3. INTRODUCTION
• Emission Norms are emission standards instituted by the Government of a
nation to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion
engines and Spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles.
• In india the standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the
Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change
• All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms
have to be compliant with the regulations
4. • The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in
2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then.
• Since October 2010, Bharat Stage (BS) III norms have been enforced
across the country.
• In 13 major cities, Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been in place
since April 2010 and it has been enforced for entire country since April
2017.
• In 2016, the Indian government announced that the country would skip
the BS V norms altogether and adopt BS VI norms by 2020.
A Short timeline for.
Bharat stage
5. Contd...
In its recent judgment, the Supreme Court has banned the sale and
registration of motor vehicles conforming to the emission standard Bharat
Stage IV in the entire country from 1 April 2020.
6.
7. What is BSVI?
• The BS6 emission standard is the sixth iteration of the emission norm and
comparatively, it’s a substantial leap in terms of reducing pollution compared
to the outgoing BS4.
• This is also because the BS5 (BSV) has been skipped in an effort to move to
better emission norms
• With the roll-out of the BS 6 norms, India will come at par with the US and
European equivalent emissions norms.
8. • The norm will bring a change in the fuel, as the BS6 compliant engine
require BS6 fuel.
• A BS6 vehicle using BS4 fuel will not adhere to the BS6 norms. Indian oil
companies have already started distributing BS6-grade Petrol and Diesel at
391 filling stations in Delhi with plans to make BS6 fuel available in all 13
major metro cities by April 2019.
• A vital difference between BS6 and the outgoing BS4 fuel is that the BS6
fuel contains 5 times fewer sulphur traces (10 parts per million) compared
to BS4 (50 ppm).
• NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) level will be brought down by a staggering 70% for
Diesel engine and 25% for Petrol Enginesh
9. • The BS6 brings along a plethora of changes, most significant being the
mandatory OBD (Onboard Diagnostics) for all vehicles.
• RDE (Real Driving Emission) will be introduced for the first time that
will measure the vehicle’s emission in real-world conditions against
simulated conditions.
• Introduction of DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) and SCR (Selective
Catalytic Reduction) for Diesel engines.
10.
11. What about old car
users...
• The only way is to run your cars on BS6 fuel.
• Not a big cause of worry for petrol car users as there is not much difference
between BS6 and BS4 petrol
• Using BS6 diesel for BS4 engines may damage the engine
• BS4 diesel engines contains 5 times more sulphur than BS6.
• Traditional BS4 diesel engines use injectors to ionise fuel. Sulphur acts as a
lubricant for the injector. Hence less amount of sulphur may cause the engine
to wear and year prematurely.
• This has caused decreased customer demand for diesel vehicles and hence
resulted in an increased amount of unsold diesel cars in the manufacturer's
inventory.
14. • First introduced in 1992 as Euro 1.
• European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust
emissions of new vehicles sold in the European Union and EEA
member states.
• The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union
directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly
stringent standards.
• In the European Union emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO total
hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon
monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most
vehicle types, including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and
similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and
aeroplanes.
European Emission
Standards
15. • The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4,
Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards.
• The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use
Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro Ii, etc.
• Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission
limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO
standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions.
• Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM)
standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct
injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and
Euro 6.
• A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in
2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and in 2014 with Euro 6 for
petrol engine
Contd...
16. Euro 6
• Sixth incarnation of the European emission standards.
• Introduced in September 2015
• Countries outside of Europe, the United States and Japan have largely
patterned their emissions policies on European regulations and the
associated mandates for clean, low-sulfur fuels.
• By adopting the Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards, these countries can
achieve up to a 99 percent reduction in the emission of pollutants like fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease, lung
cancer, stroke, and asthma.
17. • As CO2 standards continue to advance, GDI engine technology has
matured and is increasingly deployed.
• Gasoline direct injection engines produce higher particle
• emissions than the older port fuel injection gasoline engines, hence
the introduction of a PN limit to prevent an increase in particle emissions
from the gasoline fleet.
• This new
• limit may require the use of particulate filters on GDI engines, in addition
to improved
• fuel-injection techniques
• Aftertreatment technologies, such as lean NOX traps (LNT) or selective
catalytic reduction (SCR), may be added alongside technologies already
adopted to meet CO, HC, and PM limits, including diesel oxidation catalysts
(DOC) and diesel particulate filters (DPF).
18.
19.
20. Comparison between
Bharat stage and Euro
norms
• The Bharat stage norms have been styled to suit specific needs and demands
of Indian conditions. The differences lie essentially in environmental and
geographical needs, even though the emission standards are exactly the
same.
• For instance, Euro III is tested at sub-zero temperatures in European
countries. In India, where the average annual temperature ranges between 24
and 28 °C, the test is done away with.
• Another major distinction is in the maximum speed at which the vehicle is
tested. A speed of 90 km/h is stipulated for BS III, whereas it is 120 km/h for
Euro III, keeping emission limits the same in both cases
•
•
21. • In addition to limits, test procedure has certain finer points too. For
instance, the mass emission test measurements done in g/km on a
chassis dynamometer requires a loading of 100 kg weight in addition
to unloaded car weight in Europe.
• In India, BS III norms require an extra loading of 150 kg weight to
achieve the desired inertia weight mainly due to road conditions
here.
Contd...
22. For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is
crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to
comply as much as possible reflect normal driving situations. It was
discovered that manufacturers of engine would engage in what was
called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test
cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much
higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health.
In one particular instance, research from two German technology
institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NOx reductions have
been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards.
Cycle Beating
