EnerFuel is developing a high-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell to serve as an electric vehicle (EV) range extender. A 3-10 kW HT-PEM fuel cell could reduce the required battery size by 9 kW and increase daily driving range by over 20 kW. This fuel cell range extender provides benefits beyond increased range like climate control and battery protection while parked. Systems in this 3-10 kW power level could also enable applications like backup power and material handling.

1. Fuel Cells as EV Range Extenders:A Near-Term Fuel Cell Solution1501 Northpoint Parkway, Suite 101West Palm Beach, FL 33407(561) 868-6720

2. Ener1 FamilyEner 1 is the Group HeadNasdaq: HEVWorldwide HQ:New York, New York USAEuropean HQ:Paris, FranceEnerDel is developing Lithium Ion batteries to improve the cost and performance of electric vehicles. NanoEner is developing new, cutting-edge methods of material deposition and thin films using Nanotechnology.EnerFuel is developing technologies and products that advance the performance of fuel cells and enable increased applicability to near term markets.Enertech is the 3rd largest Li-Ion battery producer in Korea. EnerTech ensures the cost of prodution for Li-Ion batteries are competitive.EnerDel is the only company in the USA with the capability in place to produce large lithium ion batteries on a mass scale.EnerDel Japan is working on material & cell chemistry & manufacturing processing for lithium batteries. Chungju, South KoreaIndianapolis,Indiana USAWest Palm Beach, Florida USAFort Lauderdale, Florida USAJapan

3. Unique Mix of Technologies Enables Fuel Cell Range ExtenderReduces required fuel cell nominal power

4. Reduces required battery size

5. Eliminates fuel cell transient operation

6. Reduces fuel cell required start-up timeHT-PEM Fuel CellHigh efficiency powerHigh energy densityEliminates reformate clean-up, Reduces reformer costEV Range ExtenderFuel ReformerEliminates need for hydrogen infrastructureBatteryImmediate powerElectrical energy storageEliminates reformer transient operationReduces required reformer size

7. Electric Vehicle VisionFuels other than Hydrogen can be usedEV Range ExtenderGasolineDieselE-85E-100MethanolBiodieselBiobutanolDME(others)GridOpportunity Charging Stations Opportunity:EV Range Extender produces no toxic emissions.Battery can be charged by fuel cell while vehicle is parked.

8. Types of EV Range Extenders1-3kW fuel cell

9. Partial range extension

10. Cabin heating and cooling

11. Battery protection

12. >10kW fuel cell

13. Unlimited range extension

14. Cabin heating and cooling

15. Battery protection

16. 3-10kW fuel cell

17. Range extension

18. Cabin heating and cooling

19. Battery protectionCharge AssistingCharge SustainingClimate Control / IdleClimate Control / IdleCharge SustainingCharge Assisting3kW10kW1kW

20. 2008 EnerFuel Developed Range Extended EV95mph max speed8sec, 0 - 60mph (97kph)

21. H2AnodeCathodeAirBlower / CompressorCooling FanHT-PEM Fuel Cell Module Reduces BOPHT-PEMLT-PEMReactant humidification and cooling system.Radiator much larger than for Piston EngineGen 2.0 fuel cell module undergoing testingEnerFuel’s HT-PEM Fuel Cell Module Doesn’t Need: Reactant humidification

22. Coolant loop / Coolant pumps

23. RadiatorOverall System Cost% BOP% StackSystem PowerBOP and Stack Cost in the SystemBOP costs are a higher proportion of system weight, size and cost as fuel cell power is decreased.

24. Reduction of BOP Impacts Costs of Lower Power Fuel Cells80KW System5 KW SystemPercentage of Automotive System CostPercentage of Automotive System Cost500,000 unit annual production of 80kW systemSource: “Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation” NREL/SR-560-39104500,000 unit annual production of 5kW systemSource:Estimation based on 80KW system = BOP components eliminated in HT-PEM fuel cell (24% of total cost)

25. 9.99.07.75.94.42.41.90.9Energy Density of Potential Fuels12.010.08.0/Lth6.0kWh4.02.00.0MethanolEthanolButanolConventionalU.S.HydrogenHydrogenLiquidgasolineconventional5kpsig10kpsigHydrogendiesel

26. HT-PEM Allows Reformer IntegrationTypical Hydrogen Fuel Cell SystemThe ProblemRequires Hydrogen InfrastructureLT-PEM Fuel CellEnergyH2HydrogenPrevious Reformer-based Fuel Cell SystemThe ProblemCO Removal is:Too Expensive

27. Too Heavy

28. Too Complicated

29. Too LargeLong Start-up Time(5-15 min)Traditional FuelH2LT-PEM Fuel CellReformer(Separates Hydrogen)CO RemovalEnergyH2+COEnerFuel SystemThe SolutionUses Existing Fuel Infrastructure, CO Removal is not necessaryEnerFuel HT-PEM Fuel CellTraditional FuelReformer(Separates Hydrogen)EnergyH2+CO

30. EnerFuel Can Tolerate CO in Reformed HydrogenHT-PEM has much lower susceptibility to CO poisoning than LT-PEM

31. Allows for simplified and low cost integration with reformers EnerFuelHT-PEM Operating TempLT-PEM Op. TempSource: Q. Lietal /Progress in Polymer Science 34 (2009) 449–477

32. Electric Vehicle Usage ModelTRIPHereThereDaily CommuteConsists of a series of trips

33. Inputs to Monte Carlo* Analysis*Monte Carlo Analysis runs a large number of scenarios to determine the likelihood of potential outcomes. 14

34. TRIPEVHereThereEVVehicle Energy Needs4.4kWh average trip energy10kWh battery can power 97% of tripsDaily CommuteConsists of a series of trips23kWh average commute energy

35. On average, a 5kW fuel cell stack would add 20kWh of range to the daily commuteA 5kW fuel cell stack could reduce battery pack size by 9kWh with minimal risk of adversely affecting vehicle driving rangeFuel Cell Adds Range and Could Reduce Battery Pack Size

36. Fuel Cell Reduces Probability of Needing to Charge During Day20kWh Battery Only15kWh Battery Only

37. Vehicle EfficiencyEfficiency Definitions:= 72mpg 3.3 L/100km= 91mpg2.6 L/100km

38. Fuel Cell Lowers EV Driving Range Cost300$25,000$23,764250$20,000219$16,639200$15,000$15,000171Avg. Vehicle Range (mi)Powerplant Price ($)150$10,000100100$5,000500$020kWh Battery20kWh Battery + 5kW FC10kWh Battery + 5kW FCAvg. Vehicle Range (mi)Powerplant PriceAssuming 200Wh/mi average drive energy consumption, reformer based 5kW FC system at $1750/kW, battery cost is $750/kWh.

39. MaterialHandlingStationary, Backup Power, microCHPTelecommunicationsE-Bikes<10kW System Enables Related Applications<10kWFuel CellRelated Applications Drive Economies of Scale

40. ConclusionsThe use of Charge Assisting (3-10kW) fuel cell systemProvides significant increase on daily vehicle driving rangeReduces the capital cost associated with EV driving rangeImproves customer satisfaction (reduction of range anxiety)Fuel Cell Range Extender Provides Benefits Other Than RangeCapacity to “run while parked”Climate controlBattery life extensionSystems developed in the same power level have other near-term applicationsIdle eliminatorsBackup powerMicro-CHPMaterial Handling

41. Thank youQuestions and AnswersFor more information please contact:Daniel A. Betts, PhDdbetts@enerfuel.com1501 Northpoint Parkway, Suite 101West Palm Beach, FL 33407+1 (352) 258-1405