The document discusses energy sources and energy efficiency in Wisconsin. It notes that Wisconsin currently derives most of its energy from coal, but is increasing its use of renewable sources like solar, wind, and wood. The document also discusses various renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, the impact of human activities on the environment, challenges around meeting future energy needs, and strategies for improving energy efficiency like better lighting and insulation.

1. JINDREX
Jim Gilbertson
Alexandria Moeller
Andrew McConville

2. The Global Landscape
ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

3. Wisconsin Energy
-We burn significantly more coal than
other states, over 50% more in 2008.
However, as a result, the state
consumes less petroleum, natural gas,
renewable, and nuclear energy. The
state also imports electricity generated
in other states or Canada and
transmitted via high voltage
transmission networks. In general,
Wisconsin’s energy is derived from the
same sources as other states, so the
energy issues in Wisconsin are the
same energy issues facing the rest of
the nation.
-Approximately 10 percent of all
electricity sales in Wisconsin must be
from renewable resources by 2015.

4. We have an Impact
-The pH of the upper ocean has declined as the additional CO2 in the
atmosphere slowly equilibrates with seawater.
-Fertilizer use for agriculture in the central part of the USA has increased
nitrogen runoff to the Mississippi River drainage, supporting algal blooms in the
Gulf of Mexico that decrease oxygen concentrations and create large dead
zones.
-It is clear that human activities now modify the large natural systems that
operate at global scale.

5. Resources, Conversions, Sustainability
-Current estimates indicate that the population of
the planet will peak in the middle of this century at
about 9 billion people. Feeding, clothing, and
housing all of us will be a significant challenge, as
will supplying the fresh water, heat, lights, and
transportation we will need
-Sustainable energy systems are those that provide
sufficient energy services and also minimize long-
term impacts – a method of harvesting or using a
resource so that the resource is not depleted or
permanently damaged

6. THINGS TO DO:
Efficient conversions and end uses
If energy technologies hat exist now or can reasonably
be expected to be developed in the normal course of
business are fully deployed, 25%–31% less primary
energy would be used by the US economy in 2030, and
the cost of deploying the technologies would be more
than paid for by savings on energy costs.
Globally, the most cost-effective options for reducing
GHG emissions include improving insulation, increasing
the efficiencyof commercial vehicles, and replacing
existinglighting with high-efficiency lighting

7. THINGS TO DO:
Conserving Energy
-Advanced communications and control technology can
play a role in conservation by providing real-time pricing
and emissions signals, optimizing heating and cooling in
buildings, and providing “intelligent” transportation
systems that increase transit efficiency.
-Increasing the fraction of energy supply coming from
sustainable energy flows rather than stored resources
stored energy resources are those for which the
replacement rate is lower than the rate of use. Any
stored resource, therefore, has some limit on total
use(even coal), though the availability of the resources
might not be the factor limiting total use.

8. THINGS TO DO:
Conserving Energy
-A transition away from relying so heavily on stored
reservoirs of energy (e.g., fossil fuels) to using
sustainable energy flows such as solar and wind power
that reduces GHG emissions will put us on a more
sustainable energy pathway.
-Abundant sustainable energy resources are available.
However, there are many barriers in terms of
efficiencies, impacts, and costs that will have to be
overcome. Doing so will require worldwide focus on the
challenge

9. Accounting for the costs of obtaining materials
-Materials play a critical role in the systems that provide energy to industry and society. More
importantly, the energy costs of these materials can have serious effects on these integral systems.
For example, although PV efficiency is increasing as research into system configurations continues,
the energy cost of securing materials is increasing as well
-For now, obtainingn materials of high purity relies mostly on nonrenewable sources of fuel, the
energy costs of which are also likely to increase

10. Life-cycle Assessment
-Evaluates the environmental impacts of a product or process
over its entire life cycle. Specifically, the
five steps considered are raw-material acquisition or
extraction, material processing, product
manufacturing, use, and recovery and retirement. An optional
transportation stage can also be added. In contrast, the latter
type of assessment considers the required materials and
energy resources (inputs) of a process to estimate the
resulting
-Environmental emissions (outputs).enable the comparison of
products that perform the same function (e.g., paper versus
plastic versus canvas bags) and can evaluate design
alternatives for the same product (e.g., plastic versus
aluminum foil for yogurt-container lids).
-Closed-loop recycling is when materials within products or
component parts are reprocessed prior to reentering the
same manufacturing process.
-Open-loop recycling instances in which a material from one
life cycle is directed into the processing phase of another
product life cycle. -- common for plastic materials, since the
integrity of the plastic declines each time it is reprocessed
and, therefore, the plastic is down cycled

11. Nonrenewable
ENERGY SOURCES

12. Petroleum and natural gas
-Petroleum and natural gas have been
the core of energy production in
developed countries.
-Oil and natural gas will continue to
supply a majority of our energy in the
near future.
-Production will be from natural sources
of petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

13. Nuclear Power
-Nuclear power has been a reliable
source of electricity in many countries
for decades.
-It will be an essential component of the
mix of energy sources required to meet
environmental goals.
-These include reducing greenhouse-
gas emissions, reducing the
dependence on fossil fuels, and
enabling global access to energy.
-Such efforts will provide opportunities
to address broader challenges
associated with nuclear
energy, including public opinion and the
investment risks associated with building
new nuclear power plants.

14. Wisconsin Energy
-Wisconsin currently derives its energy
from petroleum, natural
gas, coal, nuclear fission, and
renewables such as wood, wind, and
solar power.
-Wisconsin’s energy needs are
constantly evolving and the energy
sources that meet those needs are
evolving as well.
-Until recently, Wisconsin was reliant
almost entirely on traditional energy
sources to meet its needs.
-However, new developments in
technology and increasing concerns
over traditional sources have led the
state to review alternatives and consider
its options for the future.

15. BREAKDOWN OF
WISCONSIN ENERGY SOURCES

16. Renewable
ENERGY SOURCES

17. Solar Energy
-Utilization of solar energy is a viable,
environmentally conscious solution to the
growing global demand for energy.
-One benefit for photovoltaic (PV) solar
energy systems in Wisconsin is that the
annual peak of the solar resource (and a
PV system’s output) occurs on sunny
summer days.
-This corresponds exactly with utilities’
highest energy demand periods – and their
highest energy charges.
-During Wisconsin’s winter, especially in
November and December, there is less sun,
an average of only 2.5 hours of sun per day
available to power PV systems. However,
on clear days with snow cover, there is up
to a 60% output increase from light
reflected off snow. (And the efficiency of
crystalline PV cells is improved in the cold)

18. Wind Energy
-During the last 30 years, wind energy
technology has emerged as the leading
renewable alternative to electrical power
production from fossil fuels.
-Advanced technology and
manufacturing innovations have helped
the cost of wind energy drop, thus
positioning wind energy to be directly
competitive with fossil-fuel power
generation.
-Wind power is derived mainly from
large turbines that are pushed by air
currents to generate electricity.

19. Wood Energy
-In addition to reliance on fossil fuels,
Wisconsin has also used a renewable
energy source since territorial days −
wood
-Perhaps the oldest energy source, not
just in Wisconsin, but on the planet,
wood still enjoys widespread use today.
-In fact, wood is currently the main
source of renewable energy consumed
in Wisconsin, although it is losing
ground to more modern alternatives
such as solar and wind power, and is
dwarfed by the use of traditional fossil
fuels.

20. Wisconsin Energy
-In 2011, 8.4 percent of Wisconsin's net
electricity generation came from
renewable energy resources, split
among conventional hydroelectric
power, biomass, and wind.
-However, coal has dominated electricity
generation in Wisconsin; in 2011 it
provided 63 percent of the State's net
electricity generation.

21. Energy
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

22. Resource Availability
-Global distribution of fuel sources is
distributed unevenly
-Fuel locations are being depleted faster
than new sources are being discovered.
-Resource availability impacts
corporations in the market and
governments through conflicts of
control.
-Lack of resources drives innovation to
conserve.
-Conservation not only reduces
consumption but leads to a cleaner
environment.
-Increased efficiencies in recourse
management leads to cost reduction of
goods and services.

23. Lighting
-Artificial lighting contributes to 19% of
global energy use.
-Incandescent bulbs only convey 5% of
electricity to light, 95% is heat.
-Compact fluorescent bulbs only convert
20% electricity to light.
-LED lighting hopes to be 55% efficient
in converting electricity to light over the
next few years.

24. Insulation
-Residential and commercial buildings
use 66% of electricity produced.
-Proper insulation can reduce a homes
heating consumption by 90%.
-Insulation can be applied to the obvious
walls and roofing, but also windows and
appliances such as the
oven, refrigerator, washing machine and
hot water heater.
-Insulation is a two way street, keeping
heat in during the winter and out during
the summer.

25. TOP INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMERS (TRILLION BTU)
Petroleum and Coal (6,799)
Chemicals (6,465)
Metals (2,508)
Paper (2,363)
Nonmetallic mineral products (1,059)
Food (1,123)
Transportation (429)
Wood Products (377)
Plastic Products (351)
Electronic Products (201)