A proposal to reduce the water shortages facing the South East of England by reducing evaporation from open water storage reservoirs.

1. ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF
ALLEVIATING WATER STRESS IN
THE THAMES BASIN UTILISING
SUSPENDED SHADE MATERIAL
DOMINIK FECHER

2. • Water Stress in the UK
• Open Water Evaporation Reduction
• Financial Viability

3. THE UK
Source – EA 2009

4. THE SOUTH EAST
22%
19%
Rainfall
18% - 25%
2015
Supply
Surplus
>900ML/D
2021
Demand
= Supply
2039
Shortage
=
370ML/D

5. RESERVOIR LOSSES
4202
4 Days
10,505263.2m³
Year
Second largest consumer

6. • Water Security in the UK
• Open Water Evaporation Reduction
• Financial Viability

7. EVAPORATION

8. EVAPORATION REDUCTION
Suspended Shade Materials Floating Covers Chemical Covers

9. SIMULATION OF UK EVAPORATION

10. EVAPORATION REDUCTION
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Change in Temperature (°C)
TestNumber
The Effect of SSM on Energy Transfer
Covered Container Uncovered Container

11. • Water Security in the UK
• Open Water Evaporation Reduction
• Financial Viability

12. THE SAVINGS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Evaporation(mm)
Month (January = 1)
Simplified Penman Equation Estimate of
Evaporation Within the Thames Basin
Chigwell No2 Reservoir
Water Value
128p/m3 (Current)
237p/m3 (Desalinated)

13. THE COSTS
• £5.88/m2Existing
Foundation
• £5.88/m2 +
• (£63 x m)
Foundation
Required

14. ECONOMIC VIABILITY
-£40,000.00 -£35,000.00 -£30,000.00 -£25,000.00 -£20,000.00 -£15,000.00 -£10,000.00 -£5,000.00 £0.00 £5,000.00 £10,000.00
Net Present Value of SSM Investment Based on a 30 Year Return Period
NPV - Unit Price 237.00 Wall required NPV - Unit Price 237.00 No Wall required
NPV - 128.43 Wall required NPV - Unit Price 128.43 No Wall required

15. • Water Security in the UK
• Open Water Evaporation Reduction
• Financial Viability

16. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
QUESTIONS

17. INCLUDE NET PRESENT VALUE FORMULA
𝑁𝑃𝑉 =
𝐶𝑡
(1+𝑟) 𝑡 − 𝐶𝑜 (Equation 4.0)
Where
𝐶𝑡 = Net cash flow during the period 𝑟 = Discount rate
𝑡 = Return period 𝐶𝑜= Initial investment

18. CONTAINER CHOICE
Material Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)
Soil Wet 1480
Soil Dry 800
Porcelain 1085
Aluminium 897
Glass 840
Clay 920
Polystyrene 1300

19. VALIDATION OF EXPERIMENT
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
No Wind and No Light (Measured After 24 Hrs)
No Wind and 1.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs)
24 Hrs Wind and 2 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs)
No Wind and No Light (Measured After 48 Hrs)
1.5 Hrs Wind and 1.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 1.5 Hrs)
No Wind and No Light (Measured After 24 Hrs)
6.5 Hrs Wind and 6.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 6.5 Hrs)
24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 1 (Measured After 24…
24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 2 (Measured After 24…
24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 3 (Measured After 24…
6.0 Hrs Wind and 6.0 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs)
EVAPORATION (MM)
Comparison of the Control Sample, Simplified Penman equation Estimate
and Adjusted Simplified Penman Estimate
Simplified Penman Equation Estimate Adjusted Simplified Penman Equation Estimate Control Container

20. EVAPORATION REDUCTION
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.5 Hours - Solar + Wind
24 Hours - No Solar + Wind
6.5 Hours - Solar + Wind
24 Hours - Solar + Wind
50% Covered Test
Evaporation (mm)
The Effect of SSM Cover on Evaporation
Polyethylene Covered Container Control Container

21. WINTER CONDITIONS
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Control Container
Polyethylene Cover
Simplified Penman
Evaporation (mm)
Comparison of Control Sample, Adjusted Simplified Penman Estimate and
Covered Container Losses - Outdoor Test
Outdoor Testing Date (27/11/13 - 29/11/13) Outdoor Testing Date (26/11/13 - 27/11/2013)
Outdoor Testing Date (25/11/13 - 26/11/13)