This document discusses embedded systems and their role in everyday devices. It provides details on embedded system design, hardware, memory types, programming languages and applications. Embedded systems combine computer hardware and software to perform specific tasks, and are found in watches, phones, vehicles and more. They differ from general computers in being dedicated to a single purpose. The document concludes that embedded systems are essential technologies that will continue growing significantly.

1. EEMMBBEEDDDDEEDD SSYYSSTTEEMM

2. CCoonntteennttss
Introduction to Embedded Systems
Design Issues
Embedded software Development
Hardware for Embedded Systems
Types of memory
Embedded languages
Application
conclusion

3. WWhhaatt iiss aann EEmmbbeeddddeedd SSyysstteemm ??
An embedded system is a combination of the computer
hardware and software accomplished with additional
mechanical or other parts designed to perform a specific
function.
Embedded software is an almost every electronic device
in the use today. There is a software hidden away inside
our watches, VCR's, cellular phones
A well-designed embedded system conceals the
existence of the processor and the software .
Each embedded System is unique, and the hardware is
highly specialized to the application domain.

4. How does an Embedded ssyysstteemm ddiiffffeerr
ffrroomm ccoommppuutteerr ssyysstteemm ??
 An Embedded system is a specific to a application, whereas a
computer system is generic.
 Though the components are same there is substantial difference in
them.
 A personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function,
rather it is able to do many things.
 The essential difference is that a computer when manufactured is in
blank state, the manufacturer does not know what the customer will
do with it, while an Embedded system is application specific.
 An Embedded systems is a component within some large systems.
 If required each of the embedded systems are connected by a sort of
a communication network.
 Numerous embedded systems make up the computer system.

5. Embedded system VVss RReeaall ttiimmee SSyysstteemm
Real time system is a subclass of Embedded systems
that has strict timing constraints.
A real time system is specified in terms of its ability to
make certain calculations or decisions in a timely
manner to face the deadline.
A missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer
which is very crucial.
A real time system must be diligently designed which
must guarantee reliable operation of the hardware and
the software under all possible conditions.

6. A real ttiimmee ssyysstteemm hhaass ttwwoo ffllaavvoorrss
Hard Real time systems
Soft Real time Systems
 A hard real time system guarantees that critical tasks be
completed on time, the goal requires that all the delays in the
system need to be bounded. The current task is of high priority and
there shall be no preemption.
 A less restrictive type of real time system is a soft real time
system, where a critical real time task gets priority over other
tasks,and retains the priority until it completes it’s task.

7. AA ggeenneerriicc EEmmbbeeddddeedd SSyysstteemm
 All embedded systems
contain some type of
inputs and some outputs.
 The outputs of the system
are the a function of its
input and several other
factors.
 The inputs to the system
are control knobs and
buttons, the outputs are
typically the display’s on
the front panel.
Memory
i/p o/p
Processor

8. CCoommmmoonn ddeessiiggnn rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss
 Processing power
 Memory
 Development cost
 Number of units
 Expected life time
 Reliability

9. TTEECCNNOOLLOOGGIIEESS
PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGIES
IC TECHNOLOGIES
DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES

10. HHaarrddwwaarree ffoorr EEmmbbeeddddeedd SSyysstteemmss
Prior to writing software for an embedded system, one
must be familiar with the hardware on which it will run.
The processor and software pair can be replaced with a
custom integrated circuit that performs the same
function in hardware.
When the design is hard coded in this manner lot of
flexibility is lost.
Knowing the purpose of the hardware and making a data
flow diagram makes the task of the designer easy.
Each of the embedded system is unique and the
hardware is highly specialized to the application
domain.

11. Common mmeemmoorryy ttyyppeess iinn EEmmbbeeddddeedd
SSyysstteemmss
Memory
RAM Hybrid ROM
DRAM SRAM NVRAM Flash EEPROM EPROM PROM Masked

12. TTyyppeess ooff mmeemmoorryy
 Many types of memory devices are available for use in modern
embedded systems, the difference between them need to be known
to use them effectively.
 Other than the ROM and RAM there is a third kind of memory
device called hybrid memory which exhibits some of the
characteristics of both.
 Among all the types NVRAM, the non-volatile RAM is fairly
common in embedded systems, even after its high cost.

13. EEmmbbeeddddeedd LLaanngguuaaggeess
 C has been the language of the embedded programmers. The
inherent advantages in this is that, it is fairly simple to learn,
compilers are available for almost every processor in use today.
 C which is considered as a middle level language having both the
constructs of the low-level as well as high-level, has all the rich
features in it that makes it the choice of the embedded
programmers.
 Of course, C is not the only language used by embedded
programmers there are other languages like
 Assembly language
 C++
 Ada
 These languages though exists did not gain popularity as C.

14. AApppplliiccaattiioonnss
Embedded software is in almost every electronic device
designed today.
Early embedded applications included unmanned space
probes,computerized traffic lights and air traffic control
systems.
There is software hidden away inside our watches,
microwaves, VCR’s, cellular telephones, and pagers.
The military uses embedded software software to guide
smart missiles and detect enemy aircraft.
Communication satellites, space probes and modern
medicine would be nearly impossible without it.

15. LLeeggoo MMiinnddssttoorrmmss
Programmable Logic Device
Lego sets combining programmable bricks with
electric motors, sensors, Lego bricks, and Lego
Technic pieces (such as gears, axles, and beams)
First released in 1998
Created by Lego and MIT Media Laboratory

16. LLeeggoo MMiinnddssttoorrmmss NNXXTT TTeecchhnniiccaall
ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonnss
 32-bit ARM7 microcontroller
 256 Kbytes FLASH, 64 Kbytes RAM
 8-bit AVR microcontroller
 4 Kbytes FLASH, 512 Byte RAM
 Bluetooth wireless communication (Bluetooth Class II V2.0 compliant)
 USB full speed port (12 Mbit/s)
 4 input ports, 6-wire cable digital platform (One port includes a IEC 61158
Type 4/EN 50 170 compliant expansion port for future use)
 3 output ports, 6-wire cable digital platform
 100 x 64 pixel LCD graphical display
 Loudspeaker - 8 kHz sound quality. Sound channel with 8-bit resolution
and 2-16 KHz sample rate.
 Power source: 6 AA batteries

17. LLeeggoo mmiinnddssttrroomm

18. LLeeggoo MMiinnddssttoorrmmss NNXXTT ffeeaattuurreess
The NXT
Touch Sensor, Sound Sensor, Light Sensor,
Ultrasonic Sensor
Servo motors
Bluetooth, USB
NXT Software
Gears, axles, and beams
Lego bricks

19. CCoonncclluussiioonn
 Each of the embedded system is unique and the hardware is highly
specialized to the application domain. As a result, embedded
systems programming can be widely varying experience and can
take years to master.
 One common denominator across almost all embedded software
development is the use of C programming language.
 It seems inevitable that the number of embedded systems will
continue to increase rapidly.
 Already there are promising new embedded devices that have
enormous market potential.
 Individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next
generation of embedded systems will be in demand for quite some
amount of time.

20. SSuummmmaarryy
 Embedded systems are used and are
necessary in day-to –day life
 They are developed to meet the needs of
people
 They make work easier for humans
 The Embedded systems has shown
growth in Market , making investors
interested

21. THANK YOU
BY
LAKSHMI GANDHI.S
LAKSHMI PRIYA.P