The document discusses communication models and the communication process. It defines communication as the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver through various steps. It describes several classic models of communication including Aristotle's persuasive model, the Shannon-Weaver model, Berlo's S-M-C-R model, and Schramm's models. The key differences between communication processes and models are that processes describe the detailed steps while models provide simplified graphical representations focusing on the main elements.

1. The Communication Process
• Meaning and Concept of Communication Process
• Essential elements of communication process
• One-way vs Two-way communication
• Models of Communication: meaning and types
• Differences between communication process and
models

2. • Meaning
The communication process is an aggregate of many
steps or operations involved in the transmission of a
message.
A communication process may be defined as a
system which consists of developing a message,
encoding & transmitting it (by a sender on the one
side),
the receiving and decoding of the message,
understanding, accepting & giving response(by the
receiver on the other side).
The Communication Process

4. The communication process is cyclical
• After decoding the message, understanding the same &
taking action, a receiver sends his/her own reaction to
the original sender & a cycle is formed at least once.
• Megginson expressed his view as, “communication is a
cycle of interrelated stages that include-
(1) an idea, thought or mental expression which
(2) is translated, encoded, or put into symbols which then
(3) are transmitted to someone else, who
(4) receives them and Pf. David Megginson
(5) retranslates or decodes them back into an idea.
Yet communication is not complete until there is some
form of response.”

7. Steps of communication process
•1. Ideation
•2. Interpretation
•3. Encoding
•4. Sending of message
•5. Receiving of message
•6. Ideation
•7. Decoding
•8. Understanding
•9. Encoding
•10. Providing feedback.

9. Essential Elements of communication process
•1. Sender
•2 Source
•3. Stimulus
•4. Filter
•5. Message
•6. Medium
•7. Channel
•8. Receiver ( 0r destination)
•9. Understanding
•10. Feedback

11. Basic elements of communication process
•Sender/Encoder/Speaker
•Communication skills
•Attitudes
•Knowledge
•Position in the social system
•Culture
•Message
•Medium/Channels
•Receiver/Decoder/Listener
•Feedback

15. One way vs Two way Communication

16. One way vs Two way Communication
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19. One way vs Two way Communication
One way communication Two way communication
Speed Completed quickly Time consuming
Protection of power Authoritarian leadership Shared authority
Simplification of
managerial life
Simplification of managerial life
is better achieved
Makes managerial life complex as he
deals with the feelings, attitudes &
perceptions of his subordinates
Validity Accurate transmission of
remains questionable
More accurate transmission of facts is
possible
Direction of
communication
Information flows in one
direction
Information flows in two directions
Completeness Communication circuit remains
incomplete
Communication circuit is completed
Covering of mistakes

20. Why much importance is given to two-way communication
•Dynamic process
•Implementation of executive direction
•Job satisfaction
•Democratic environment
•Providing suggestions
•Receiver’s reactions
•Better relations
•Acknowledge of information
•Accuracy of understanding

21. Communication Models
• Meaning and Nature:
The word ‘Model’ typically refers to the representation of a
process, an event or a situation. It is not a separate and an
independent method. Instead, it is the representation of an
existing object.
The communication model is similarly a symbolic
representation of the communication process. It does not
show the details of a message, rather it presents only
those elements which are related to the object of sending
a message.
Words, numbers, symbols & pictures may be used to
illustrate models of different objects. Models can be verbal
as well as diagrammatic. The modeling of a message can
be done arithmetically, graphically or pictorially.

22. Aristotle’s Persuasive Model
Aristotle is popularly known as the organizer of the art of
rhetoric. He was a great observer thinker and recorder. He
felt that a speaker (communicator) should understand the
audience because the audience is very essential to
complete a communication process.
With this objective in mind, he
tried to adapt the message to the needs
of the audience. To reflect his view, he
developed a communication model.

23. • Aristotle was a Greek philosopher in the 4th Century BC and
teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle was taught by
Plato, who was taught by Socrates.
• Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist
who was still considered one of the greatest thinker of
politics, psychology and ethics.
• When Aristotle turn 17,he enrolled in plato's academy. In 338,
he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335 Aristotle
founded his own school, the lyceum in Athens where he
spend most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and
writing.
• Some of his notable works include Nichomachean ethics,
Politics, Metaphysics, poetics and pure and pure analytics.

24. o

25. The Shannon – Weaver Model
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26. • Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in
1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System
Technical Journal with Warren Weaver.
• Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver
was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later came to be
known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or
“mother of all models.” This model is more technological
than other linear models.

27. The Shannon – Weaver Model
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28. The Shannon – Weaver Model
• One way communication model

29. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
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30. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
• One way communication

31. Three Schramm Models
• The Osgood-Schramm model is built on the theory that
communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a
receiver.

32. Three Schramm Models
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33. Tubbs,S.L & Moss. S’s three basic models
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34. Linear Model
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35. Linear Model
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36. Interactional Model
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37. Transactional Model
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38. • O
William W. Wilmot

39. Davis Foulger’s Model
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40. Davis Foulger’s Model
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41. Difference between Communication Process and Model
Points of
difference
Communication Process Communication Model
Nature Is a theoretical concept.
Naturally it involves many
assumptions & examples
Instead, it is the pictorial &
graphical representation of the
communication process
Explanation As theoretical in nature it
presents the detailed
description of the message
sent.
Being graphical & pictorial in
nature it cannot display the detailed
description of the message. It only
shows the elements that are
directly to the sending of the
message.
Creation Its creation does not require
any expertize as it involves
the plain structuring of the
steps.
Its creation is not a simple job.
Drawing pictures, graphs etc needs
specialized skills which everybody
does not possess.

42. Points of
difference
Communication Process Communication Model
Complexity
Like other theoretical
matter, it is also a very
complicated issue, that
is why every sentence
needs to be read very
carefully.
In contrast, it deals with the
transmission of the main
points associated with the
message that is why it is very
easy to form an idea about
the matter through mere
observation at a glance.
Wastage of
time
It takes much time to
create & explain it.
It takes comparatively less
time to draw graphs and
pictures.
Channels It can be explained
through radio, TV etc.
But it can explained only with
the help of TV.

43. Importance / usefulness of comm. Models:
1. Better & quick understanding.
2. Facilitating comm. Plan.
3. Helps to identify noise source.
4. Guides to establish feedback facility in the system.
5. Using as a sample.
Limitations of Communication Models:
1. Symbolic representation.
2. Inclusion of relevant elements.
3. Inflexibility.