The document discusses several topics related to global energy patterns: 1) Energy sources vary in their availability over time and space between finite, renewable, and patterns of consumption. 2) Economic development is positively correlated with energy use as economies industrialize and living standards rise. 3) Managing increasing energy demand involves social, economic, and environmental tradeoffs around issues like infrastructure expansion and resource exploitation.

1. What are the
sources of What is the
energy and how relationship
do these vary in between energy
their global use and
pattern? economic
development?
What are the social, How can energy use
economic and be managed to ensure
environmental issues sustainability?
associated with the
increasing demand for
energy?

2. Global energy mix is made up of
finite and renewable sources, The global pattern of energy
which vary in their availability supply and consumption
over time and space
What are the sources of energy and
how do these vary in their global
pattern?
The physical, economic and
The availability of finite and political reasons for the variable
renewable resources in different pattern of energy supply over
parts of the world time and space

3. Non renewable (finite) energy are Renewable energy can be
fossil fuels and nuclear fuel. They used over and over again.
are finite which means that as they These resources are mainly
are used the supply is reduced. forces of nature that are
Eventually these resources could sustainable and that usually
become completely exhausted e.g. cause little or no environmental
coal, oil, gas pollution e.g. HEP, biomass,
wind, solar, geothermal, tidal
and wave

4. As you can see The USA, Canada,
MEDC’s have the Greenland, Iceland and
highest consumption Norway have the highest
of energy consumption – over 300
million kilojoules
Exam Tip
If asked to describe
Many countries in you must ‘say what
Africa have the you see’
lowest Identify the trend
consumption with
less than 10 million Refer specifically to
kilojoules, including the data
Nigeria, Kenya and
Tanzania
LEDC’s particularly in Africa and
South-East Asia have the lowest
consumption

5. How do we
explain the energy
gap?

6. Wealth
The use of energy improves quality
of life and people invest in more
energy using devices i.e. cars,
dishwashers, power showers etc.
Lack of funds means
Every day life little investment in
relies on energy national energy
guzzling devices supply
Countries are
able to invest
in energy
consuming Lack of availability
technology
and industry
Poverty deprives
people form using
modern energy using
technology

7. Cold climates have high
energy usages through
heating

8. Another key factor affecting global
consumption of energy is the
availability of fuel. If there is an
abundant supply of a fuel type it is
likely to be widely used in that
region e.g. oil in the Middle East
Globally coal reserves are
depleted, however there are still
abundant reserves in Asia Pacific
where it is a significant source e.g.
China
Natural gas is the man source of
energy in Europe and Eurasia
where there are still large gas
fields in operation

9. Nuclear power is most important in
Europe, Eurasia and North America,
particularly in countries like France
who do not have any significant
reserves of fossil fuels. Nuclear is
not available in the Middle East
HEP is most important in South and
Central America (Ecuador). It
contributes less than 1% in the
Middle East as there are no river
systems to sustain it.

10. The demand for energy has Demand has grown had
grown over time countries become more
developed and more energy
is needed for industrial and
domestic purposes
Fossil fuels dominate
the global energy
situation (over 80%)
HEP and nuclear
account for a much
smaller proportion
(around 6%)
Nuclear
HEP
Renewables account for a
smaller proportion and are
not well documented

11. •Global primary energy demand is expected to
increase by at least 50% between 2006 and 2030
•This is an annual increase of 1.6%
•More than 70% of this increase will come form
developing countries
•30% will come form China alone

12. Increasing National Wealth
Technological development •Average incomes increase
•Nuclear energy has only been available since 1954 •Living standards improve
•Oil and gas con be extracted from much deeper locations •Increasing use of energy
•Renewable technology is steadily advancing •Increasing use of greater
variety of energy sources
Changes in demand
•Change from coal to gas as Britain’s main energy Changes in price
source
•The relative prices of
•Recent media attention to green energy different types of energy can
influence demand
Environmental factors and public opinion •Electricity in the UK has
gradually moved from coal to
Public opinion can influence decisions made by the
gas over the past 20 years
government i.e. Nuclear and HEP in Sweden
•The recent rise in oil prices
People are much better informed about the
environmental impact now than they used to be

14. Deposits of fossil fuels are Many renewables depend
only found in certain locations upon specific geographic
locations
Wind power
Large power stations
requires high
require flat and stable
average wind
land
speeds throughout
the year
HEP requires certain
physical conditions
Solar power requires sun for
many days a year
Tidal power requires a large
tidal range

15. More accessible and lowest cost
deposits are exploited first
Onshore deposits are cheaper
When energy costs rise then off shore deposits to
companies increase spending on exploit, therefore they are
exploration and development exploited first
HEP close to existing
infrastructure are cheaper to In LEDC’s Foreign Direct
build than those in remote investment is usually needed to
locations develop energy resources

16. Countries who wish to develop International Agreements e.g.
nuclear energy require Kyoto protocol can influence a
permission from the countries energy decisions
International Atomic Energy
Agency
Legislation on power
station emissions will
favour low polluting
sources e.g. low
sulphur coal
HEP on international rivers
may require agreements from
Governments may insist that
other countries
the countries energy
companies produce acertain
proportion of their energy from
renewble sources

17. The energy use and mix
As economies develop there is associated with a highly
an increased demand for energy developed economy (UK and
Sweden)
What is the relationship between
energy use and economic
development?
The energy mix associated with a
Reasons for the differences country at the lower end of the
energy spectrum of development
i.e India and Mali)

18. There is a strong positive
correlation between energy use
and economic development.
There are some anomalies.
About 2 billion people around the
world do not have access to
household electricity – adding
these people would only add 1%
to greenhouse gas emissions

19. As an economy develops greater Expansion of manufacturing
amounts of energy are required for industry
many reasons
Mechanisation of agriculture
Demands of a
growing service Increased freight
sector and general
business
transport

20. Increasing car
ownership
Higher levels of
domestic use
Expansion of
power networks
to isolated
villages

21. This case study can be used to demonstrate the relationship between
energy use and economic development and energy mix
s Bec
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th will
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y 20 rgy nee e
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Many of th Like nment i the
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ve been Over the last 15 a mou by energ
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u
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e or so and a
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th
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nt will be
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decline in coal in the s been a r rs
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f gas

23. Between ½ and ¾ of oil and gas
in territorial waters has been used 90% of Britain’s gas
– much of what is left is in small comes from the North
remote locations Sea, around 10% from
Europe's gas network
and around 2% from
Oil production The government is trying to Russia. Gas imports
peaked at the end encourage development of will rise in the future
of 1990’a and has the remaining North Sea
now fallen to about reserves by:
30% (2 million
barrels a day). •Giving oil fields left fallow
Natural gas by large companies to
production has also smaller companies
fallen considerably. •The larger fields which
These trends will have declined in production
continue into the and are less profitable to
future. large oil companies are
taken over by smaller
companies
•New technologies are
being developed

24. A new generation of nuclear power stations
in the UK was looking unlikely until 2005
Due to energy The government has to decide whether to let the
concerns such as nuclear industry gradually run down or build new
falling production in plants. The Tories are in favour of nuclear power!
the North Sea it is
back on the agenda Nuclear plants Environmental
take at least 10 organisations e.g.
years to plan and Greenpeace are opposed
9 out of 12 of the UK’s build to nuclear power
nuclear power plants
are due to close in the
next 10 years
Without nuclear power it
may be hard to meet the
UK’s energy demands

25. At the beginning of the
twentieth century coal mining
was the countries biggest
employer employing over 1
million people
Coal has significantly declined
as it is the dirtiest and most
inflexible of the fossil fuels
Very little UK coal is exported, and virtually all of the
however imports are significant countries easily accessible
coal has been mined.
Coal may make a limited
comeback as clean coal
technologies have been
developed which are cleaner and
more efficient than previously

26. Most HEP
HEP accounts for a very small proportion
plants are
of UK electricity production
located in the
Scottish
There aren’t may Highlands
opportunities to increase
Some new plans will large scale HEP production
go ahead e.g. as most commercially
Glendoe in Inverness- viable and environmentally If all small-
shire acceptable sites are already scale HEP was
in use exploited it
would meet
around 3% of
UK’s total
electricity
needs

27. The governments target is to get
10% of electricity from renewable
sources
Biomass from land fill and
waste combustion accounted Wind is the only
for 1.55% in 2003 significant renewable
resource in the UK
There have been some
renewable developments
•A small geothermal power
plant in Southampton
•Increase in solar panels
•2 wave pwer devices in UK
and Scotland

28. The government promotes Energy companies are obliged
wind power at least partly generate 4.3% of the energy
to help meet its requirements through renewables a
commitment to reduce credit system operates where energy
carbon dioxide emissions companies can buy credits from ‘green’
companies.
Financial assistance to It takes 3 years
renewable energy to plan and
companies particularly build a wind
wind farms is around farm
£700 million a year –
this is expected to rise
to £1billion a year
Wind power is
considered expensive

29. Microgenerastors produce less
than 50kw
Small solar
panels and
wind turbines
are becoming
increasingly These devices could
common account for 30-40% of
energy production by 2050

31. Improving quality of life
e.g. less time spent
collecting fuel wood
Empowerment of the poor e.g.
Health improvements e.g.
access to communications
reduction in pollution form
helps poor people be better
indoor cooking and drugs
informed and more educated
can be kept under
refrigeration
Improving the
Increased productivity and environment e.g.
income e.g. increasing the reducing use of toxic
length of the working day and biomass and
mechanisation deforestation

32. The social and economic opportunities
The exploitation of energy
created by the exploitation of energy
resources brings both
resources, including employment,
opportunities for people and the
community development and economic
environment
sustainability
What are the social, economic and
environmental issues associated
with increasing energy demand?
The problems created by the exploitation
of energy resources for people and the
environment, including conflicts with
indigenous populations, economic issues
and environmental degradation

33. Build more power stations
New sources of power may be
and extending electricity
needed if existing sources reach
transmission corridors – may
their upper limits – may be
adversely effect the
reliant on imports (UK)
environment but will create
jobs and lead to an
improvement of the quality High levels of investment may be needed to install
of life (China) a modern energy infrastructure. FDI may be
required (Vietnam)
As the energy
infrastructure
Some
expands it may
countries gain
encourage the Initially skilled energy workers significant
development of may be brought in form wealth from
other industries abroad, however over time the exporting
(Egypt – Aswan skills base in domestic surplus
Dam) employment should improve energy
and boost employment (Norway and
(Chinese workers in African Middle East)
mines)

34. Connection to electricity can bring considerable social benefit particularly
in health and education e.g. the ability to refrigerate drugs and teach adult
education in the evenings in schools
A modern energy economy
There are health concerns
allows people to communicate
amongst people living close to
in a wide variety of ways but
nuclear and coal power stations
face-face contact is often
and electricity pylons e.g. child
reduced as a result
leukaemia, cancer, respiratory
programmes (Chernobyl)

35. Energy infrastructure Fossil fuel combustion is Flooding areas
has a significant visual the main source of the 3 behind HEP
impact – pylons, power major pollution problems dams has
stations, wind turbines (climate change, acid significant
rain and urban smog – environmental
Shanghai) impact (Aswan
Dam) particularly
in forested areas
Emissions from as this results in
transportation the release of
increase rapidly methane
as an economy
develops – China Increasing demand for Oil spills can occur from
and India firewood leads to wells, pipelines and along
deforestation and can tanker routes (Nigeria
lead to desertification in and USA)
semi-arid areas
(Nigeria)

36. This case study demonstrates the social and
economic opportunities created by the exploitation
of energy

37. Less than a third of reserves The quantity of oil and gas was
Discovered oil and gas in have been extracted so the large and the population small
Norwegian waters in 1960’s benefits are set to continue so the benefits per person have
been considerable
Bought economic Bought some
and social problems – mainly Oil and gas accounts 7th largest
opportunities environmental for 1/3 of export producer of oil in
earnings the world
Oil and gas is Norway’s
most important industry
In the early days Norway was
reliant on foreign expertise
Vital to economy 80,000 jobs
directly
25,000 jobs They developed Norway is
indirectly hi-tech jobs in now
this field and now considered a
their knowledge world leader
is in demand in in sub-sea
other parts of the technology
world
The oil and gas industry has
boosted innovation and
technological development in
other industrial sectors

38. HEP accounts Norway has a landscape Currently has
for 99% of ideal for HEP 850 HEP plants
electricity
production. Most potential
Norway is one of the
The remainder sites have
cleanest nations in terms
comes from already been
of energy use
imports exploited
Norway has a very high standard Cheap HEP has attracted heavy industries
of living due to oil and gas ( aluminium, zinc, fertilizers, ammonia) which
have boosted the economy and created jobs
(cumulative causation)
Incomes are very high One of the
best welfare
Community systems in the Environmental concerns
development is a world
top priority on Oil and gas
Norway’s social This has helped sustain Cheap HEP is
population in less sector work s to attracting more
agenda high standards –
accessible areas and more heavy
however offshore industries
Revenue from oil and gas has allowed a operations pose a
high per capita spending on sports, youth maritime risk
and transport and community facilities in
urban areas and smaller more isolated
communities

39. Looking at solar, wind and
Renewable Energy Programme biomass opportunities
Reduce hydropower Develop undersea
transmission line loss cable technology
Oil and gas resources will not last
forever
Money is invested abroad – not
Surplus oil revenues have been valued at %150billion
placed in a Government Petroleum
fund.

41. Nigeria is the world’s 6th largest oil Nigeria exports to USA, Western Europe,
exporter and has the potential to be a Asia and Pacific, Latin America and Africa
wealth nation like Norway
Oil production is dominated by 5 TNC’s –
Oil was first exported in 1956 and Shell, Total, Agip, Exxon Mobil and Chevron
Nigeria joined OPEC in the mid 1970’s
Before oil, farm products such as palm oil
159 oilfields, 275 flow stations, 4500 and cocoa beans accounted for nearly all
miles of pipelines. Many new fields are of Nigeria’s exports. Today oil make sup
offshore 90% of export earnings and 80% of
revenue
Although it produces a lot of oil its own
refineries are old, poorly run and
frequently break down, so the country The most populous country in Africa
imports most of its oil. (refined oil can be (130million) has gone from being self
sol for more money than unrefined oil) sufficient in food to importing more than
it produces
The world bank sees Nigeria as a fragile
state because of its failed governance, This is because the government and
epidemic diseases and the risk of armed local communities have abandoned
conflict agriculture in pursuit of oil wealth
Quality of life in Nigeria is below all Corruption siphons off up to 70% of oil
other oil producing nations (resource revenues
curse). Most Nigerians live on less
than $1 a day

42. The oil industry was nationalised in Where has the money gone = ‘cancer of
1971. In a joint venture agreement, corruption’ and ‘institutionalised looting of
the Nigerian National Petroleum national wealth’
Corporation (government owned)
owns 55-60% of TNC oil operations
Each one of Nigeria’s 36 states receive a share of
the oil money but trickle down to the poor is limited

43. Africa’s largest remaining wetland Gas found alongside
Deforestation of
has suffered an environmental the oil is considered to
disaster mangroves for difficult to difficult to
pipeline routes transport and sell so is
burnt off in huge flares
Acid rain from
causing acid rain,
gas flares
Oil spills 50000 acres health concerns and
lost 1986 - environmental damage
2003
Fish die
The gas could be
used by local
villages for cooking,
heating and lighting
but it is considered
too expensive to
Construction has taken build the
place without adequate infrastructure
6817official oil spills –
environmental impact
probably much higher
studies
Federal Environmental Environmental Impact
protection Agency since Assessments were not
1988 – probably corrupt!! compulsory until 1992

44. Many local people feel most jobs go
Locals have been to the country's ethnic majority
forced to give up fishing groups who do not come from the
because of reduced fish delta + a history of ethnic rivalry =
stocks + it is difficult to conflict
find alternative
employment = Inadequate
unemployment investment in
schools, hospitals,
housing and other
infrastructure
Local rebel groups attack the Health problems i.e. typhus
oil industry in outrage or to try
and gain payouts e.g.
Movement for the
Forced to relocate to make way for
Emancipation of the Niger
oil infrastructure – if they refuse to
Delta. Rising tide of violence
move there is often armed conflict
has affected the country’s
to force them to move
financial stability and its
ability to supply oil to the rest
of the world

45. Managing energy supply is about
balancing socio-economic and Types of renewable energy
environmental needs. This
requires detailed planning and
management
How can energy use be managed to
ensure sustainability?
Germany – meeting energy Iceland – geothermal power and
demands in a sustainable way HEP

46. Improved management of energy supplies is vital because:
Community energy is a
•Fossil fuels are running out solution – energy
•Emissions having a negative effect on the environment produced close to the
source to prevent energy
•The cost of building large energy installations is high being lost in transmission
Energy management and
conservation
Carbon trading is an
EU policy – heavy British Government
industrial plants promote the use of
have to buy permits visual display
to emit greenhouse electricity metres so
gases over the limit people can see how
they are allowed. much they are using
This could extend to
other organisations
e.g. supermarkets
and banks

48. Solar
Wind
OTEC
Tidal
Biomass Geothermal

49. 5th largest
consumer of
energy in the
world
Developing renewable
energy is important to
Germany’s energy security
Apart from coal Germany does as well as its ambitions to
not possess and significant improve the quality of the
fossil fuel reserves + large environment
energy import bill
Germany is one of the leading countries
in the world in promoting renewable
energy. Renewable energy is no an
important industrial sector

50. Germany meets 5.7% of its electricity
Germany meets 5% of its needs with wind power, with more than
electricity needs with HEP. HEP 18,000 turbines employing 64000
is mainly located in the pre- people. Germany is now looking to
Alpine region where physical and construct off shore wind farms to support
precipitation characteristics are the onshore wind farms.
most favourable
The government has legislated to
promote wind power (Renewable Energy
Sources Act), this means that a minimum
price has been guaranteed for the next
Germany has a $5billion 20 years for electricity fed into the grid
photovoltaic industry accounting for and power companies have to take this
52% of the world’s installed panels. electricity by law.
The largest photovoltaic system is in
Bavaria Solar park in Muehlausen
Bio energy is being explored – Juhnde near
Only a few regions in Germany Gottingenis Germany’s first model bio energy
have potential for geothermal power village