Elementary computational models and processes – addition and
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The document discusses elementary computational models and processes for addition and subtraction. It describes external representations which display knowledge through facts and procedures. Internal representations are how we mentally represent the external world. Key addition and subtraction concepts children develop include the compare schema to make judgments, part-whole schema to understand how parts form a whole, and change-by-adding and change-by-subtracting schemas to solve word problems by manipulating quantities.
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· Lesson Overview
· Topic 01: What Is a Business Process?
· Topic 02: Business Process Modeling
· Topic 03: Business Processes and Information Systems
· Topic 04: Business Process Management
· Lesson Summary
The Business Process
Overview
Everything that you do involves a process. Think about the process steps required to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Can you list and test them? Are you sure it is most efficient way to make the sandwich?
In this lesson, you will learn about processes, how to improve existing ones, and how information systems are created from process models. Business process engineering is used in organizations to improve process models and, ultimately, information systems.
After this lesson, you will be able to go into a retail store, look at all the products, and visualize the processes it took to get them there. You may also improve your process for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
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Introduction
Have you ever stopped in a grocery store, looked around, and wondered where everything came from? An integrated series of processes allowed all the products, equipment, and information systems to come together at that one spot where business is transacted. These business processes allow organizations to provide the goods and services that you may take for granted each day. This topic explains business processes and gives examples.
This topic supports the following objectives:
· Give examples of business processes
· Explain the relationship between business processes and information systems
What Is a Business Process?
A business process is a series of steps that defines how something is done. A process can also be referred to as an activity during which a series of related activities allows inputs to be changed into outputs.
Every task in an organization can be shown to be a process. It is important for business professionals to be able to look at the tasks they complete and to be able to identify the processes associated with them. They can then relate these processes to the information systems they use.
Example of a Business Process
A high-level process for a grocery store might include the following activities:
· Inventory existing stock
· Order needed products
· Receive products ordered
· Process and put stock out for sale
· Sell products
· Dispose of bad products
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Each of the activities discussed earlier can be broken down further into subprocesses or a series of steps until you reach the lowest level at which the steps can be divided.
After processes have been broken down, information technology staff members create a process model to outline the components of an information system based on these processes.
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There is a concern in your community regarding the environment. You've been tasked to research and present the concerns to your local or state government (California)
Perform an internet search to identify an instance of environmental pollution in your state.
Create a 5-to 8-slide PowerPoint® presentation or a 350-to 525-word proposal.
· Identify the effects of this pollution on human health and the environment.
· Explain the causes of this pollution.
· Recommend ways to prevent/clean up this type of environmental pollution.
· Include appropriate images.
Use at least 2 outside references.
Format your presentation and references consistent with APA guidelines.
· For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations with notes similar to what you would present orally.
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define a model and describe how models can be used to analyze operating
problems.
• Discuss the nature of forecasting.
• Explain how forecasting can be applied to problems.
• Describe methods of forecasting, including judgment and experience, time-series
analysis, and regression and correlation.
• Construct forecasting models.
• Estimate forecasting errors.
6 .Thinkstock
Models and Forecasting
von70154_06_c06_139-178.indd 139 3/6/13 3:18 PM
CHAPTER 6Section 6.1 Introduction to Models and Decision Making
6.1 Introduction to Models and Decision Making
In order for an organization to design, build, and operate a production facility that is capable of meeting customer demand for services (such as health care) or goods (such as ceiling fans), it is necessary for management to obtain an estimate or forecast of demand
for its products. A forecast is a prediction of the future. It often examines historical data to
determine relationships among key variables in a problem and uses those relationships to
make statements about the future value of one or more of the variables. Once an organiza-
tion has a forecast of demand, it can make decisions regarding the volume of product that
needs to be produced, the number of workers to hire, and other key operating variables.
A model is an abstraction from the real problem of the key variables and relationships in
order to simplify the problem. The purpose of modeling is to provide the user with a bet-
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Unsupervised Learning: Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning deals with unlabeled data. It's like being given a pile of toys and asked to organize them however you see fit. The algorithm finds hidden patterns or structures within the data. This is useful for tasks like customer segmentation, anomaly detection, and recommendation systems.
Reinforcement Learning: This is inspired by how humans learn through trial and error. The algorithm interacts with its environment and receives rewards for good decisions and penalties for bad ones. Over time, it learns to take actions that maximize the rewards. This is used in applications like training self-driving cars and playing games like chess.
Semi-Supervised Learning: This combines aspects of supervised and unsupervised learning. It leverages a small amount of labeled data along with a larger amount of unlabeled data to improve the learning process. This is beneficial when labeled data is scarce or expensive to obtain.
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Machine learning enables machines to learn from data and make predictions without being explicitly programmed. There are different types of machine learning problems like supervised learning (classification and regression), unsupervised learning (clustering), and reinforcement learning. Machine learning works by collecting data, preprocessing it, extracting features, selecting a model, training the model, evaluating it, and deploying it. Some common machine learning algorithms discussed are linear regression, logistic regression, and decision trees. Linear regression finds a linear relationship between variables to make predictions while logistic regression is used for classification problems.
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The document discusses design patterns and principles for object-oriented design. It covers the GRASP patterns for assigning responsibilities to objects, including Creator, Information Expert, Low Coupling, High Cohesion, and Controller. It also discusses the three main categories of design patterns from the Gang of Four (GoF): creational patterns like Factory Method, structural patterns like Bridge and Adapter, and behavioral patterns like Strategy and Observer. The document provides examples of applying these patterns and principles to object-oriented analysis and design.
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The document discusses applying object-oriented design principles to the design of a point of sale (POS) system. It covers applying several GRASP patterns, including Creator, Information Expert, and Low Coupling.
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Dynamic modeling tools
Spreadsheets provide a way for students to process and analyze data through a grid layout and automatic calculations. Data can be easily converted to graphs for visual learning. Spreadsheets allow users to perform basic calculations and use more advanced functions and formulas. They have practical applications for tasks like tracking budgets and timelines. Best practices include keeping the interface easy to use and focused on the key issues. Expert systems are computer programs that solve complex problems using human knowledge in the form of rules. They have been used in fields like agriculture, education, and medicine to provide guidance or make recommendations. In education, expert systems can act as tutors to help students learn in various subjects. Virtual worlds are simulated online environments where users interact through avatars. They
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The document outlines four approaches to curriculum: behavioral, managerial, systems, and humanistic. The behavioral approach focuses on setting goals and objectives based on Frederick Taylor's work. The managerial approach views the principal as the curriculum leader who helps develop goals, plans curriculum with stakeholders, and designs programs of study. The systems approach examines how different parts of the school relate to each other. The humanistic approach places the learner at the center of the curriculum.
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The document discusses curriculum experiences and teaching strategies that can be used to facilitate learning. It lists various teaching methods like time-tested methods, inquiry approaches, and constructivist techniques. It also outlines educational activities that can be part of the teaching repertoire, such as field viewing, experiments, computer programs, field trips, and experiential learning. Several guidelines are provided for selecting and using teaching methods, including matching the method to the learning objectives, considering students' learning styles, and ensuring flexibility.
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Elementary computational models and processes – addition and
- 1. Elementary computational models and processes – Addition and Subtraction
- 2. www.company.com Forming connections among internal and external representations • External representation •A material display of knowledge and information which may include facts, and also procedures and structures
- 3. www.company.com Each representation comprises these four key components Design Way in which the representation is structured Format refers to the lay-out or arrangement of the external representation
- 4. www.company.com Actions Designating how the materials or symbols are manipulated Explanation verbalization that accompanies the implementation of other components
- 5. www.company.com Internal representations It is created when we re- present the outside world to ourselves internally. We take information in through our senses and we make internal representations.
- 6. www.company.com Conceptual model of whole numbers Addition and Subtraction Schwartz ( 1988 ) defined addition and subtraction as “referent preserving composition”.
- 7. www.company.com Compare schema The compare schema allows the child to make comparative judgment of given amounts, initially in a perceptual way, then later using numerical comparison.
- 8. www.company.com Part/whole schema Children can reason about ways in which familiar materials come together and break apart.
- 9. CHANGE-BY-ADDING In this process, the children must switch from their accumulator model to a counting-sequence model. They must count as they add the required number of items to their existing set of items.
- 10. www.company.com The solution to the problem will be gained by counting all of the items in the set. Then the accumulator model would be invoked as the set is counted, representing a switch from the counting-sequence model back to the accumulator model.
- 11. www.company.com Combine – Additive problems of the combine type involve similar processes for the child, although they entail actions or implied actions on two distinct quantities. These problems are effectively modeled using a part-part-whole approach wherein the whole is represented by the parts taken together.
- 12. www.company.com Embedded Integration It is a conceptual development associated with latter procedure for both addends. The two parts and the whole can be considered simultaneously by embedding the parts within the whole.
- 13. www.company.com This means that the child is able to abstract the cardinal value of the one parts and does not need to re- count its items in determining the whole.
- 14. www.company.com Change by subtracting Take away process The take-away model of subtraction is the model that is most familiar from elementary school.
- 15. www.company.com “If Harry had 30 marbles and 10 were taken away by his friend Ron, how many were left?”
- 16. www.company.com Part-part whole model Separating one part from the whole leaves one part; combining two parts makes the whole.