embedded systems architecture, programming and design raj kamal.pdf
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The document discusses the history and evolution of chocolate over centuries. It details how chocolate originated from cacao beans used by the Olmecs and Mayans as currency and medicine. Later, chocolate drinks became popular among the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate in the 16th century, slowly incorporating it into confections. By the 19th century, chocolate had become widely consumed in Western cultures in drinks and candies.
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1. Signals are the physical representation of data that is transmitted through communication systems. Signal parameters like amplitude, frequency, and phase shift encode the data.
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This document discusses frequency management and channel assignment in cellular networks. It covers:
- Frequency management which includes designating setup and voice channels, numbering channels, and grouping voice channels into subsets.
- Channel assignment which allocates specific channels to cell sites on a long-term basis and mobile units on a short-term basis during calls.
- The original 666 channels were divided into blocks A and B, with setup channels in specific ranges and voice channels assigned to each block. Additional spectrum has since been added up to channel 1023.
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An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are found in many devices such as mobile phones, cars, appliances, and toys [Paragraph 1]. They are typically specialized for their dedicated functions and have constraints on power, size, and cost. Examples of embedded systems include anti-lock braking systems, digital cameras, medical devices, and factory controllers [Paragraph 2]. A key characteristic of embedded systems is that they interact continuously with their environment through sensors and actuators to perform their dedicated functions in real-time [Paragraph 3].
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