energies
Article
Huff-n-Puff Experimental Studies of CO2 with
Heavy Oil
Evgeny Shilov 1,*,† , Alexey Cheremisin 1 , Kirill Maksakov 2 and Sergey Kharlanov 3
1 Center for Hydrocarbon Recovery, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia;
[email protected]
2 Department of Technology Development for High Viscosity and Heavy Oils, LUKOIL-Engineering LCC,
Moscow 109028, Russia; [email protected]
3 Management Department of Scientific and Technical Projects, RITEK JSC, Moscow 115035, Russia;
[email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]
† Current address: Skolkovo Innovation Center, Bolshoy Bulvar 30-1, Moscow 121205, Russia.
Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 6 November 2019; Published: 12 November 2019 �����������������
Abstract: This work is devoted to CO2 Huff-n-Puff studies on heavy oil. Oil recovery for heavy oil
reservoirs is sufficiently small in comparison with conventional reservoirs, and, due to the physical
limitation of oil flow through porous media, a strong need for better understanding of tertiary
recovery mechanisms of heavy oil exists. Notwithstanding that the idea of Huff-n-Puff gas injection
technology for enhanced oil recovery has existed for dozens of years, there is still no any precise
methodology for evaluating the applicability and efficiency of this technology in heavy oil reservoirs.
Oil recovery factor is a question of vital importance for heavy oil reservoirs. In this work, we repeated
Huff-n-Puff tests more than three times at five distinct pressure points to evaluate the applicability
and efficiency of CO2 Huff-n-Puff injection to the heavy oil reservoirs. Additionally, the most critical
factor that affects oil recovery in gas injection operation is the condition of miscibility. Experimental
data allowed to distinguish the mixing zone of the light fractions of studied heavy oil samples.
The experimental results showed that the pressure increase in the Huff-n-Puff injection process does
not affect the oil recovery when the injection pressure stays between miscibility pressure of light
components of oil and minimum miscibility pressure. It was detected that permeability decreases
after Huff-n-Puff CO2 tests.
Keywords: enhanced oil recovery; CO2 injection; heavy oil; Huff-n-Puff; miscibility evaluation;
permeability reduction
1. Introduction
The continuous increase in energy consumption [1] enhances the total demand for every type of
hydrocarbon resource [2,3]. Despite the very challenging production of oil from heavy oil reservoirs,
heavy oil is becoming a very prospective and valuable source of energy these days. Combined with
the facts that (1) oil production from conventional reservoirs is decreasing [4], (2) tremendous heavy
reserves are more than 3 times bigger than conventional oil reserves [5], and (3) tertiary oil recovery
techniques are advancing each year [6,7], we predict that more and more studies about heavy oil will
be published in the upcoming years.
This work ...
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes experimental research on the CO2 huff-and-puff process in fractured media. A series of experiments were conducted by injecting CO2 into the fracture system surrounding core samples at various pressures. The results showed that the CO2 huff-and-puff process significantly improves oil recovery from fractured reservoirs, and recovery is higher when experiments are conducted at pressures above the minimum miscibility pressure where CO2 and oil are miscible.
This document discusses various thermal methods for recovering heavy oil, including cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), steam flooding, in situ combustion (ISC), steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), vapor extraction (VAPEX), and emerging technologies. CSS involves alternating cycles of steam injection, soak time, and production from each well to reduce viscosity and produce heavy oil. SAGD uses horizontal well pairs with steam injected into the upper well to heat the formation and produce heavy oil from the lower well. VAPEX uses solvents instead of steam to reduce viscosity. The document analyzes the application of these methods, their effectiveness in different reservoir conditions, and their use worldwide in heavy oil production.
This document provides a comprehensive review of foam-enhanced oil recovery (foam-EOR) techniques. It discusses the problems with conventional gas-EOR methods, such as gravity override and poor sweep efficiency. Foam-EOR aims to improve sweep efficiency by generating foam to restrict gas mobility and create a uniform displacement front. The review covers foam characterization, factors impacting foam stability and oil recovery, and mechanisms of foam generation. It analyzes laboratory and field implementations of foam-EOR and highlights recent developments to improve foam generation and stability under reservoir conditions.
This paper was written in 2000 as part of the CEPMLP's LLM in Petroleum Law and Policy program. It examines the type of production restrictions that may be imposed in order to maximize oil recovery.
This paper received a distinction.
Chapter 3.1_Immiscible Gas Injection1.pdfTsaniSabila
The document provides information about immiscible gas injection for enhanced oil recovery. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes which are to describe the processes, determine design considerations, and explain gas flood considerations. It then covers topics such as types of gas injection, gas miscibility determination using slim-tube tests, mechanisms of gas injection, design screening processes, technical factors for screening, economics, considerations for gas versus water flooding, and injection well location. The overall purpose is to educate about the techniques and evaluation process for immiscible gas injection projects.
This document provides an overview of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods using gas injection. It discusses the main gas injection methods including miscible and immiscible processes. Key injection gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and natural gas. CO2 flooding has been widely used in the US and offers potential for combining EOR with CO2 storage. Economics of CO2-EOR and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are also reviewed. While gas injection is common, the number of N2 flood projects has declined with most current EOR relying on natural gas or CO2 if it is available. Offshore, EOR potential exists but is currently limited to gas and water-alternating-
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes experimental research on the CO2 huff-and-puff process in fractured media. A series of experiments were conducted by injecting CO2 into the fracture system surrounding core samples at various pressures. The results showed that the CO2 huff-and-puff process significantly improves oil recovery from fractured reservoirs, and recovery is higher when experiments are conducted at pressures above the minimum miscibility pressure where CO2 and oil are miscible.
This document discusses various thermal methods for recovering heavy oil, including cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), steam flooding, in situ combustion (ISC), steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), vapor extraction (VAPEX), and emerging technologies. CSS involves alternating cycles of steam injection, soak time, and production from each well to reduce viscosity and produce heavy oil. SAGD uses horizontal well pairs with steam injected into the upper well to heat the formation and produce heavy oil from the lower well. VAPEX uses solvents instead of steam to reduce viscosity. The document analyzes the application of these methods, their effectiveness in different reservoir conditions, and their use worldwide in heavy oil production.
This document provides a comprehensive review of foam-enhanced oil recovery (foam-EOR) techniques. It discusses the problems with conventional gas-EOR methods, such as gravity override and poor sweep efficiency. Foam-EOR aims to improve sweep efficiency by generating foam to restrict gas mobility and create a uniform displacement front. The review covers foam characterization, factors impacting foam stability and oil recovery, and mechanisms of foam generation. It analyzes laboratory and field implementations of foam-EOR and highlights recent developments to improve foam generation and stability under reservoir conditions.
This paper was written in 2000 as part of the CEPMLP's LLM in Petroleum Law and Policy program. It examines the type of production restrictions that may be imposed in order to maximize oil recovery.
This paper received a distinction.
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The document provides information about immiscible gas injection for enhanced oil recovery. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes which are to describe the processes, determine design considerations, and explain gas flood considerations. It then covers topics such as types of gas injection, gas miscibility determination using slim-tube tests, mechanisms of gas injection, design screening processes, technical factors for screening, economics, considerations for gas versus water flooding, and injection well location. The overall purpose is to educate about the techniques and evaluation process for immiscible gas injection projects.
This document provides an overview of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods using gas injection. It discusses the main gas injection methods including miscible and immiscible processes. Key injection gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and natural gas. CO2 flooding has been widely used in the US and offers potential for combining EOR with CO2 storage. Economics of CO2-EOR and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are also reviewed. While gas injection is common, the number of N2 flood projects has declined with most current EOR relying on natural gas or CO2 if it is available. Offshore, EOR potential exists but is currently limited to gas and water-alternating-
This document summarizes the use of red mud as a catalyst for hydrocracking vacuum residue in the oil refining process. It first provides background on oil refining, noting that vacuum residue is a heavy fraction that is difficult to refine due to coking. Hydrocracking uses hydrogen to crack the heavy molecules, but is limited by expensive catalysts and coking. The document then discusses how red mud, a waste product from aluminum production, can be used as a hydrocracking catalyst. When used as a catalyst, red mud facilitates the breakdown of asphaltenes in vacuum residue and promotes hydrogen uptake, reducing coking by 92% while slightly increasing fuel yields. This makes red mud a more sustainable and cost-effective
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The document discusses nitrogen injection as a method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It explains that primary methods extract only a portion of oil, while EOR methods can improve extraction efficiency. Nitrogen injection is an attractive EOR gas injection method as nitrogen is inexpensive, non-corrosive, and cryogenic air separation plants can be located near oil fields without needing pipelines. The use of nitrogen injection for EOR is growing for both onshore and offshore oil reservoirs.
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Version Final 2
1.1 Background
The injection of carbon dioxide into oil fields is one method of enhancing oil recovery that has been used
commercially for more than 40 years. For enhanced oil recovery (EOR), carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is
compressed at surface and injected as a liquid into the oil reservoir at depth where it effectively acts as a
solvent to increase the amount of oil that can be produced from the field. Typically, CO2 EOR is a tertiary
method applied to reservoirs that have declining oil production and that have progressed through primary
and secondary production stages.
Primary production uses the reservoirs’ natural pressure to drive the oil to surface whereas secondary
production typically involves pumping the oil to surface and injection of water to restore or increase reservoir
pressure to drive oil production. The reason CO2 is used in a tertiary method is because water does not mix
with the oil (they are immiscible) whereas CO2 and oil can mix (they are miscible) at reservoir conditions.
This results in the oil becoming less viscous so that it flows more easily. Very generally, if a secondary water
injection program is successful, it bodes well for a CO2 EOR program being successful. It must be noted that
not all oil fields are suitable for CO2 injection as oil composition, depth, temperature and other reservoir
characteristics significantly influence the effectiveness of this method (Melzer, 2012).
The amount of oil that can be recovered during the different production stages is again highly dependent on
the nature of the geological reservoir and oil composition, but in very general terms fields typically targeted
for CO2 EOR have had primary recovery of about 10–20 per cent of the original oil in place, secondary
recovery of an additional 10–20 per cent, and expectations from CO2 EOR of another 10–20 per cent. Thus
CO2 EOR provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of resource extraction and clearly can lead to
significant economic benefits through sales from additional oil production and through extending the
productive life of suitable oil fields by decades. An additional noteworthy benefit of this method is that when
the CO2 mixed with the oil is produced it can be separated and re-injected and ultimately retained in the
reservoir so that incidental geological storage of CO2 is an intrinsic part of the overall process.
A number of excellent overview papers on the geological and engineering aspects CO2 EOR, including
potential for storage, have been released recently (such as Hill et al, 2013; National EOR Initiative, 2012;
Melzer, 2012; Berenblyum et al. 2011; Kuuskraa et al. 2011; and Hovorka and Tinker, 2010).
Currently, about 130 commercial CO2 EOR operations, ...
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1) EOR techniques are vital for achieving additional production and recovery from existing oil fields, as well as developing fields that cannot be produced without EOR, such as extra-heavy oil. Recovery factors currently average well below 40% globally.
2) Thermal, gas injection, and chemical EOR processes are the three basic techniques used, with thermal and gas injection being the most mature. Chemical EOR is advancing rapidly through new methods.
3) Extensive customization is required for each EOR project, which contributes to complexity and costs. Faster project timelines and changes to fiscal frameworks
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The document summarizes a research paper that experimentally tested and simulated through ECLIPSE software the recovery of heavy oil using injections of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. The experimental results using a POROPERM machine and Relative Permeability System machine were inconclusive due to equipment limitations. The ECLIPSE simulations showed that carbon dioxide recovered slightly more oil (37.092 STB) than nitrogen (37.084 STB) over 500 days. The conclusions determined carbon dioxide to be a better injection gas based on its properties, but noted nitrogen is more abundant and cheaper. Recommendations were provided for improvements to future studies.
By increasing in the use of nonrenewable energy and decreasing in discovering hydrocarbon
reservoirs, in near future the world will encounter with a new challenge in the field of energy,
so increase in recovery factor of the existing oil reservoirs is necessary after the primary
production. In one hand the existence of untouched heavy oil reservoirs in Rio Del Rey and lack of
producing from them and maturity of light oil reservoirs to 2nd and 3rd stage of their
production age in other hand make the development and production of these heavy oil
reservoirs necessary
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This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
Presentation on enhanced oil recovery.pptxIsmailKatun1
This document provides a literature-based analysis of improved and enhanced oil recovery methods to optimize well production. It was prepared by three petroleum engineering students and includes an abstract, introduction discussing the objectives and scope, literature review of various recovery methods like water flooding and gas injection, methodology of reviewing numerous papers, results and discussion of emerging technologies like low-salinity water injections and deep reservoir flow diversion. The overall paper analyzes and discusses recovery techniques found in previous research to optimize oil recovery from wells.
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What would be Daphne's role, as a counselor, in helping the teacher?
What do you see as important roles of a counselor working in a community?
What are the ethical responsibilities that counselors and human services professionals hold toward the community? When answering this question identify the ethical code number and definition, using your own words, of the ethical responsibilities of these professionals.
Briefly speak how you, as an ethical counselor, would respond to the teacher's request for you to speak with Wanda and her family.
DUE TODAY 10/25/16 @6PM eastern time
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Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic prin.docxTanaMaeskm
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic principles and processes contribute to democratic governance and impact a wide variety of issues, ranging from the distribution of flu vaccines to the appropriate legal venue for terrorist trials. Public policies that are formulated to address such issues come about as the result of the influence and application of various democratic principles and processes. In addition, competing interests and factions engage in the democratic process using tools such as lobbying or elections in an effort to leverage public policy. As you think about democratic principles and processes for this Assignment, take note of where you see their influence in recent public policy issues. To prepare for this Assignment: • Review the article “War v. Justice: Terrorism Cases, Enemy Combatants, and Political Justice in U.S. Courts” in this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of key democratic principles explained. Consider how the democratic principles in the article might influence public policy. • Review the articles “Strategic Lobbying: Demonstrating How Legislative Context Affects Interest Groups’ Lobbying Tactics” and “The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations” in this week’s Learning Resources. • Think about the democratic processes used by lobbying groups and political factions to influence public policy. • Select a public policy issue related to your specialization or to an area with which you are familiar. • Select three democratic principles and/or processes that you think might influence the formulation of public policy related to your issue. • Reflect on how these principles and processes of democracy influence the formulation of the public policy you selected. The Assignment (2–3 pages): • Briefly describe the public policy issue you selected for this Assignment. • Using three democratic principles and/or processes of your choice, explain how you think these democratic principles and/or processes influence the formulation of public policy. • Based on your analysis, share at least one insight you gained about the influence of democratic principles and processes on the formulation of public policy. Or, if you live outside the United States, explain how these democratic principles might affect governance in your country.
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The injection of carbon dioxide into oil fields is one method of enhancing oil recovery that has been used
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compressed at surface and injected as a liquid into the oil reservoir at depth where it effectively acts as a
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pressure to drive oil production. The reason CO2 is used in a tertiary method is because water does not mix
with the oil (they are immiscible) whereas CO2 and oil can mix (they are miscible) at reservoir conditions.
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injection program is successful, it bodes well for a CO2 EOR program being successful. It must be noted that
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The amount of oil that can be recovered during the different production stages is again highly dependent on
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recovery of an additional 10–20 per cent, and expectations from CO2 EOR of another 10–20 per cent. Thus
CO2 EOR provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of resource extraction and clearly can lead to
significant economic benefits through sales from additional oil production and through extending the
productive life of suitable oil fields by decades. An additional noteworthy benefit of this method is that when
the CO2 mixed with the oil is produced it can be separated and re-injected and ultimately retained in the
reservoir so that incidental geological storage of CO2 is an intrinsic part of the overall process.
A number of excellent overview papers on the geological and engineering aspects CO2 EOR, including
potential for storage, have been released recently (such as Hill et al, 2013; National EOR Initiative, 2012;
Melzer, 2012; Berenblyum et al. 2011; Kuuskraa et al. 2011; and Hovorka and Tinker, 2010).
Currently, about 130 commercial CO2 EOR operations, ...
This document discusses the economics of recycling, a process for separating condensate from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and returning the residual gas to reservoirs. Key points:
1) Estimating reserves, costs, and recovery factors are challenging but important for projecting recycling operations. Recovery factors are typically 60-70% rather than earlier estimates of 85-90%.
2) Plant size is determined by reserves, gas/condensate markets, and costs. Larger plants (~75 million cubic feet/day) have lower per unit costs but smaller plants (25-50 million cubic feet/day) reduce risks.
3) Operating costs per unit are affected by factors like reservoir pressure, gas richness
This document provides an introduction to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques using carbon dioxide injection in a heterogeneous reservoir. It discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods and explains that EOR processes are now commonly classified based on the recovery method rather than chronological stage. The document will analyze CO2 injection as a tertiary method to improve oil recovery from a reservoir with heterogeneity, using reservoir simulation and case studies.
The document discusses enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques and their importance. It makes three key points:
1) EOR techniques are vital for achieving additional production and recovery from existing oil fields, as well as developing fields that cannot be produced without EOR, such as extra-heavy oil. Recovery factors currently average well below 40% globally.
2) Thermal, gas injection, and chemical EOR processes are the three basic techniques used, with thermal and gas injection being the most mature. Chemical EOR is advancing rapidly through new methods.
3) Extensive customization is required for each EOR project, which contributes to complexity and costs. Faster project timelines and changes to fiscal frameworks
This document reviews developments in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. It discusses how EOR will play an important role in meeting future energy demands as oil discoveries decline. The document categorizes different EOR methods and discusses some of their objectives, including reducing oil-water interfacial tension and increasing capillary number. It also discusses challenges to implementing EOR projects and presents figures illustrating microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiencies during EOR processes.
The document summarizes a research paper that experimentally tested and simulated through ECLIPSE software the recovery of heavy oil using injections of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas. The experimental results using a POROPERM machine and Relative Permeability System machine were inconclusive due to equipment limitations. The ECLIPSE simulations showed that carbon dioxide recovered slightly more oil (37.092 STB) than nitrogen (37.084 STB) over 500 days. The conclusions determined carbon dioxide to be a better injection gas based on its properties, but noted nitrogen is more abundant and cheaper. Recommendations were provided for improvements to future studies.
By increasing in the use of nonrenewable energy and decreasing in discovering hydrocarbon
reservoirs, in near future the world will encounter with a new challenge in the field of energy,
so increase in recovery factor of the existing oil reservoirs is necessary after the primary
production. In one hand the existence of untouched heavy oil reservoirs in Rio Del Rey and lack of
producing from them and maturity of light oil reservoirs to 2nd and 3rd stage of their
production age in other hand make the development and production of these heavy oil
reservoirs necessary
The document discusses how the downstream petroleum sector can contribute to conservation in the upstream sector. It begins with an overview of the petroleum industry and its upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. It then explains that the downstream sector can help conserve upstream resources through revamping refineries, replacing inefficient furnaces, using additives, implementing sophisticated technologies, and efficiently monitoring storage facilities to reduce waste. The benefits are achieving efficiency, economies of scale through producing more refined products with less crude, and putting less pressure on hydrocarbon needs. It recommends policies to address wastage during processing and refining, and concludes by stressing the importance of conservation to protect the environment and save resources for future generations.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
Presentation on enhanced oil recovery.pptxIsmailKatun1
This document provides a literature-based analysis of improved and enhanced oil recovery methods to optimize well production. It was prepared by three petroleum engineering students and includes an abstract, introduction discussing the objectives and scope, literature review of various recovery methods like water flooding and gas injection, methodology of reviewing numerous papers, results and discussion of emerging technologies like low-salinity water injections and deep reservoir flow diversion. The overall paper analyzes and discusses recovery techniques found in previous research to optimize oil recovery from wells.
Simulation of FCC Riser Reactor Based on Ten Lump ModelIJERA Editor
The ten lump strategy and reaction schemes are based on the concentration of the various stocks i.e., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic and aromatic substituent groups (paraffinic and napthenic groups attached to aromatic rings). The developed model has been studied using C++ programming language using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg mathematical method. At a space time of 4.5 s, the gasoline yield is predicted to be 72 mass % and 67 mass % for naphthenic and paraffinic feedstock respectively. Type of feed determines the yield of gasoline and coke. A highly naphthenic charge stock has given the greatest yield of gasoline among naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic charge stock. In addition to this, effect of space time and temperature on the yield of coke and gasoline and conversion of gas oil has been presented. Also, the effect of catalyst to oil ratio is also taken in studies.
Claridge., prats. a proposed model and mechanism for anomalous foamy heavy oi...sergio flores
This document summarizes a proposed model to explain the anomalous behavior of foamy heavy oils during primary production. The key points are:
1) Foamy heavy oils exhibit much higher productivity than expected given their viscosity and rock permeability alone. They also produce near their initial gas-oil ratio, leading to slow pressure decline and high recovery.
2) The proposed model is that as tiny gas bubbles form, asphaltene molecules coagulate around the bubbles, removing them from the bulk oil and reducing its viscosity. This could explain the higher observed productivity.
3) The model will be implemented in a reservoir simulator to test if it can match the principal observed characteristics of foamy oil production.
Similar to energiesArticleHuff-n-Puff Experimental Studies of CO2 (20)
Nine-year-old Wandas teacher notices that for the past few weeks,.docxTanaMaeskm
Nine-year-old Wanda's teacher notices that for the past few weeks, Wanda has not been talking to her friends and is always sitting alone in a corner. After talking to Wanda's friends, the teacher finds out that Wanda's sixteen-year-old brother was killed in a gang fight two months ago and her parents have since separated. The teacher talks to her friend Daphne, a counselor, to see if there is anything she can do about Wanda. She wants to know if there is any way in which children and families affected by exposure to violence can be assisted with emotional impact of these events. The teacher also asks Daphne, in the role of a counselor, to call Wanda's parents to see if they would be willing to talk with her about the death of their son, their separation, and Wanda's behavior at school. Daphne is not employed or affiliated with the school.
What would be Daphne's role, as a counselor, in helping the teacher?
What do you see as important roles of a counselor working in a community?
What are the ethical responsibilities that counselors and human services professionals hold toward the community? When answering this question identify the ethical code number and definition, using your own words, of the ethical responsibilities of these professionals.
Briefly speak how you, as an ethical counselor, would respond to the teacher's request for you to speak with Wanda and her family.
DUE TODAY 10/25/16 @6PM eastern time
.
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic prin.docxTanaMaeskm
Newspapers frequently feature stories on how various democratic principles and processes contribute to democratic governance and impact a wide variety of issues, ranging from the distribution of flu vaccines to the appropriate legal venue for terrorist trials. Public policies that are formulated to address such issues come about as the result of the influence and application of various democratic principles and processes. In addition, competing interests and factions engage in the democratic process using tools such as lobbying or elections in an effort to leverage public policy. As you think about democratic principles and processes for this Assignment, take note of where you see their influence in recent public policy issues. To prepare for this Assignment: • Review the article “War v. Justice: Terrorism Cases, Enemy Combatants, and Political Justice in U.S. Courts” in this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of key democratic principles explained. Consider how the democratic principles in the article might influence public policy. • Review the articles “Strategic Lobbying: Demonstrating How Legislative Context Affects Interest Groups’ Lobbying Tactics” and “The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations” in this week’s Learning Resources. • Think about the democratic processes used by lobbying groups and political factions to influence public policy. • Select a public policy issue related to your specialization or to an area with which you are familiar. • Select three democratic principles and/or processes that you think might influence the formulation of public policy related to your issue. • Reflect on how these principles and processes of democracy influence the formulation of the public policy you selected. The Assignment (2–3 pages): • Briefly describe the public policy issue you selected for this Assignment. • Using three democratic principles and/or processes of your choice, explain how you think these democratic principles and/or processes influence the formulation of public policy. • Based on your analysis, share at least one insight you gained about the influence of democratic principles and processes on the formulation of public policy. Or, if you live outside the United States, explain how these democratic principles might affect governance in your country.
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Nice thought process and good example of foot into the door” ).docxTanaMaeskm
Nice thought process and good example of “foot into the door” :)!
You also appear to be a very smart person when it comes to being ware of other that may take advantage of one’s
Kindness!
Why do you think some people take advantage of the “foot into the door” in a negative way? What are your views on this? Other students may chime in! I love to hear
your views!!!!
Thanks for sharing and stay positive!
.
NIST and Risk Governance and Risk Management Please respond to the.docxTanaMaeskm
"NIST and Risk Governance and Risk Management" Please respond to the following:
NIST provides many procedures and much guidance on IT and information security-related topics.
Assess if NIST is too large and attempts to cover too many topics. Decide if NIST should separate into different entities for different major areas, such as IT governance, risk management, information security, and others.
Assess if the various NIST documents covering risk management topics and concepts are too spread out and should be more consolidated to provide better guidance to organizations when they are establishing risk management programs.
.
Nice thought process ;)!Some in social media agree with your v.docxTanaMaeskm
Nice thought process ;)!
Some in social media agree with your views:"… involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior,”.
Santrock (2006) support your views on this topic and also noted that one main type of schizophrenia is cationic (exhibits bizarre behavior, frequently causes immobile stupor
).
Do you think most people are aware that there are more than one type of schizophrenia?
What are your views on this?
Other students may chime in! I would love to hear your views ;)!
.
Newsletter pertaining to an oceanographic environmental issue 1500.docxTanaMaeskm
Newsletter pertaining to an oceanographic environmental issue
1500 words with minimum of 6 references.
must be submitted by Dec 10
Please do the newsletter talks about the Chinese fishery, mainly focus on the damage they made to the environment.
1500 words , with some well-designed pictures
due dec10th
please do more than 6 references, use the information get from references
please follow the format if the sample I attached.
.
Nicole Martins is the controller at UMC Corp., a publicly-traded man.docxTanaMaeskm
Nicole Martins is the controller at UMC Corp., a publicly-traded manufacturing company. Last year, UMC had annual sales revenue of $15 million. The first quarter of this year just ended, and Nicole needs to prepare a trial balance so she can prepare the quarterly financial statements. However, trial balance is out of balance by $750 (credits exceed debits).
Nicole is running out of time as the report is due today! Therefore, she decides to balance by plugging the $750 into the Equipment account. She chose the Equipment account because it has the largest account balance. Therefore, with the $750 added, it will be the least-misstated account.
Identify the stakeholders in the case.
Explain the ethical issues the case involves.
If you were Nicole, what would you do?
.
New and Orignal work. Please cite in MLA citation and use in text ci.docxTanaMaeskm
New and Orignal work. Please cite in MLA citation and use in text citations for the other sources you use. This essay is two pages long. I will list the poems this essay will be on below. Please highlight where you cite these poems so I can know where to add the in text citation. I need this essay completed by 8:00 pm sunday.
Theme: Loss of faith in institutional, cultural, and social foundation that could provide stability in the world
Poems: T.S. Eliot " The Waste Land"
W.B. Yeats " The Second Coming"
James Joyce "Ulysses"
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New and Origninal work. The topic is already provided below and I ne.docxTanaMaeskm
New and Origninal work. The topic is already provided below and I need it to be 2 pages no limit on word count. Make sure it is MLA cited and the paragraghs are detailed explaining which charasteristic you are referring to. The writings are coming from the Norton Anthology English Literature Book The Victorian Age Volume E. I have attached the three writings from the book that I would like you to use for this essay. Let me know if you need a better copy scanned and I will be happy to rescan it.
Assignment Description
: Write a short (2 page) essay using selections from the texts that demonstrate the characteristic below.
Remember it takes more than 2 data points to indicate a trend. You will need to
choose 3 different writers
to show there was a prevailing tendency toward the characteristic you choose.
Explain fully how the characteristic is shown by detailed explication of the works you choose. Make sure references are integrated and cited according to MLA conventions.
Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life and reflects its practical problems and interests. It becomes a powerful instrument for human progress. Socially & economically, industrialism was on the rise as well as various reform movements such as emancipation, child labor, women’s rights, and evolution.
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New essay -- minimum 300 words3 resources used NO cover sheet or.docxTanaMaeskm
The assignment requires a minimum 300-word essay using 3 resources including a required Harris book chapter attached, with no cover sheet or headers. The essay topic is to discuss Harris' hypothesis for patterns of people-eating and insect-eating in certain societies compared to others and what other sources suggest to explain these patterns.
Neurological DisordersNeurological disorders, such as headaches, s.docxTanaMaeskm
Neurological Disorders
Neurological disorders, such as headaches, seizure disorders, sleep disorders, depression, and dementia, can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, impacting judgment, school and/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders may have drastic effects on patients’ lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist physicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with neurological disorders.
To prepare:
·
Review this week’s media presentations on the nervous system.
·
Select one of the following neurological disorders: headaches, seizure disorders, sleep disorders, depression, or dementia. Consider the pathophysiology, as well as the types of drugs that would be prescribed to patients to treat your selected disorder.
·
Select one of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Consider how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder. Then, reflect on how this factor might impact the effects of prescribed drugs, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
·
Locate an agency that provides patient education on your selected disorder and review the available materials and curriculum. Consider how you might be able to use those materials to educate a patient on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.
Questions to be addressed in my paper:
1.
A description of the neurological disorder you selected, including its pathophysiology and types of drugs that would be prescribed to treat patients.
2.
Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder, as well as the effects of prescribed drugs.
3.
Include a description of measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
4.
Finally, explain how you would use materials from a supporting agency to educate patients on the disorder, treatment options, management, and self-care.
5.
Summary with Conclusion
REMINDERS:
1)
2-3 pages (addressing the 4 questions above excluding the title page and reference page).
2)
Kindly follow APA format for the citation and references! References should be between the period of 2011 and 2016. Please utilize the references at least three below as much as possible and the rest from yours.
3)
Make headings for each question.
References:
Readings
·
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012).
Understanding pathophysiology
(Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
o
Chapter 12, “Structure and Function of the Neurologic System”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It also explains the importance of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
o
Chapter 13, “Pain, Tempe.
Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper··I.docxTanaMaeskm
This paper discusses two neurological disorders, one neurodevelopmental and one neurocognitive. It describes the behavioral criteria and incidence rates and causes of each disorder. It also proposes two treatment options for each disorder based on different theoretical models, formatted according to APA style with references.
Needs to be done by 8pm central time!!!!!!An important aspect .docxTanaMaeskm
Needs to be done by 8pm central time!!!!!!
An important aspect of a research study is the ability to analyze data and then describe the statistics derived from that data in a form that is easy to understand and interpret. For quantitative data, this can include representing the data visually through tables, diagrams, and graphs. Review the quantitative descriptive statistic examples in the sport involvement article.
2-3 pages APA Format.
message for extra information.
.
Need to know about 504 plan and IEP. I need to research the process.docxTanaMaeskm
Need to know about 504 plan and IEP. I need to research the process of determining a child with OHI (Other Health Inpairment. 1 of the sources needs to be DPI (Department of Public Instruction for Wisconsin). I would like a power point presentaion along with what I should be said with each slide. APA format
.
Nelson Carson is a 62-year-old man who presents to his private pract.docxTanaMaeskm
Nelson Carson is a 62-year-old man who presents to his private practitioner’s office with a hacking, raspy cough.
Subjective Data
PMH: HTN, CAD
Cough is productive, bringing up green, thick phlegm
Runny nose, sore throat
No history of smoking or seasonal allergies
Complains of fatigue
Objective Data
Vital signs: T 37 P 72 R 14 BP 134/64
Lungs: + Rhonchi bilateral upper lobes, wheezes
O2 Sat = 98%
Medications: Metoprolol 25 mg per day, ASA 325 mg/daily
What other questions should the nurse ask about the cough?
What nursing diagnoses can be derived from the data?
What should be included in the plan of care?
What risk factors are associated with this age group?
Based on the readings, what is the most likely cause of cough for this patient?
Apa format
Reference
Jarvis, C. (2016).
Physical examination & health assessment
(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Chapter 18: Thorax and Lungs
pp. 413–441 (Structure, Function, The Thoracic Cavity, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data)
Chapter 19: Heart and Neck Vessels
pp. 459–492 (Structure and Function, Heart Wall, Chambers, and Valves, Heart Sounds, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data )
Chapter 20: Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatic System
pp. 509–529 (Structure and Function, Lymphatics, Developmental Competence, Subjective Data, Objective Data)
.
Negotiation strategiesUsing the text Negotiation Readings, Exerc.docxTanaMaeskm
Negotiation strategies
Using the text “Negotiation: Readings, Exercisers, and Cases” by Lewicki, prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you analyze the possible intervention strategies. Apply what you believe to be the best strategy and explain how it should resolve the conflict. In case your best strategy does not work, or is rejected, develop and describe at least one contingency plan.
Instructions
Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically.
1) Article Employs Negotiation strategy
2) Described Negotiation process
3) Compared and contrasted both strategies / work / home
Responsible for combining all sections, editing for flow, uploading draft for team review, submitting the final assignment (on time)
Expand view
.
Needs to be done in the next 3-4 hours .docxTanaMaeskm
The document indicates that there is something that needs to be done within the next 3-4 hours. No other details are provided about the task. The brevity of the document leaves many unknowns about what specifically needs to be accomplished during this timeframe.
Needs quotes and needs to be citied!!about 2 pages.NO PLAGARISM..docxTanaMaeskm
Needs quotes and needs to be citied!!
about 2 pages.
NO PLAGARISM. Looking for authetnitc work.
MLA
Summary from the following sections.
Vatican II. Gaudium et Spes. 1965. 12-18. Print. [available in Many are Called]
Rahner, Karl. Theological Investigations. Trans. C. Ernst. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1966. Print. [available in Many are Called]
Vol. 6, 390-398
Vol. 14, 280-294
Wong, Norman. "Karl Rahner’s Concept of the ‘Anonymous Christian’ An Inclusivist View of Religions." Church and Society, 4.1 (2001): 23-39. Print. [available in Many are Called] (Optional reading)
.
need to work on my present assignment using my last assignment as .docxTanaMaeskm
need to work on my present assignment using my last assignment as source
need 3 pages document and 1 page reference
Should concentrate on what authors discuss on that specific topic
Should be in IEEE Format
No Plagiarism
Willing to do changes references should be in IEEE format Important
• 1st attachment is question for the assignment
• 2nd attachment is topic you need to work on this project
• 3rd attachment my project should be also in same format
.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
energiesArticleHuff-n-Puff Experimental Studies of CO2
1. energies
Article
Huff-n-Puff Experimental Studies of CO2 with
Heavy Oil
Evgeny Shilov 1,*,† , Alexey Cheremisin 1 , Kirill Maksakov 2
and Sergey Kharlanov 3
1 Center for Hydrocarbon Recovery, Skolkovo Institute of
Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia;
[email protected]
2 Department of Technology Development for High Viscosity
and Heavy Oils, LUKOIL-Engineering LCC,
Moscow 109028, Russia; [email protected]
3 Management Department of Scientific and Technical Projects,
RITEK JSC, Moscow 115035, Russia;
[email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]
† Current address: Skolkovo Innovation Center, Bolshoy Bulvar
30-1, Moscow 121205, Russia.
Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 6 November 2019;
Published: 12 November 2019 �����������������
Abstract: This work is devoted to CO2 Huff-n-Puff studies on
heavy oil. Oil recovery for heavy oil
reservoirs is sufficiently small in comparison with conventional
reservoirs, and, due to the physical
limitation of oil flow through porous media, a strong need for
better understanding of tertiary
2. recovery mechanisms of heavy oil exists. Notwithstanding that
the idea of Huff-n-Puff gas injection
technology for enhanced oil recovery has existed for dozens of
years, there is still no any precise
methodology for evaluating the applicability and efficiency of
this technology in heavy oil reservoirs.
Oil recovery factor is a question of vital importance for heavy
oil reservoirs. In this work, we repeated
Huff-n-Puff tests more than three times at five distinct pressure
points to evaluate the applicability
and efficiency of CO2 Huff-n-Puff injection to the heavy oil
reservoirs. Additionally, the most critical
factor that affects oil recovery in gas injection operation is the
condition of miscibility. Experimental
data allowed to distinguish the mixing zone of the light
fractions of studied heavy oil samples.
The experimental results showed that the pressure increase in
the Huff-n-Puff injection process does
not affect the oil recovery when the injection pressure stays
between miscibility pressure of light
components of oil and minimum miscibility pressure. It was
detected that permeability decreases
after Huff-n-Puff CO2 tests.
Keywords: enhanced oil recovery; CO2 injection; heavy oil;
Huff-n-Puff; miscibility evaluation;
permeability reduction
1. Introduction
The continuous increase in energy consumption [1] enhances the
total demand for every type of
hydrocarbon resource [2,3]. Despite the very challenging
production of oil from heavy oil reservoirs,
heavy oil is becoming a very prospective and valuable source of
energy these days. Combined with
3. the facts that (1) oil production from conventional reservoirs is
decreasing [4], (2) tremendous heavy
reserves are more than 3 times bigger than conventional oil
reserves [5], and (3) tertiary oil recovery
techniques are advancing each year [6,7], we predict that more
and more studies about heavy oil will
be published in the upcoming years.
This work is devoted to the experimental studies of CO2
applicability, efficiency, and miscibility
with heavy oil by Huff-n-Puff tests. Oil recovery in heavy oil
reservoirs is sufficiently small in
comparison with oil recovery from conventional reservoirs due
to the physical limitation of the oil flow
through the porous media. As heavy oil reservoirs do not
effectively respond to secondary recovery
Energies 2019, 12, 4308; doi:10.3390/en12224308
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Energies 2019, 12, 4308 2 of 15
methods, the tertiary enhanced oil recovery techniques are the
only practical and possible options.
Therefore, a need for better understanding of tertiary recovery
mechanisms for heavy oil reservoirs
4. exists nowadays. Notwithstanding that the idea of gas injection
technology for enhanced oil recovery
operations, either in flooding or the Huff-n-Puff regime, was
developed long time ago [8], and the
first experimental studies of CO2 applicability in heavy oil
reservoirs were conducted in the 1980s
and 1990s [9,10], there is no precise methodology for the
evaluation of applicability and efficiency of
Huff-n-Puff gas injection technology in heavy oil reservoirs
[11].
Huff-n-puff CO2 injection is an enhanced oil recovery
technique that is widely used for
conventional oil reservoirs [12] and is known as cyclic injection
of CO2. The Huff-n-Puff injection is
presented by three divided stages: (1) the injection stage, (2)
the soaking stage, and (3) the production
stage [9]; all three stages will be experimentally modeled. Oil
recovery factor is a question of vital
importance that petroleum companies have about hard to
recover resources. The most critical factor
that affects oil recovery in any gas injection operation is the
condition of miscibility [13]. The injected
gas can be either in the miscible or immiscible regime.
Commonly, gas injection over minimum
miscibility pressure (MMP) is considered as the most favorable
regime with the highest possible
oil recovery [14]. Miscibility depends on the number of
parameters like oil composition, swelling
coefficient, diffusion, solubility, and mainly on pressure, which
is above MMP [15]. MMP is an
indication of pressure, temperature, or gas composition when
gas and oil are completely miscible in
any proportions [16].
Regarding the light oil of conventional reservoirs, the
5. determination of MMP is not very
challenging: MMP of CO2 and oil can be predicted by empirical
correlations, numerical simulations,
and rapid experimental techniques. Most of the empirical
correlations were made with the help of
experimental data obtained from experiments performed with
light oil. Therefore, they are hardly
applicable to heavy oil [17]. For the proper numerical
simulation, the composition of the oil is needed.
However, the composition of heavy oil is very hard to precisely
determine, and it is sufficiently different
in its behavior from field to field. Due to the high
compositional differences of heavy oil, it tends to
have two distinct miscibility pressures at which we can reach
miscibility, with light components of oil
first, and only then with heavy components of oil. In the most
cases related to heavy oil reservoirs,
researches assume that heavy oil is not miscible because MMP
in heavy oil reservoir is usually much
higher than the reservoir pressure [18–20]. However, it also
coincides with another problem—MMP
determination for heavy oil is very challenging. Traditionally,
MMP for the light oil can be determined
by such conventional methods as the slim tube, Vanishing
Interfacial Tension (VIT), and Rising Bubble
Apparatus (RBA) tests. However, these techniques fail when
dealing with high viscosity oil. The
industrially accepted method, the slim tube test, is not
physically affordable for high viscosity oil [21].
To evaluate heavy oil recovery by Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection
and evaluate the miscibility conditions
of CO2 and heavy oil, we implement the Huff-n-Puff gas
injection tests. The studied pressure range was
restricted to the field injection limitations. Obtaining oil
recovery factors after five Huff-n-Puff cycles of
6. five different pressure points expanded our knowledge on the
Huff-n-Puff process and its efficiency for
heavy oil reserves. Forty Huff-n-Puff gas injection tests were
conducted in total. Experiments coincide
with other studies where heavy oil is mainly extracted by the
first three cycles of CO2 Huff-n-Puff
injection [11,22]. Then, the received data allowed to distinguish
the mixing zone for the light fractions
of studied oil samples with CO2, proving that it is applicable
for possible miscibility evaluation.
Experiments shown no difference for oil recovery when
injection pressure is between miscibility
pressure of light components and MMP. Additionally, the
change of oil composition after Huff-n-Puff
tests was analyzed. Permeability reduction was observed by
running core flood experiments with
different solvents.
2. Materials
In this study, wellhead oil samples from heavy oilfields #1 and
#2 were provided by
LUKOIL-Engineering; the oil samples were free from gas.
Reservoir properties are presented in Table 1.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 3 of 15
As some part of the experimental procedure is meant to be
conducted under atmospheric pressure,
there was no need to make recombined oil samples. Berea
Sandstone core plugs were used for these
Huff-n-Puff tests. The main properties of dead oil samples were
measured by PVT 3000-L (Chandler
Engineering, Tulsa, OK, USA) and are presented in Table 2.
7. The compositions of the oil samples
were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and
presented in Table 3. The initial
water content of the oilfield #1 and oilfield #2 oil samples was
over 20%. Therefore, the samples
were dewatered by (1) thermostabilization at 90 ◦C for 72 h and
(2) the centrifuge, PrO-ASTM BC
(Centurion Scientific Ltd., Chichester, UK), at 75 ◦C for 80
min. Every core sample was drilled from
one homogeneous block of Berea sandstone. Core diameters,
lengths, and helium permeability are
presented in Table 4. The volume difference of used samples
does not exceed 20%, the porosity is
~20%, and permeability ranges from 154 to 175 mD. The
injection gas in these Huff-n-Puff tests is CO2
with purity greater than 99.99%.
Table 1. Reservoir properties.
Reservoir Oilfield #1 Oilfield #2
Temperature ( ◦C) 27.4 21.6
Pressure (MPa) 13.8 10.9
Table 2. Measured properties of dead oil samples from oilfield
#1 and oilfield #2.
Dead Oil Sample Oilfield #1 Oilfield #2
Dead oil density at 20.0 ◦C (kg m3) 1006.70 931.03
Dead oil viscosity at 25.0 ◦C (mPa s) 1116.00 421.8
Dead oil molecular weight (g mol−1) 346.74 499.51
Dead oil compressibility (1/MPa) 4.45 × 10−4 6.29 × 10−4
Water content after dewatering (%) 0.78 0.33
Paraffin crystallization temperature at 0.2 MPa ( ◦C) 30.4 33.1
10. 8 4.371 2.940 29.68 1.67 20.42 174.9
9 4.282 2.941 29.08 1.68 20.42 171.4
10 3.892 2.937 26.36 1.71 20.63 174.8
3. Experimental Setup
The assemblies used in saturation operations and Huff-n-Puff
tests are presented in Figures 1 and
2, respectively. The assemblies are presented by two piston
vessels, a climate chamber, vacuum pump,
and the pump. The pump, Quizix QX (Chandler Engineering,
Tulsa, OK, USA), is a piston pump with
two cylinders that works in the regime of continuous delivery
and receiving; it pushes the piston of
the cylinder filled by oil or gas and replaces the liquid into
high-pressure stainless steel container 1,
which is filled by the vertically placed rock samples. The
samples are placed on the piston inside the
annulus of container 1, and they are free from any sleeves. The
piston is adjusted on the desired level
by water on the bottom side of container 1. The pump allowed
to inject the gas at the pressure up to
24 MPa. The climate chamber, MK 240 (Binder GmbH,
Tuttlingen, Germany), maintained the reservoir
temperature with fluctuations up to 0.5 ◦C.
Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 4 of 16
Table 4. Summary of physical properties of the cores applied in
this study.
Sample no. Length Diameter Volume Surface Area/Volume
Porosity Permeabilitycm cm cm3 m2∕cm3 % mD
1 4.819 2.940 32.72 1.64 20.14 153.5
2 4.760 2.941 32.34 1.65 20.21 157.6
3 4.764 2.941 32.36 1.65 20.16 153.2
11. 4 4.725 2.938 32.03 1.65 20.16 156.4
5 4.698 2.943 31.96 1.65 20.15 156.5
6 4.503 2.941 30.58 1.66 20.35 168.3
7 4.375 2.940 29.71 1.67 20.40 173.7
8 4.371 2.940 29.68 1.67 20.42 174.9
9 4.282 2.941 29.08 1.68 20.42 171.4
10 3.892 2.937 26.36 1.71 20.63 174.8
Climate
Chamber
Co
nta
ine
r1
Co
nta
ine
r2
Pump
Vacuum
PumpOil
WaterWater
Figure 1. Schematic of experimental setup used for saturation.
3. Experimental setup81
The assemblies used in saturation operations and Huff-n-Puff
tests are presented on fig. 1 and fig. 282
12. respectively. The assemblies are presented by two piston
vessels, climate chamber, vacuum pump, and the pump.83
The pump, Quizix QX (Chandler Engineering), is a piston pump
with two cylinders that can work in the regime84
of continuous delivery and receiving; it pushes the piston of the
cylinder filled by oil or gas and replaces the85
liquid into high-pressure stainless steel container 1 filled by the
rock samples placed vertically. The samples are86
placed on the piston inside the annulus of container 1; and they
are free from any sleeves. The piston is adjusted87
on the desired level by water on the bottom side of container 1.
The pump allowed to inject the gas at the pressure88
up to 24 MPa. Climate chamber, MK 240 (Binder), allowed to
keep the reservoir temperature with fluctuation up89
to 0.5 ◦C.90
4. Experimental procedures91
The experimental procedure [23] was adopted in this work to
the experiments with heavy oil. In the original92
procedure, the Huff-n-Puff injection of gas happens at each
pressure regimes with every shale core sample.93
Despite the real rock samples had moderately high porosity-
permeability, it was decided to work with highly94
homogeneous samples of Berea sandstone to speed up the
original procedure of CO2 Huff-n-Puff injection at95
different pressure regimes. The experimental procedure is
presented by the step of core saturation (1) and by the96
part of Huff-n-Puff gas injection tests (2).97
Figure 1. Schematic of experimental setup used for saturation.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 5 of 15Version October 28, 2019
submitted to Energies 5 of 16
13. Climate
Chamber
Co
nta
ine
r1
Co
nta
ine
r2
CO2
Pump
WaterWater
Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup for the CO2 Huff-n-
Puff test.
4.1. Saturation Step98
In order to saturate the samples, the collection of samples was
extracted by kerosen and then dried in the99
oven under 120 ◦C during 24 hours. The weight (Wd) of dried
core samples was measured. Then the samples100
were placed in the container 1 (fig. A2a) and vacuumed in the
container during 6 hours. The saturation process101
was conducted at the temperature two times bigger than the
temperature of paraffin crystallization (table 2). At102
the next stage Quizix QX pump pushed the piston of container 2
and oil filled container 1 with samples with the103
14. speed of 5 ml/min and restored the reservoir pressure. The
pressure of container 2 was maintained for at least104
24 hours (section A). Then the core samples were taken out,
cleaned by cleaning paper and the weight of each105
sample was measured and registered as Ws. Then the samples
were stored in desiccator to keep the oil in the106
samples. The core samples were saturated by 100% with oil
without connate water.107
4.2. Huff-n-Puff gas injection procedure108
Part of Huff-n-Puff gas injection tests is presented on fig. 2 and
should simulate the Huff-n-Puff injection of109
CO2 in the oil field. Initially, the air in the container 1 is blown
off by multiple reinjections of CO2 from external110
gas cylinder under 0.25 MPa. Then the lines between the
containers are vacuumed by a vacuum pump. Then the111
CO2 in injected from container 2 to container 1 during 30
minutes, and then the pressure should be raised to the112
experimental pressure by piston pump if it is needed. The
soaking time is equal to 6 hours. After the soaking113
period, the pressure should be released with depletion rate of
0.5 MPa/min to the atmospheric pressure. Then the114
production period is equal to 6 hours. So in the end, the the
samples are taken out from the vessel (fig. A2b) and115
cleaned (fig. A3). Then weight of the core samples is measured
(Wi). The next injection cycle starts immediately116
after weight measuring. The same procedure is repeated for all
subsequent cycles after the first cycle of injection.117
The weight measurements are done to estimate oil recovery
using the following eq. (1). But the eq. (1) does not118
estimate the density of original oil is similar to the remaining
oils at different stages.119
Oil Recovery in cycle i =
Wi − Wd
Ws − Wd
15. × 100% (1)
In the original procedure developed for the shale samples, each
sample should go through all the injection120
pressure regimes. However, in our case, homogeneous Berea
sandstone samples were used. Despite high121
similarities in sizes, porosity and permeability among the
samples, oil recovery of each sample should be122
normalized according to their surface area and volume using eq.
(2). The first injection cycle yielded the highest123
incremental oil recovery from 20.70% to 27.67% for different
injection pressure regimes. The porosity has not124
been used in this normalizing factor since it is taken into
account in the oil recovery values itself.125
Oil Recoverynormalized =
Oil Recoverycycle i
Surface Area
V olume
×
Mean Surface Area
Mean Volume (2)
Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup for the CO2 Huff-n-
Puff test.
4. Experimental Procedures
The experimental procedure used in this work [23] was adapted
to the experiments with heavy
oil. In the original procedure, the Huff-n-Puff injection of gas
occurs at each pressure regime with
16. every shale core sample. Despite the real rock samples having
moderately high porosity–permeability,
we decided to use highly homogeneous samples of Berea
sandstone to speed up the original procedure
of CO2 Huff-n-Puff injection at different pressure regimes. The
experimental procedure presented has
two steps: (1) core saturation and (2) the Huff-n-Puff gas
injection tests.
4.1. Saturation Step
To saturate the samples, the collection of samples was extracted
by kerosene and then dried
in the oven under 120 ◦C during 24 h. The weight (Wd) of the
dried core samples was measured.
Then, the samples were placed in the container 1 (Appendix A)
and vacuumed in the container for
6 h. The saturation process was conducted at a temperature two
times greater than the temperature
of paraffin crystallization (Table 2). At the next stage, the
Quizix QX pump pushed the pistons of
container 2 and oil-filled container 1 with samples at a speed of
5 mL/min and restored the reservoir
pressure. The pressure of container 2 was maintained for at least
24 h (Appendix B). Then, the core
samples were taken out, cleaned by cleaning paper, and the
weight of each sample was measured and
registered as Ws. Then, the samples were stored in desiccator to
keep the oil in the samples between
the experiments. The core samples were saturated to 100% with
oil without connate water.
4.2. Huff-n-Puff Gas Injection Procedure
Part of the Huff-n-Puff gas injection tests is presented in Figure
2 and should simulate the
17. Huff-n-Puff injection of CO2 in the oil field. Initially, the air in
container 1 is blown off by multiple
reinjections of CO2 from the external gas cylinder under 0.25
MPa. Then, the lines between the
containers are vacuumed by a vacuum pump. Then, the CO2 is
injected from container 2 to container
1 for 30 min, and then the pressure should be raised to the
experimental pressure by piston pump
if it is needed. The soaking time is 6 h. After the soaking
period, the pressure should be released
with depletion rate of 0.5 MPa/min to the atmospheric pressure.
Then, the production period is 6 h.
Therefore, finally, the samples are taken out from the vessel
(Figure A1b) and cleaned (Figure A2).
Then, the core samples are weighed (Wi). The next injection
cycle starts immediately after weighing.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 6 of 15
The same procedure is repeated for all subsequent cycles after
the first cycle of injection. The weight
measurements are done to estimate oil recovery using Equation
(1). However, Equation (1) does not
estimate the density of the original oil as being similar to the
remaining oils at different stages.
Oil Recovery in cycle i =
Wi − Wd
Ws − Wd
× 100% (1)
In the original procedure developed for the shale samples, each
sample should go through all of
18. the injection pressure regimes. However, in our case,
homogeneous Berea sandstone samples were
used. Despite the high similarity in size, porosity, and
permeability among the samples, oil recovery
of each sample should be normalized according to their surface
area and volume using Equation (2).
The first injection cycle yielded the highest incremental oil
recovery from 20.70% to 27.67% for different
injection pressure regimes. The porosity has not been used in
this normalizing factor as it is taken into
account in the oil recovery values itself.
Oil Recoverynormalized =
Oil Recoverycycle i
Surface Area
Volume
×
Mean Surface Area
Mean Volume (2)
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Effect of Cycle Number
Each subsequent cycle of the Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection gives
less incremental oil recovery than
the previous cycle. Experiments with oil from oilfield #1 was
conducted earlier than experiment with
oil from oilfield #2. The biggest amount of oil from oilfield #1
is extracted during the first three cycles
of injection, and then just a small volume of oil can be
produced. This is why we only use three cycles
of injection instead of six cycles in the experiments with oil
19. from oilfield #2. Incremental oil recovery
for each injection cycle is shown in Tables 5 and 6 for both
reservoirs. The decrease of subsequent
incremental oil recovery occurs because of the reduction of the
contact area of CO2 and oil inside the
pore space, which caused the remaining oil to become heavier
and more viscous (2) and the heavy oil
deposits to be destabilized, and they caused a decrease of
permeability of the core samples (3). The first
two cycles can give an incremental recovery factor above 35%.
After these cycles, the incremental oil
recovery does not usually exceed 3% in one cycle. Raw
experimental data was previously published
by Maksakov and Cheremisin [24].
Table 5. Incremental oil recovery at each cycle of Huff-n-Puff
CO2 injection for experiments with oil
from oilfield #1.
Sample No.
Pressure Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6
MPa % % % % % %
3 6 20.70 10.62 1.06 1.08 0.37 0.44
4 6 20.63 11.27 0.64 0.35 0.60 0.69
7 10 26.70 9.37 3.41 1.66 1.57 1.15
9 10 26.12 8.98 2.70 1.63 1.67 0.40
2 14 27.20 9.49 2.54 0.65 1.10 1.35
1 14 27.67 8.36 2.68 1.57 0.85 0.39
5 19 21.48 15.88 2.43 1.51 1.05 1.51
6 19 21.57 15.84 1.86 1.08 1.30 0.81
8 24 23.99 12.41 1.67 1.26 1.78 1.32
10 24 26.06 10.40 1.84 1.61 1.71 0.83
20. Energies 2019, 12, 4308 7 of 15
Table 6. Incremental oil recovery at each cycle of Huff-n-Puff
CO2 injection for experiments with oil
from oilfield #2.
Sample No.
Pressure Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3
MPa % % %
1 5 23.92 16.33 0.56
6 5 29.56 7.05 0.57
2 7.5 21.39 13.84 5.02
3 12 31.56 5.75 3.25
4 18 30.81 4.66 3.06
5 24 28.27 7.92 3.16
5.2. Cumulative Oil Recovery
The graphical representation of cumulative oil recovery for both
oil reservoirs is presented in
Figure 3. Clearly, three cycles is not high enough for the
experiments with oilfield #2, as shown
in Figure 3b, if the experiments continued cumulative oil
recovery for different pressure regimes
would be equalized. According to the company’s prerequisite,
the range of injection pressure of CO2
was predetermined by the limitation of the surface injection
pumps and reservoir fracture pressure.
The cumulative heavy oil recovery can be over 40% after a
number of Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection cycles.Version October
28, 2019 submitted to Energies 7 of 16
1 2 3 4 5 6
22. 1 2 3
20
25
30
35
40
Cycle Number
Cu
mu
lat
ive
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
Sample 1 (5 MPa) Sample 6 (5 MPa)
Sample 2 (7.5 MPa) Sample 3 (12 MPa)
Sample 4 (18 MPa) Sample 5 (24 MPa)
(b) Oil from Oilfield #2
Figure 3. Pressure effect on CO2 Huff-n-Puff performance.
23. equalised. According to the company’s prerequisite, the range
of injection pressure of CO2 was predetermined by146
the limitation of the surface injection pumps and reservoir
fracture pressure.147
5.3. Miscibility Studies148
In order to evaluate the miscibility of oil samples with CO2,
vast Huff-n-Puff injection experiments were149
conducted at five different pressure regimes for both oil heavy
samples. Each oil recovery was normalized150
according to the volume and surface area of used samples, and
the mean value was taken if more than one samples151
were used in the Huff-n-Puff injection test. Normalized oil
recovery for oil samples from oilfield #1 and oilfield152
#2 are presented on fig. 4 and fig. 5. For the normalized oil
recovery studies (Oilfield #1) on figs. 4b to 4f two153
straight lines can be drawn. Since there is not a clear
intersection of these lines, the miscibility pressure cannot154
be determined. However, taking into account the results of
special PVT studies it is possible to conclude that155
the mixing zone of CO2 with light oil components of oil from
oilfield #1, when CO2 becomes miscible with156
light components of oil, lies in the interval from 6 MPa to 10
MPa as it is shown on fig. 4f. The mixing zone of157
CO2 and light oil components of oil from oilfield #2 lies below
5 MPa as it is shown on fig. 5c. Therefore, the158
assumption is the following: when the miscibility pressure of
CO2 with light components is achieved, the oil159
recovery remained the same until it reaches miscibility pressure
with heavy components.160
5.4. Effect of CO2 injection on oil and rock properties161
The Huff-n-Puff injection of CO2 leads to the extraction of
light components first and can accelerate heavy162
oil depositions. In order to prove the idea that light components
of oil yield first, the extracted oil sample was163
24. collected after Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection tests and analyzed
using GC/MS. Oil sample from oilfield #1 was164
collected after the 1st cycle of injection at 14 MPa, and oil
sample from oilfield #2 was collected after the 1st165
cycle of injection at 5 MPa. Figure 6 presents the difference of
composition of the original oil, extracted oil and166
the oil remained in the samples after yield. The composition of
remained oil was calculated using compositions167
of initial and extracted oil, and the masses of oil before and
after the experiments. This investigation of the change168
of oil composition after Huff-n-Puff injection of CO2 tests
proved that the extracted oil from the samples is much169
lighter that the remained in the samples. However, it is an
opened question about heavy oil deposits.170
Figure 3. Pressure effect on CO2 Huff-n-Puff performance.
5.3. Miscibility Studies
To evaluate the miscibility of oil samples with CO2, vast Huff-
n-Puff injection experiments were
conducted at five different pressure regimes for both oil heavy
samples. Each oil recovery was
normalized according to the volume and surface area of the used
samples, and the mean value was
taken if more than one samples were used in the Huff-n-Puff
injection test. Normalized oil recovery
for oil samples from oilfield #1 and oilfield #2 are presented in
Figures 4 and 5. For the normalized
oil recovery studies (Oilfield #1) shown in Figure 4b–f, two
straight lines can be drawn. As there is
not a clear intersection of these lines, the miscibility pressure
cannot be determined. According to the
special PVT studies of oil samples from oilfield #1 and oilfield
#2, these oil samples tended to form
two-phase systems under reservoir conditions when the
25. concentration of CO2 was higher than 70%
mole (Appendix C). These two-phase systems formed by the
phase of CO2 and light oil components
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 8 of 15
and by the phase of heavy oil components. Taking into account
the results of special PVT studies,
it is possible to define the mixing zone, when CO2 becomes
miscible with light components of oil.
The mixing zone of CO2 with light oil components of oil from
oilfield #1 lies in the interval from 6
MPa to 10 MPa, as shown in Figure 4f. The mixing zone of CO2
and light oil components of oil from
oilfield #2 is below 5 MPa, as it is shown in Figure 5c. Oil
samples from oilfield #1 and oilfield #2
tended to split into the two-phase mixture over 10 MPa and 5
MPa accordingly. Therefore, we made
the following assumption: when the miscibility pressure of CO2
with light components is achieved,
the oil recovery remained the same until it reaches miscibility
pressure with heavy components.
Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 8 of 16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
22
24
26
26. 28
30
6 MPa
10 MPa
14 MPa
19 MPa
24 MPa
Pressure, MPa
No
rm
ali
zed
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
(a) Cycle #1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
30
32. zed
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
mixing zone for CO2 with light components of oil
1.9587x + 22.756
-0.0533x + 43.44
(f) Cycle #6
Figure 4. Effect of pressure on normalized oil recovery at
different cycles of huff-n-puff CO2 injection with oil
from oilfield #1.Figure 4. Effect of pressure on normalized oil
recovery at different cycles of Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection
with oil from oilfield #1.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 9 of 15
Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 9 of 16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
25
30
33. 35
5 MPa
7.5 MPa
12 MPa
18 MPa
24 MPa
Pressure, MPa
No
rm
ali
zed
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
(a) Cycle #1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
36
38
34. 40
42
44
5 MPa
7.5 MPa
12 MPa
18 MPa
24 MPa
Pressure, MPa
No
rm
ali
zed
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
(b) Cycle #2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
35. 36
38
40
42
44
5 MPa
7.5 MPa 12 MPa
18 MPa
24 MPa
Pressure, MPa
No
rm
ali
zed
Oi
lR
eco
ve
ry,
%
mixing zone of CO2 with light components of oil
36. (c) Cycle #3
Figure 5. Effect of pressure on normalized oil recovery at
different cycles of huff-n-puff CO2 injection with oil
from oilfield #2.Figure 5. Effect of pressure on normalized oil
recovery at different cycles of Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection
with oil from oilfield #2.
5.4. Effect of CO2 Injection on Oil and Rock Properties
The Huff-n-Puff injection of CO2 leads to the extraction of
light components first and can accelerate
heavy oil depositions. To prove the idea that light components
of oil yield first, the extracted oil sample
was collected after Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection tests and
analyzed using gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil sample from oilfield #1 was
collected after the 1st cycle of injection
at 14 MPa, and the oil sample from oilfield #2 was collected
after the 1st cycle of injection at 5 MPa.
Figure 6 presents the difference of composition of the original
oil, extracted oil, and the remaining
oil in the samples after yield. The composition of remained oil
was calculated using compositions of
initial and extracted oil, and the masses of oil before and after
the experiments. This investigation of
the change of oil composition after Huff-n-Puff injection of
CO2 tests proved that the extracted oil from
the samples is much lighter that the oil that remained in the
samples. However, it represents an open
question about heavy oil deposits.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 10 of 15
37. Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 10 of 16
C 4 C 8 C 12 C 16 C 20 C 24 C 28 C 32 C 36 C 40
0
0.5
1
1.5
Compounds
Am
ou
nt
in
Oi
l,%
ma
ss
Composition of Original Oil
Composition of Extracted Oil
Composition of Remained Oil
(a) Oil from Oilfield #1
C 4 C 8 C 12 C 16 C 20 C 24 C 28 C 32 C 36 C 40
0
0.5
1
38. 1.5
2
Compounds
Am
ou
nt
in
Oi
l,%
ma
ss
Composition of Original Oil
Composition of Extracted Oil
Composition of Remained Oil
(b) Oil from Oilfield #2
Figure 6. Difference in oil composition after CO2 huff-n-puff
injection.
Table 7. Permeability Change due to the Huff-n-Puff CO2
injection.
Sample no. Reservoir
Helium
permeability
N-pentane
permeability
39. Helium
permeability
Toluene
permeability
before experiments after experiments after experiments after
experiments
mD mD mD mD
7 (10 MPa) Oilfield #1 173 13 159 77
2 (7.5 MPa) Oilfield #2 147 8 144 39
Compositional change of heavy oil due to injection CO2 can
lead to destabilization of asphaltenes, resin,171
and paraffin deposits [25]. Since the fact that this process can
cause the precipitation and deposition of asphaltene172
particles in the pore space of the samples [26], it was a need to
evaluate the change of permeability after173
Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection. In order to evaluate the permeability
sample #7 from experiments with oil from174
oilfield #1 and sample #2 from experiments with oil from
oilfield #2 were taken. Flood experiments were175
conducted and permeability was measured by N-pentane with
both samples. Permeability was measured in the176
presence of asphaltenes because N-pentane does not dissolve
precipitated heavy oil deposits [27,28]. Then the177
samples were dried, and permeability by helium was measured
in order to compare it with the initial permeability178
before Huff-n-Puff tests. So in the end, another core flood
experiments were conducted using toluene. Toluene179
dissolves all heavy deposits, that is why true liquid permeability
was measured. The injection pressure was equal180
to reservoir pressure. The confining pressure was 30% higher
than the injection pressure. The injection speed181
40. was 0.5 ml/min in flood experiments with solvents. These
permeability tests proved that the injection of CO2182
decreased the permeability of the rock sample due to the heavy
oil deposits, and all the permeability values are183
presented in table 7.184
These tests indicated the permeability decrease after huff-n-puff
injection tests, but the damage from heavy185
oil deposits depends on the specific oil composition, amount of
heavy oil deposits of the specific oil, reservoir186
pressure and temperature, gas injection rate, and oil depletion
rate. An universal strategy could not exist due to187
the high amount of variables.188
Figure 6. Difference in oil composition after CO2 Huff-n-Puff
injection.
Compositional change of heavy oil due to injection CO2 can
lead to destabilization of asphaltenes,
resin, and paraffin deposits [25]. As this process can cause the
precipitation and deposition of
asphaltene particles in the pore space of the samples [26], we
needed to evaluate the change of
permeability after Huff-n-Puff CO2 injection. To evaluate the
permeability, sample #7 from experiments
with oil from oilfield #1 and sample #2 from experiments with
oil from oilfield #2 were taken. Flood
experiments were conducted, and permeability was measured by
N-pentane with both samples.
Permeability was measured in the presence of asphaltenes
because N-pentane does not dissolve
precipitated heavy oil deposits [27,28]. Then, the samples were
dried, and permeability by helium was
measured so as to compare it with the initial permeability
before the Huff-n-Puff tests. Therefore, in
the end, further core flood experiments were conducted using
41. toluene. Toluene dissolves all heavy
deposits, which is why true liquid permeability was measured.
The injection pressure was equal to
reservoir pressure. The confining pressure was 30% higher than
the injection pressure. The injection
speed was 0.5 mL/min in flood experiments with solvents.
These permeability tests proved that the
injection of CO2 decreased the permeability of the rock sample
due to the heavy oil deposits, and all
the permeability values are presented in Table 7.
These tests indicated the permeability decrease after Huff-n-
Puff injection tests, but the damage
from heavy oil deposits depends on the specific oil composition,
amount of heavy oil deposits of the
specific oil, reservoir pressure and temperature, gas injection
rate, and oil depletion rate. A universal
strategy could not exist due to the high amount of variables.
Table 7. Permeability change due to the Huff-n-Puff CO2
injection.
Sample No. Reservoir
Helium Permeability N-Pentane Permeability Helium
Permeability Toluene Permeability
before Experiments after Experiments after Experiments after
Experiments
mD mD mD mD
7 (10 MPa) Oilfield #1 173 13 159 77
2 (7.5 MPa) Oilfield #2 147 8 144 39
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 11 of 15
42. 6. Conclusions
In this study, CO2 Huff-n-Puff tests with two heavy oil samples
were conducted using Berea
sandstone samples. The determination of oil miscibility with
CO2 by Huff-n-Puff tests was proved.
From this study, some conclusions can be drawn:
1. The recovery of heavy oil obtained from CO2 injection
experiments was as high as 43%. This result
shows that CO2 Huff-n-Puff injection can be an efficient
approach to enhance heavy oil recovery.
However, it was not to possible to differentiate the oil recovery
as a result of solution gas drive
(gas nucleation, gas expansion) during the pressure drop mode.
2. The major amount of oil is extracted by the first three cycles
of CO2 injection. The subsequent
cycles of CO2 injection do not cause a considerable change in
oil recovery.
3. CO2 injection in heavy oil causes heavy oil deposition and
decreases permeability. Permeability
measured by gas, n-pentane, and toluene showed the difference
of permeability of the core plugs
in the presence and the absence of heavy oil deposits.
4. Huff-n-puff tests can be applied for miscibility studies of
heavy oil with gas. However, MMP for
heavy oil is very high should be taken into consideration.
5. When miscibility of CO2 with light oil components of heavy
oil is achieved, the subsequent
pressure increase under MMP does not affect oil recovery at the
core scale experiments. However,
43. it would be conjecture to presume that the higher injection
pressure of gas leads to the higher rate
of oil heavy deposits and more severe porosity and permeability
damage.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, E.S., A.C., K.M., and
S.K.; Methodology, E.S.; Formal Analysis, E.S.;
Investigation, E.S.; Resources, K.M. and A.K.; Data Curation,
E.S.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, E.S.;
Writing—Review & Editing, E.S. and A.C.; Visualization, E.S.;
Supervision, A.C.
Funding: This research is based on the results of the industrial
project funded by LUKOIL-Engineering LCC.
Acknowledgments: This research was funded by LUKOIL-
Engineering LCC and Ritek JSC. We thank our
colleagues from industry for providing the resources for
experimental studies. We would also like to show
our gratefulness to Pavel Zobov, Denis Bakulin, and Sergey
Antonov for their technical assistance in the
presented experiments.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of
interest.
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript.
Wd dry core sample weight, g
Ws saturated core sample weight, g
Wi core sample weight after Huff-n-Puff injection cycle, g
AS/V surface-to-volume ratio, cm2/cm3
44. Energies 2019, 12, 4308 12 of 15
Appendix A. Example Photos
Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 12 of 16
0 20 40 60
0
5
10
15
Time, Hours
Pre
ssu
re,
M
Pa
Pressure
0
200
400
600
47. (b) Sample inside the opened container after
Huff-n-Puff injection cycle.
Figure A2. Example of Experimental Operations.
Figure A1. Example of experimental operations.Version October
28, 2019 submitted to Energies 13 of 16
(a) Oily Sample after Huff-n-Puff CO2 Injection
Cycle.
(b) Cleaned Sample for Weighting.
Figure A3. Photos of Sample after Huff-n-Puff Injection Cycle .
Appendix C. Viscosity Measurements from Special PVT
Test232
According to the special PVT studies, if the concentration of
CO2 is over 70%, the oils from both oilfields233
split to unmixed light and heavy phases. The special PVT
studies were done with recombined oil samples, which234
are less viscous than the dead oil samples used in the Huff-n-
Puff experiments. The light phase is presented235
mainly by CO2, and the heavy phase is mainly presented by
oil.236
0 20 40 60 80 100
200
400
600
800
1,000
48. CO2 concentration, % mole
Vi
sco
sit
y,
m
Pa
s
(a) Oilfield #1
0 20 40 60 80 100
100
200
300
CO2 concentration, % mole
Vi
sco
sit
y,
m
Pa
s
(b) Oilfield #2
49. Figure A4. Viscosity of heavy phase depending on amount CO2
mole concentration for recombined oil.
References237
1. U.S. EIA. Annual Energy Outlook 2017 with projections to
2050. Technical Report 8, 2017.238
2. Atkinson, N.; Barret, C.; Packey, P.; Bosoni, T.; Petrosyan,
K.; Lejeune, O.; Kloss, A.; Wang, J.; Yarita, M.; Pierre,239
M.; Mooneesawmy, D. World Energy Outlook 2018. Technical
Report December, 2018. doi:10.1787/weo-2018-en.240
3. British Petroleum. BP Statistical Review of World Energy
2019. Technical report, London, UK, 2019.241
4. Ahmed Ali, S.; Suboyin, A.; Haj, H.B. Unconventional and
Conventional Oil Production Impacts on Oil Price - Lessons242
Learnt with Glance to the Future. Journal of Global Economics
2018, 06, 1–9. doi:10.4172/2375-4389.1000286.243
5. Alboudwarej, H.; Felix, J.; Taylor, S.; Badry, R.; Bremner,
C.; Brough, B.; Skeates, C.; Baker, A.; Palmer, D.; Pattison,244
K.; Beshry, M.; Krawchuk, P.; Brown, G.; Calvo, R.; Triana,
J.a.C.; Hathcock, R.; Koerner, K.; Hughes, T.; Kundu,245
D.; De Cárdenas, J.L.; West, C. Highlighting Heavy Oil.
Oilfield Review 2006, 18, 34–53.246
Figure A2. Photos of sample after Huff-n-Puff injection cycle.
Appendix B. Saturation Logs
As the samples were placed to the stainless steel container 1
(Figure A1a), the oil should fill
the empty volume of the container first and only then the porous
media of the samples. Figure A3a
shows the saturation process of the samples by the oil sample
from Oilfield #1; during this saturation
50. operation, an oil leakage between the transfer vessel filled with
oil and the vessel filled with samples
occurred; that is why the amount of transferred oil is bigger
than in the next saturation operation.
Figure A3b shows the saturation process of the samples by the
oil sample from Oilfield #2; after
transferring of 209 mL of oil, the pressure was rapidly increased
to the reservoir pressure of 10.3 MPa.
Energies 2019, 12, 4308 13 of 15Version October 28, 2019
submitted to Energies 12 of 16
0 20 40 60
0
5
10
15
Time, Hours
Pre
ssu
re,
M
Pa
Pressure
0
53. Figure A1. Saturation Logs.
Appendix B. Example Photos231
(a) Extracted samples inside the vessel before the
saturation.
(b) Sample inside the opened container after
Huff-n-Puff injection cycle.
Figure A2. Example of Experimental Operations.
Figure A3. Saturation logs.
Appendix C. Viscosity Measurements from Special PVT Test
According to the special PVT studies, if the concentration of
CO2 is over 70%, the oils from both
oilfields split to unmixed light and heavy phases; it is reflected
by viscosity increase on the Figure A4.
The special PVT studies were done with recombined oil
samples, which are less viscous than the dead
oil samples used in the Huff-n-Puff experiments. The light
phase is presented mainly by CO2, and the
heavy phase is mainly presented by oil.
Version October 28, 2019 submitted to Energies 13 of 16
(a) Oily Sample after Huff-n-Puff CO2 Injection
Cycle.
(b) Cleaned Sample for Weighting.
Figure A3. Photos of Sample after Huff-n-Puff Injection Cycle .
Appendix C. Viscosity Measurements from Special PVT
Test232
54. According to the special PVT studies, if the concentration of
CO2 is over 70%, the oils from both oilfields233
split to unmixed light and heavy phases. The special PVT
studies were done with recombined oil samples, which234
are less viscous than the dead oil samples used in the Huff-n-
Puff experiments. The light phase is presented235
mainly by CO2, and the heavy phase is mainly presented by
oil.236
0 20 40 60 80 100
200
400
600
800
1,000
CO2 concentration, % mole
Vi
sco
sit
y,
m
Pa
s
(a) Oilfield #1
55. 0 20 40 60 80 100
100
200
300
CO2 concentration, % mole
Vi
sco
sit
y,
m
Pa
s
(b) Oilfield #2
Figure A4. Viscosity of heavy phase depending on amount CO2
mole concentration for recombined oil.
References237
1. U.S. EIA. Annual Energy Outlook 2017 with projections to
2050. Technical Report 8, 2017.238
2. Atkinson, N.; Barret, C.; Packey, P.; Bosoni, T.; Petrosyan,
K.; Lejeune, O.; Kloss, A.; Wang, J.; Yarita, M.; Pierre,239
M.; Mooneesawmy, D. World Energy Outlook 2018. Technical
Report December, 2018. doi:10.1787/weo-2018-en.240
3. British Petroleum. BP Statistical Review of World Energy
2019. Technical report, London, UK, 2019.241
4. Ahmed Ali, S.; Suboyin, A.; Haj, H.B. Unconventional and
Conventional Oil Production Impacts on Oil Price - Lessons242
56. Learnt with Glance to the Future. Journal of Global Economics
2018, 06, 1–9. doi:10.4172/2375-4389.1000286.243
5. Alboudwarej, H.; Felix, J.; Taylor, S.; Badry, R.; Bremner,
C.; Brough, B.; Skeates, C.; Baker, A.; Palmer, D.; Pattison,244
K.; Beshry, M.; Krawchuk, P.; Brown, G.; Calvo, R.; Triana,
J.a.C.; Hathcock, R.; Koerner, K.; Hughes, T.; Kundu,245
D.; De Cárdenas, J.L.; West, C. Highlighting Heavy Oil.
Oilfield Review 2006, 18, 34–53.246
Figure A4. Viscosity of heavy phase depending on amount CO2
mole concentration for recombined oil.
References
1. U.S. EIA. Annual Energy Outlook 2017 with Projections to
2050; Technical Report 8; U.S. EIA:Washington, DC,
USA, 2017.
2. Atkinson, N.; Barret, C.; Packey, P.; Bosoni, T.; Petrosyan,
K.; Lejeune, O.; Kloss, A.; Wang, J.; Yarita, M.;
Pierre, M.; et al. World Energy Outlook 2018; Technical
Report; International Energy Agency: Paris, France,
2018. [CrossRef]
3. British Petroleum. BP Statistical Review of World Energy
2019; Technical Report; British Petroleum: London,
UK, 2019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/weo-2018-en
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4. Ahmed Ali, S.; Suboyin, A.; Haj, H.B. Unconventional and
57. Conventional Oil Production Impacts on Oil
Price—Lessons Learnt with Glance to the Future. J. Glob. Econ.
2018, 6, 1–9. [CrossRef]
5. Alboudwarej, H.; Felix, J.; Taylor, S.; Badry, R.; Bremner,
C.; Brough, B.; Skeates, C.; Baker, A.; Palmer, D.;
Pattison, K.; et al. Highlighting Heavy Oil. Oilfield Rev. 2006,
18, 34–53.
6. Wei, B.; Pang, S.; Pu, W.; Lu, L.; Lingle, K. Mechanisms of
N2 and CO2 Assisted Steam Huff-n-Puff
Process in Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery: A Case Study Using
Experimental and Numerical Simulation.
In Proceedings of the SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and
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[CrossRef]
7. Erpeng, G.; Yongrong, G.; Youwei, J.; Yunjun, Z. Super
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Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoir. In Proceedings of the SPE EOR
Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, Muscat,
Oman, 26–28 March 2018; pp. 1–12. [CrossRef]
8. Hutchinson, C.A.J.; Braun, P.H. Phase relations of miscible
displacement in oil recovery. AIChE J. 1961,
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Huff-N-Puff Process for Heavy Oil Reservoirs.
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10. Olenick, S.; Schroeder, F.A.; Haines, H.K.; Monger-
Mcclure, T.G. Cyclic CO2 Injection for Heavy-Oil
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62. English 8 Final Exam—2021
Dr. Nohrden
Instructions: Type your name and period number in the upper
left corner of this document where indicated. Read the prompts
carefully and write your responses in the spaces provided. Give
deep thought to your responses, and give a thorough explanation
using a academic writing (formal: no first person, no
contractions, etc.). Your responses must be 200-300 words
each. Each prompt/response is worth 25 points for a total of
100 points (for example, these instructions are 131 words).
This test is worth 20% of your grade for this semester. When
you are finished, save your completed test to your computer and
upload it to Turnitin.com. All responses must be uploaded no
later than 3:00 p.m. on June 8, 2021. The information you may
need for Turnitin.com is as follows:
Period 4—
Class I.D.: 26203122
Enrollment Key: NohrdenP4
Period 5—
Class I.D.: 26203146
Enrollment Key: NohrdenP5
Period 6—
Class I.D.26203159
Enrollment Key: NohrdenP6
Type your response in the space immediately below each
prompt. Type your responses in black.
1
Choose one of the following prompts:
63. a. Compare the character of Iago in Othello with Mr. Collins in
Pride and Prejudice.
b. Compare the character Emilia in Othello with Charlotte Lucas
in Pride and Prejudice.
c. Compare the character Othello in Othello with Mr. Hyde in
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
2
Read the following poem, then explicate it in two paragraphs.
You answer must include one paragraph explaining its hidden
meaning as well as a paragraph that discusses the poems
metaphors and other figurative language, imagery, and
structure.
Santa’s Not Coming
By Michael Murray
Santa’s not coming
this year
I saw him
hung from a tree
by his neck
like a sacrifice
to Odin.
But no eight-legged
horse will carry
him to his grave
because no one
remembers
the old ways.
But he won’t be missed.
64. At yule’s dawn
we’ll don Santa masks
to hide our thoughts
that bite
each other
like the Fenrir-wolf
who devours
the sun and the moon
How Loki-Lucifer
will laugh.
3
Choose one of these topics and write one paragraph in favor of
the topic and one paragraph against the topic. Use at least one
piece of evidence from the internet for each paragraph.
1. Teaching critical race theory in public schools
2. Requiring all students be vaccinated for COVID-19 before
returning to school in the fall
3. Making hate speech a crime
4. Allowing biological males who identify as female compete as
women in high school or college sports
4
How has COVID-19 affected you this year? Include comments
on whether you learned more or learned less due to the hybrid
protocols or full distance learning you experienced.
65. Rubric for each prompt
25 points: Fully and adequately answers the prompt without
major errors in English conventions
20 points: Partially answers the prompt or has major errors in
English conventions
15 points: Partially answers the prompt and has major err ors in
English conventions
10 points: Attempts to answer the prompt but the response is
nowhere close to being on point, or the response is woefully
under the 100 word minimum
5 points: Does not come close to answering the prompt
The final exam for Dr. Nohrden’s English 8 classes will likely
cover the following areas:
Poetry:
You will be tested on general understanding of poetry. This
includes knowing the following terms:
verse
stanza
quatrain
triplet
66. cinquain
rhyme and rhyme schemes
meter
iambic pentameter
sonnet
haiku
tanka
ballad
villanelle
free verse
You should also know the difference between various poetic
devices, including, but not limited to, metaphor, simile,
apostrophe, and personification. You should also be ready to
write a short essay about a poem and to explicate it.
Novel Study:
You should understand how a novel is created, including the
development of conflict, setting, theme, point of view, and
especially characterization.
Shakespeare:
You should understand how Shakespeare created his plays with
an emphasis on tragedy and plot development. Just as
important, you must understand the differences in the characters
as shown by Othello and how they contribute to the conflict and
67. how theyrelate to characters in other stories. Review the play at
home and be familiar with various parts of the play, the names
of the characters, and various aspects of setting, theme, plot,
point of view, and characterization. Be ready to write about
Othello.
Writing Techniques:
By the time of the final exam, we will have learned and
practiced thesis-based writing. You should be certain that you
understand how to create a thesis, the mechanics of essay
writing, the importance of a thesis statement and other elements
of an essay (such as a dynamic opener or “hook”). You will
also be required to know how to reduce the excessive number of
linking verbs (helping verbs) and to include imagery in your
writing.
Debate:
You should be to understand the value of debate and to be able
to write convincingly about both sides of a controversial topic
based upon your own research.
EXTREMELY HELPFUL STUDY HINT: Review all prior tests
and quizzes. This will help you become familiar with what you
don’t know. Also, go over prior writing assignments and read
the teacher’s notes. This can be particularly enlightening if you
are making the same mistakes from assignment to assignment.