proposed rating of CPP would be = 590KW
2.1 SELECTION CIRITERIA OF CPP
i. Running load of entire Rice mill = 410 KW
ii. Running power demand of entire rice mill =450 KVA
iii. Considering 10% misc loadd, the power requirement would be =460 Kw or 515 KVA
( 410+50 Kw)
iv. Maximum power demand with starting kick load=645 KVA say 650 KVA
( 515x1.25 )
v. Therefore if mill wants to go for a Captive power plant to cater power requirement
with all three line operation ,the power requirement would be = 590 KW or 650KVA
KVA
vi. The selection of captive power should be such that it can supply power to the
order of 590 KW
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
8. P a g e | 8
3.0 POWER DISTRIBUTION & POWER FACTOR (PF) IMPROVEMENT
3.1 STATUS REVIEW
Sonthalia Rice Mill (SRM) purchase power from Orissa power supply & distribution company
Limited at 11 KV power line & with help of 500KVA transformer (11/0.433KV), the available
power is distributed to various sections of mills. Power requirement at the mill is tabulated
below:
a. Sanctioned power demand = 200 KVA
b. Running power demand =384-480 KVA
c. Power Factor = 93-94%
d. Power consumption/month = 90,000-108700 Kwh
e. Power cost bill/month = Rs.6.50-7.0 Lac
The PF is an index for the effective utilization of available power. The plant has already installed
1no.x200 &1x100 KVAR APFC ( Automatic power factor controllers to improve the power
factor. However the location of the above said APFC is across main distribution board (Adjacent
to 500 KVA LT voltage stabilizer) which does not effectively utilized to optimize power loss at
various key load centers. Further APFC does not correct the low level power factor hence
necessity was felt to install additional capacitors at load centre to optimize line loss &
improvement of motor performances.
3.2 PF Mapping
PF mapping was carried out to ascertain PF at load centers at Line No.1&2 power distribution
panels, dryers power distribution panel, Sortec panel, Boiler panels, & others. Details are
summarized below:
Equipments Main
I/C
panel
line.-1
Main
I/C
panel
line.-2
Polishing
Motor-1
30HP
Polishing
Motor-2
30HP
Polishing
Motor-3
30HP
Polishing
Motor-4
30HP
Silky
50HP
Dryers.
No.1
Power
factor
0.55-
0.61
0.0.49-
0.60
0.74 0.46 0.35 0.63 0.82 0.65
Equipments Dryers
No2
Air
Blowers
Air
Comp.
18.5 Kw
Boiler
panel
LT Trs
O/G
Remarks
Power
factor
0.70-
0.77
0.0.60-
0.75
0.55-0.87 063-.071 0.90-.94 PF At load centrs is very poor
& call for improvement to
optimize power loss
In view of above, the need of PF improvement was felt at following locations:
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
9. P a g e | 9
a. Installation of Capacitors across transformer.
b. Installation of Capacitors across key lad centers.
3.2.1 CAPACITOR ACROSS TRANSFORMER
In view of above a necessity was felt to connect separate additional capacitor across 500 KVA
transformer besides separate capacitors should be connected on the key loads centers.
Typical connection for proposed capacitors
Details of capacitor, SFU & HRC fuses are out lined below which are to be connected on
secondary side of transformer preferably across LT out going ACB. These capacitors should
remain in circuit even on off or holidays or on part load.
a. Capacitor for 500KVA Trs = 25 KVAR
b. Rating of SFU =63 Amp.
c. HRC fuse rating = 63 amp.
Total investment for item no a, b & c would be around Rs.12500
3.2.2 ADDITIONAL CAPACITOR ACROSS KEY LOAD CENTRE
In view of low power factor across key load centers it is strongly felt to install additional
capacitors to improve PF up to 95% and above. Details are summarized below:
Particula
Line-1
Line-2
Line-3
Dryer
Dryer
Boiler
Sortex
Other
Total
r
PDB
PDB
PDB
PDB-1
PDB-2
PDB
PDB
PDB
Capacitor
-Kvar
20 20 20 7.5 7.5 5 10 10 100
Kvar
Capacitors requirement would be =3 nos.x20KVAR,2nos.x10KVAR, 2 nos.x7.5 KVAR &1
no.x5 KVAR rating. These capacitor bank would be installed with proper SFU &HRC fuses for
effective control & operation.
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
10. P a g e | 10
3.3 ANTICIPATED BENEFITS
The likely reduction of maximum power demand and reduction of power distribution loss would
be of Rs 167,700/annum against the budgetary investment of Rs 52,500.
3.4 RECOMMENDATION
It is strongly recommended to install 25 Kvar static capacitor delta connected at LT side of 500
KVA transformer, preferably across LT ACB (adjacent to transformer) out going feeder. The
envisaged capacitor would be connected through SFU and HRC fuses and would remain on
always on irrespective of mill operation.
It is also strongly recommended to install 100 KVAR additional capacitor across power
distribution board as indicated above to optimize power loss and improvement of electric motors
efficiency.
4.0 COMPRESSED AIR AT COLOUR SORTING MACHINE
4.1 STATUS REVIEW
Plant has installed Elegi make air compressor of 2.97 NM³/minute capacity to generate
compressed air at 7 kg/cm². The plant has installed Delair make air dryer to supply instrument air
for colour sorting machine. Plant has also installed air receiver to supply steady air pressure for
the proper functioning of sorting machine.
The observation of sorting machine operation indicate that the pneumatic air pressure at machine
was found to the order of 2.6 kg/cm². In view of machine requirement it is our considered
observation to reduce the air pressure of compressor for the comfortable and effective operation
of sorting machine.
The reduction of the said air pressure would reduce the power consumption besides the stress of
compressor would be significantly reduced. The said reduction of air pressure would be adopted
in two phases which are out lined below:
Activities Present air generation
Cut off prs. Restart prs
Proposed air pressure
Cut off prs. Restart prs.
Reccurring
saving/year
Phase-I 7.2 kg/cm² 5.5kg/cm² 6 kg/cm² 5.5 kg/cm² Rs 36000
Phasr-II 7.2 kg/cm² 5.5kg/cm² 5 kg/cm² 4.5 kg/cm² Rs 61250
4.2 ANTICIPATED BENEFIT
The likely power cost saving with the reduce air pressure generation would be Rs 60,200/annum
without any investment. However it is suggested that initially the present air pressure generation
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
11. P a g e | 11
should be reduce to 6 kg/cm² and later on the air pressure setting should be restricted to 5 kg/cm²
only.
4.3 RECOMMENDATION
It is strongly recommended to reduce the operating pressure of sorting air compressor from 7
kg /cm² to5 Kg/ cm² in two phases to optimize power consumption without any investment.
5.0 ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT & PRECAUTIONS
5.1 STATUS REVIEW
Electric Safety Audit is an organized effort to identify various problems and evolve specific
safety measures at measurable cost & time. Electrical safety audit also provides an effective tool
to the management to identify, implement & sustain safety measures.
Electrical Earthing : The main function is to protect electrical equipment from insulation fault
(a "short circuit") or a very high current flows, which will trigger an over – current relay to
isolate the power circuit. It also avoid the risk of electrical shock to personnel working with
machines.
Sonthalia Rice mill has installed separate earthing system for every power distribution panels
located in each lines & other areas. .The said earthing is connected to two separate earthing pits
adjacent to building for grounding earthing wires. However since last many years no assessment
is made to ascertain the effectiveness of earthing strips..
5.2 OBSERVATION & ANALYSIS
a.. No physical inspections or regular cares are carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of
earthing system.
b.Earthing pits are rarely inspected by plant personnel and no measurement of earth resistance
are being carried out since last many years.
5.3 ACTION SUGGESTED
It is our considered recommendation that all parallel earthings of various sections/locations are
to be inter connected immediately so as to improve the effectiveness of installed earthing system.
The said interconnection should be carried out with 1 inch Aluminum or MS flats. This would
augment present earthing system and improve overall protection.
It is our considered suggestion that regular monitoring & inspection of earthing pits is essential
at least once in 3years. The frequency of Earth resistance & Voltage measurement should be
carried out once in 3 years.The organization may approach some local agency to carry out above
said inspection & measurement.
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6.0 GENERAL MAINTENACE & PREVENTION OF BREAK-DOWNS
6.1 STATUS REVIEW
The organization is equipped with number of electrical mototors, Distribution Board/panels *&
motor starters. To cater the power requirement of entire mill.Presently as and when equipment
fails, electrician is called for the necessary repair and maintenance. This is a time consuming and
SAS type maintenance repair arrangement and call for review.
It has been observed during audit period that most of the distribution boards/panels are filled
with fine dirt & dust particles which seeped through joints and gaskets of panel board, switches
and starters. The said dirt and dust deposits are injurious to the health of the electrical system and
accelerate faults. Further electric motors are muscles of production & are taken them granted
because they usually perform so well. But when a motor fails, entire machine and some time
system goes down. Break downs are quite frequent & causes significant production loss.
6.2 ACTION SUGGESTED
In view of above, a strong possibility was exlored to initiate a preventive care for electrical
equipment to enhance the reliability and minimize the outage of plant machinery.
a.It is our considered suggestion that management should initiate preventive care (maintenance)
with help of a semi skilled workers which would be supplied with air blower, pliers and a set of
spanner to clean all the distribution panel, motor starter and electric motors with following
regular frequency :
Normal season Frequency of cleaning should be once in 15-20 days month
Peak season Frequency of cleaning should be once in 7-8 days
B .Electric motors fitted with grease nipple must be lubricated with grease gun at least once in
six months.
c. Gear Box/Radicon Gear box: The lubricant of Gear box must be topped to maintain minimum
level on regular basis.
c. Cleaning o f suction air filters of Air compressor must be done at -least once in a month
to main good performance.
Place: Kolkata
Date: 26.07.2012
For V SRAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANEGEMENT CONSULTANTS
V . S. RAI
V S RAI ASSOCIATES-ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS