This powerpoint gives an overview of some of the emerging vaccine technologies that are still in the development such as Virus-like particles (VLPs) and mRNA vaccines. Animations might not work, will be adding drive link later.

1. Emerging technologies in
vaccine development

2. TRADITIONAL VACCINE DISADVANTAGES
Infectious nature.
Reversion to virulent form.
Poor immunogenicity and require
adjuvants/repeated doses.
Stability issues.
Mutation risks.

3. Virus Like Particles (VLPs)
Mimics the structure of authentic viruses.
20-200nm, self assembling viral and non viral proteins displaying highly
dense surface antigens.
Safety and immunogenicity.
Ref:
(Brisse
et
al.,
2020),
(https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_9)

4. • They can be enveloped or non-enveloped
• VLPs can stimulate both, cellular and
humoral immunity.
• To enhance efficacy, molecules other than
antigen can also be attached.
• Antigens can be conjugated to VLPs either by chemical conjugation or fused
protein.
Ref: (Brisse et al., 2020), (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biot.201700324)

5. Production
of
VLP
Cloning viral
structural
proteins
Expressing the viral
proteins using an ES:
Bacteria/yeasts/mammali
an/cell free lysate
Ref: (Nooraei et al., 2021)

6. Head-to-head comparison of soluble vs. Qβ VLP
circumsporozoite protein vaccines reveals selective
enhancement of NANP repeat responses
Dead Alive
Ref: (Khan et al., 2015)

7. mRNA vaccines
Mimics many aspects of viral
infection.
Synthesized RNA – codons for
antigens of interest.
Capped, tailed along with
UTRs.
1990 – Concept of mRNA
vaccine
More than decades, mRNA
vaccine become possible.
Ref: (Verbeke et al., 2019)
(https://www.cureus.com/articles/63882-hiv-and-messenger-
rna-mrna-vaccine)

8. 2 Types of mRNA
Conventional mRNA – only AoI
Self-amplifying mRNA –
nsPs
AoI
Can stimulate both humoral and
cellular immunity
Surface presentation
for antibody induction Surface presentation
for antibody induction
Ref: (Verbeke et al., 2019),
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525001619300413)

9. Production
of
mRNA
vaccines
Ref: (Verbeke et al., 2019) , (https://www.neb.com/nebinspired-blog/8-tips-to-follow-whe
choosing-a-restriction-enzyme-for-in-vitro-mrna-transcription-for-vaccine-productio

10. Modified mRNA-based vaccines elicit robust immune responses and
protect guinea pigs from Ebola virus disease
Vaccine B
Vaccine A
(Meyer et al., 2018)

11. References
Brisse, M., Vrba, S. M., Kirk, N., Liang, Y., & Ly, H. (2020). Emerging concepts and technologies in
vaccine development. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 583077.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.583077
Khan, F., Porter, M., Schwenk, R., DeBot, M., Saudan, P., & Dutta, S. (2015). Head-to-head comparison
of soluble vs. Qβ VLP circumsporozoite protein vaccines reveals selective enhancement of NANP
repeat responses. PloS One, 10(11), e0142035. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142035
Meyer, M., Huang, E., Yuzhakov, O., Ramanathan, P., Ciaramella, G., & Bukreyev, A. (2018). Modified
mRNA-based vaccines elicit robust immune responses and protect guinea pigs from Ebola virus
disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 217(3), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix592
Nooraei, S., Bahrulolum, H., Hoseini, Z. S., Katalani, C., Hajizade, A., Easton, A. J., & Ahmadian, G.
(2021). Virus-like particles: preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug
nanocarriers. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 19(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00806-7
Verbeke, R., Lentacker, I., De Smedt, S. C., & Dewitte, H. (2019). Three decades of messenger RNA
vaccine development. Nano Today, 28(100766), 100766.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100766

12. GET VACCINATED
STAY SAFE!!!