The endocrine system regulates homeostasis through hormones that target cells and organs throughout the body. Key endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, which regulates other glands; the thyroid gland, which produces hormones regulating metabolism; and the adrenal glands, which produce cortisol and other hormones critical for stress response. Hormones act through feedback loops between the hypothalamus and pituitary to maintain hormone levels within target ranges.
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure
and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptxthiru murugan
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The Endocrine system:
The structure and functions of:
The pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine system:
The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands”Â
They supply their secretions directly to blood
General functions:
Respiration
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensory perception
Movement
Sexual development
Growth
The pituitary gland:
Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus Â
The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones
Parts:
Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis)
Middle lobe (intermediate lobe)
Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis)
Hormones secreted by pituitary:
The anterior pituitary gland:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Functions of pituitary:
ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete  cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels.
GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
LH &Â FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production
TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding.
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin.
Pineal gland:
also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain
It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin.
pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Hormone:
Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark.
Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light.
In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime.
Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body.
Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles.
Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons
Function:
The main function of pine
22.chemical control & coordination in one shot.pptxanonymous
Â
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemical
coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones
regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands
or certain cells. The endocrine system is composed of hypothalamus, pituitary
and pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis
and ovary). In addition to these, some other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, heart etc., also produce hormones. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy as
well as in mammary gland development and lactation. The atrial wall of the heart
produces atrial natriuretic factor which decreases the blood pressure. Kidney
produces erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis. The gastrointestinal tract
secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. These
hormones regulate the secretion of digestive juices and help in digestion.
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
Â
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood. Â
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure
and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptxthiru murugan
Â
The Endocrine system:
The structure and functions of:
The pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine system:
The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands”Â
They supply their secretions directly to blood
General functions:
Respiration
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensory perception
Movement
Sexual development
Growth
The pituitary gland:
Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus Â
The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones
Parts:
Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis)
Middle lobe (intermediate lobe)
Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis)
Hormones secreted by pituitary:
The anterior pituitary gland:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Functions of pituitary:
ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete  cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels.
GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
LH &Â FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production
TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding.
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin.
Pineal gland:
also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain
It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin.
pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Hormone:
Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark.
Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light.
In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime.
Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body.
Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles.
Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons
Function:
The main function of pine
22.chemical control & coordination in one shot.pptxanonymous
Â
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemical
coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones
regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands
or certain cells. The endocrine system is composed of hypothalamus, pituitary
and pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus and gonads (testis
and ovary). In addition to these, some other organs, e.g., gastrointestinal tract,
kidney, heart etc., also produce hormones. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy as
well as in mammary gland development and lactation. The atrial wall of the heart
produces atrial natriuretic factor which decreases the blood pressure. Kidney
produces erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis. The gastrointestinal tract
secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. These
hormones regulate the secretion of digestive juices and help in digestion.
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
Â
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood. Â
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
Â
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
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M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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1. Endocrine System
SHAHINA BANO
Objectives
•Define Endocrine system
•Identify Endocrine glands and Endocrine tissues present in the body
•Discuss types of Hormones, target cells, target organ
•Briefly discuss Mechanism of Action of Hormone (protein and
•steroids)
•Discuss the location and structure of pituitary gland.
• Discuss the role of hypothalamic hormones in the regulation of pituitary gland secretions.
•Discuss the function of the hormones secreted by anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
•Briefly discuss the structure, function & hormones of the following glands
•Thyroid
•Para Thyroid
•Pineal
•Adrenal
•Pancreas
Endocrine System
2. Endocrine System
•Circulating or local hormones of the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis by regulating the activity and growth of
target cells in your body.
•Hormones also regulate your metabolism.
Endocrine System
3. Hypothalamus
•The hypothalamus is part of the brain.
•It receives messages from all over the body and keeps the body balanced by sending out messages to the Nervous System
via the brain.
• It also sends out hormone messages to the pituitary gland and helps to regulate the control of thirst and hunger.
Hypothalamus
•The hypothalamus is the link between the endocrine and nervous systems.
•The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones
throughout the body.
Pituitary Gland
4. Pituitary Gland
•Pituitary gland or hypophysis
•It is also known as master endocrine gland
•Pea shaped structure
•It secrete several hormones that control other endocrine glands
•Pituitary gland it self has a master the hypothalamus
•It lies in pituary fossa of sella tunica of the sphenoid bone
•It attached with stalk
•It has two lobes
Anterior lobe Adnophypophyses
Five hormones released
1. Somatotrophs Human growth (hGh)
2. Throtrophs Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH )
3. Gonadotrophs Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
4. Lactotrophs Prolactin (PRL)
5. Corticortrophs Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Human growth hormone and insulin like growth factor
•Somatotropin secrete human growth hormone
•Human growth hormone in turn stimulates several tissue to secrete insulin like growth and regulate aspect of metabolism
•hGH is most plentiful hormone
•IGFs cause cells to grow and multiply by accelerating protein synthesis
5. •IGF also decrease the break down of protein
Thyroid stimulating Hormone
•Thyrotrophs secrete thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
•TSH control the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
•Gonadotrophs secrete two hormones FSH and LH
•Both act on the gonads
•They stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone and the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries
•They stimulate sperm production and secretion of testesrone in the testes
Lactotrophs
•Secrete prolactin (PRL) which initiate milk production in the mammary glands.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
•Corticotrophs secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone which is stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such
as cortisol
•Some corticotrophs remnants of the pars intermedia also secrete melanocytes stimulating hormones (MSH)
Posterior lobe Neurohyphophses
•Two parts
•Pars nervosa large tubular portion
•Infundibulum
•10,000 terminal is called pituictyes
6. •Two hormones released
1.Antidiuretic hormone ADH
2.Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
•Anti = Against
•Diuretic = Increased urine production
•Also called vasopressin
•Vaso = Blood
•Pressure = Press
Oxytocin
Ok, se TO-sin; okytoc
•Oxytocin = Quick after birth
7. Mechanism of Action of Hormone (protein and steroids)
Thyroid gland
•Butterfly shape
•Located just inferior to larynx
•Two lobes
•Right lobe
•Left lobe
•Connected by isthmus
•Normal mass 30g
•It receive 80-120ml of blood/ minute
9. •Produces calcitonin
•Calcitonin regulate calcium homeostasis
•Regulating the rate at which your body uses calories (energy)
•Slowing down or speeding up your heart rate
•Raising or lowering your body temperature
•Influencing the speed at which food moves through your digestive tract
Parathyroid glands
•Embedded in posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
•Para means beside.
•Weight 40g.
•Chief cells are more numerous cells.
•Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone PTH
•Parathyroid hormone is also called parathorme
•Function major regulate of levels of calcium magnesium and phosphate
•Oxyphil cells unknown function
•Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
•Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines
•Conservation of calcium by the kidneys
•Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing calcium
from the intestines
10. Adrenal gland
•Supra renal gland
•2 gland located on top of kidney superior to each kidneys
•3.5-5cm height
•Two parts
•Adrenal medulla
•Adrenal cortex
12. Thymus gland
•Located behind sternum between lungs
•Major role in immunity
•Hormones produces
•Thymosin
•Thymic lumoral factor THF
•Thymic factor TF
•Thymopoietin
•Function promote maturation of T cells
Thymus Gland
13. Pinal gland
•Pinecone shape
•Small endocrine gland
•Attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline
•0.1-0.2g weight
•Gland consist of pinealocytes cells
•Physiological role is still unclear
•Produces melatonin
•Melatonin is thought to contribute to setting the body biological clock
•During sleep plasma level of melatonin increase and then decline plasma level before awakening
References
•Tortora J.G, Derkison, B. principle of Anatomy and physiology (11th Ed) USA john Willey & Sons, inc