Emma's Story. A New Prognosis for Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
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This document summarizes the case study of a child named Emma who was born with agenesis of the corpus callosum, a birth defect where the structure connecting the two brain hemispheres is partially or completely absent. She had global developmental delays and probable cerebral palsy. Integrative Movement therapy was used to help stimulate communication between the brain hemispheres. After several sessions, Emma showed improvements in physical, cognitive, language, and sensory functions such as improved sitting, grasping, babbling, eye contact, and tolerance of touch and textures. The therapy was adapted specifically for her needs and appeared to yield benefits beyond traditional therapies.
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![Emma ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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5. Average Lengths and Weights 0-12 months
Dev Psych.ch5.keynote
The document summarizes key topics in motor, sensory, and perceptual development across the lifespan. In infancy, reflexes and gross motor skills emerge as infants explore their environment. Vision develops from a "blooming buzzing confusion" to the ability to perceive patterns, depth, and visual expectations. Hearing also matures in infancy. In childhood and beyond, fine motor skills increase while some senses gradually decline with age. Motor, sensory, and perceptual abilities are shaped through dynamic interactions between biological factors and environmental experiences.
Alzheimers disease
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, typically beginning with memory loss and deteriorating over time. It involves the deposition of beta amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to the loss of connections between neurons. Risk factors include increasing age and family history, while potential causes relate to reduced acetylcholine levels, oxidative stress, and genetic mutations.
Fluency disorder (Stuttering also known as stammering)
Introduction, aetiology, Epidemiology, Clinical features, Theories, Scale, Diagnosis, Assessment, management of stuttering.
Fluency: continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production.
All speakers are disfluent at times. They may hesitate when speaking, use fillers (“like” or “uh”), or repeat a word or phrase. These are called typical disfluencies or non-fluencies (ASHA - American Speech-Language-Hearing Association).
Types of fluency disorders
Stuttering
Cluttering
Normal Non-fluency
Stuttering (Stammering) the most common fluency disorder, is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterised by specific types of disfluencies, including:
Prolongations unnatural stretching of a sound (e.g., “Ssssssssometimes we stay home”);
Repetitions of sounds, syllables, and monosyllabic words (e.g., “Look at the b-b-baby,” “Let’s go out-out-out”);
Hesitations usage of fillers (“like” or “uh”),
Blocks inability to initiate speech sounds/difficulty getting a word/pausing in between words
CLASSIFICATION OF STUTTERING:
DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING:
It is initially noted in children between three and eight years of age
Approx. 75 % of pre-schoolers with developmental stuttering spontaneously recover within 4 years.
Normal non fluency:
As children pass through normal language development they will be disfluent in certain period when compared to others.
ACQUIRED STUTTERING:
Neurogenic stuttering: usually follows a neurologic event, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other brain damage.
stuttering occurs at the beginning of the words and the secondary behaviours are more obvious than with acquired stuttering.
Cause:
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke), with or without aphasia, Head trauma, Ischemic attacks (temporary obstruction of blood flow in the Brain)
Signs and symptoms:
Repetitions, Excessive levels of normal disfluencies , Extraneous movements
Psychogenic stuttering: It is rare and usually occurs in adults with a history of psychiatric problems following a psychological event or emotional trauma; there may be no other known aetiology.
Causes:
Depression, Emotional responses to traumatic events, Anxiety
Signs and symptoms:
Rapid repetitions of initial sounds
Epidemiology:
The prevalence of stuttering over the whole population was 0.72%, with higher prevalence rates in younger children (1.4–1.44) and lowest rates in adolescence (0.53).
Male-to-female ratios ranged from 2.3:1 in younger children to 4:1 in adolescence, with a ratio of 2:1 across all ages according to ASHA
In India it is estimated that approx. 10% of cases with communication disorders may have stuttering according to AIISH.
Aetiology:
A variety of factors may influence stuttering events, although the etiology of the condition is unclear
Possible contributing factors include cognitive processing abilities, genetics, gender of the patient, and environmental influences.
Intervensi bahasa pada ASD.pdf
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