The document discusses different element management systems (EMS) used to manage network elements. It describes what an EMS is and its key functions like service provisioning, assurance, operations support, and automation. It then summarizes Nortel and Redback Networks' EMS architectures, features, and capabilities. Nortel's EMS focuses on managing VoIP media gateways while Redback's provides fault management, service provisioning, inventory management, and real-time statistics through an intuitive GUI. Both EMS systems are designed to scale with network growth and complexity.