Electrostatic precipitators remove dust particles from gas exhaust by charging particles with a high-voltage charge and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. They operate by ionizing particles in the gas which migrate to grounded collection plates. Particles agglomerate on plates and are removed periodically. Electrostatic precipitators can be single or two-stage, dry or wet, and plate or tubular design. They are commonly used to control emissions from industries like oil refining, power plants, and food processing.
This work deals with the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for cyclone modeling on three-dimensional unstructured mesh using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, a standard k-ε or a k-É model and Large Eddy simulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed on the gas flow in a cyclone at Re = 280,000. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone is carried out. The model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all the types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically using ANSYS Fluent software. The Reynolds stress model (RSM), standard k-ε model and Large Eddy simulations are used in this work to know the flow separation characteristics. The models represent the 3-D, time-dependent flow analysis. CFD velocity profiles, and pressure drops for all the time-dependent flows are compared and discussed. Some details of the flow in the relatively small region in the vicinity of the inlet have strong influence on the separation process is checked with the simulations. The cyclone flow field pattern is simulated and analyzed with the aid of velocity components and static pressure contour plots.
This work deals with the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for cyclone modeling on three-dimensional unstructured mesh using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, a standard k-ε or a k-É model and Large Eddy simulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed on the gas flow in a cyclone at Re = 280,000. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone is carried out. The model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all the types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically using ANSYS Fluent software. The Reynolds stress model (RSM), standard k-ε model and Large Eddy simulations are used in this work to know the flow separation characteristics. The models represent the 3-D, time-dependent flow analysis. CFD velocity profiles, and pressure drops for all the time-dependent flows are compared and discussed. Some details of the flow in the relatively small region in the vicinity of the inlet have strong influence on the separation process is checked with the simulations. The cyclone flow field pattern is simulated and analyzed with the aid of velocity components and static pressure contour plots.
1.1 Layout of thermal power plant - merits and demerits of thermal power plant – pollutants - effects and control – cyclone separator – wet scrubber – electrostatic precipitator – control of No2 and SO2. - fluidised bed combustion.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
How to Calculate Separation Efficiency of compressor separators By Prem Babo...PremBaboo4
The centrifugal Compressor is designed for gas and vapour if the separation efficiency goes down then the water carryover in next stage and this is very dangerous for compressor internals because the gas & vapours are compressible fluid while the liquid is incompressible fluids. As a result a rapid and exponential rise in hydraulic pressure will be occurred and also Vibration. So, overall, vanes and impellers are the main victims of liquid droplets in a centrifugal compressor, or any compressor. Two phase flow in a compressor always damage its internal and it may damage the casing and deposition takes place on internals
Numerical Study Of Flue Gas Flow In A Multi Cyclone SeparatorIJERA Editor
The removal of harmful particulate matter from power plant flue gas is of critical importance to the environment and its inhabitants. The present work illustrates the use of multi-cyclone separators to remove the particulate matter from the bulk of the gas exhausted to the atmosphere. The method has potential to replace conventional systems like electrostatic precipitator due to inherent low power requirement and low maintenance. A parametric model may be employed to design the system based on the requirement of the power station. The present work describes the simulation of flue gas flow through a cyclonic separator. A Finite volume approach has been used and the pressure-velocity coupling is resolved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Discrete phase model is used to inject solid particles from inlet. In this numerical analysis a cluster of four cyclonic separators are considered. Comparisons are made between the available experimental results and the computational work for validation of the numerical models and schemes employed in the work. The separation efficiency and particle trajectories are shown and found comparable to similar cases from literature. The experimental results correlate well for the model under consideration.
It is the device that utilize specific configuration of N number of cyclones (diameter equal or greater than 300 mm) to treat higher volume of gas efficiently.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1.1 Layout of thermal power plant - merits and demerits of thermal power plant – pollutants - effects and control – cyclone separator – wet scrubber – electrostatic precipitator – control of No2 and SO2. - fluidised bed combustion.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
How to Calculate Separation Efficiency of compressor separators By Prem Babo...PremBaboo4
The centrifugal Compressor is designed for gas and vapour if the separation efficiency goes down then the water carryover in next stage and this is very dangerous for compressor internals because the gas & vapours are compressible fluid while the liquid is incompressible fluids. As a result a rapid and exponential rise in hydraulic pressure will be occurred and also Vibration. So, overall, vanes and impellers are the main victims of liquid droplets in a centrifugal compressor, or any compressor. Two phase flow in a compressor always damage its internal and it may damage the casing and deposition takes place on internals
Numerical Study Of Flue Gas Flow In A Multi Cyclone SeparatorIJERA Editor
The removal of harmful particulate matter from power plant flue gas is of critical importance to the environment and its inhabitants. The present work illustrates the use of multi-cyclone separators to remove the particulate matter from the bulk of the gas exhausted to the atmosphere. The method has potential to replace conventional systems like electrostatic precipitator due to inherent low power requirement and low maintenance. A parametric model may be employed to design the system based on the requirement of the power station. The present work describes the simulation of flue gas flow through a cyclonic separator. A Finite volume approach has been used and the pressure-velocity coupling is resolved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Discrete phase model is used to inject solid particles from inlet. In this numerical analysis a cluster of four cyclonic separators are considered. Comparisons are made between the available experimental results and the computational work for validation of the numerical models and schemes employed in the work. The separation efficiency and particle trajectories are shown and found comparable to similar cases from literature. The experimental results correlate well for the model under consideration.
It is the device that utilize specific configuration of N number of cyclones (diameter equal or greater than 300 mm) to treat higher volume of gas efficiently.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Electrostatic precipitator
A device that removes suspended dust particles from a gas or exhaust by applying a high-voltage
electrostatic charge and collecting the particles on charged plates.
Figure 1:Electrostatic Precipitator at Chevron Pascagoula
Source: http://www.hamonusa.com/hrc/products/esp
3. Operating Principle
3) The charged particles
agglomerate on the collecting
plates where the charge bleeds off.
Rappers dislodge the agglomerated
particulate, which falls into the
collection hoppers for removal.
1) Particles suspended in a gas enter
the precipitator and pass through
ionized zones around the high voltage
discharge electrodes. The electrodes,
through a corona effect, emit
negatively charged ions into the gas
which travel to the grounded
collecting plates.
2) The ionized field around the
discharge electrodes charges the
particulate causing it to migrate
to the grounded surface of the
collecting plate.
4. Equation Designing used or ESPs
Cunningham correction factor
C= 1 +
2𝜆
𝑑
.(A1 + A2 .𝑒
−𝐴3.𝑑
𝜆 )
C is the correction factor
λ is the mean free path
d is the particle diameter
An are experimentally determined coefficients.
For air (Davies, 1945):
A1 = 1.257
A2 = 0.400
A3 = 0.55
Calculate the drift speed using the Cunningham Correction
Factor
Drift Speed
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =𝑤𝑒=
𝐶𝑞𝐸
3𝜋𝜇𝑓𝑑𝑝
q = charge acquired by each particle
E = electrical field = voltage difference divided by
electrode-plate distance d
C = Cunningham slip factor (to be obtained from
formula
𝜇𝑓= fluid viscosity = 1.81 x 10-5 kg/m.s for air at
ambient temperature
𝑑𝑝 = particle diameter
5. Calculate the Efficiency of ESPs
Other Equations for Overall Collection Efficiency of
ESPs
𝜂 = 1 − exp(−
𝑤𝑒𝑊𝐿
𝑄
) = 1 − exp(−
𝑤𝑒𝐴
𝑄
)
where
A=WL is the collecting plate area.
𝜂 =
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
=
𝐶𝑖𝑛−𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑖𝑛
=1−
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑖𝑛
= 1 − exp(−
𝑤𝑒𝐿
𝑈𝑑
)
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑈 = 𝑄/𝑊𝑑
Source: http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/courses/engs3
7/esps.pdf
Source: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-
66322001000300010
7. Plate-Wire Precipitators
- gas flows between parallel
plates of sheet metal and high-
voltage metal wires
- suitable for handling large
volumes of gas
- Eg: cement kilns, incinerators,
boilers, cracking units
Flat Plate Precipitators
- For smaller precipitators
- increase average electric field
and provide additional
surface area
- less susceptible to back
corona but has higher
rapping losses
PLATE PRECIPITATORS
TUBULAR PRECIPITATORS
• tubes arranged as a circular, square, or hexagonal
honeycomb with gas flowing upwards or downwards
• designed as one-stage unit (all gas passes through the tube,
eliminating sneakage)
• used in applications involving wet or sticky particulate
Source: http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/air_quality/electrostatic_precipitators
8. Single stage
use very high voltages to charge
particles
operate in parallel
incorporate charging and collection
together in the same stage
Two stage
operate in series
separate particle charging and
collection stages
more time for particle charging, less
susceptibility to back corona, and
economical construction for smaller
sizes
applied to submicron sources emitting
oil mists, smokes, fumes,
or other liquid aerosols
9. Dry ESPs Wet ESPs
capture particles in dry product
streams
strip wet (saturated) gas streams of
particles
use periodic rapping to separate the
accumulated dust
use water sprays to condition/trap
particles for collection
not suitable for submicron particulate
applications due to particle size,
resistivity
can remove very fine (submicron)
particulate that dry ESPs cannot
capture
Disadvantage:
- rapping will project some of these
particles (10-15 %) back into the gas
stream (known as reentrainment)
Disadvantages:
- costly because they incorporate water
and corrosive gases
- Particulate matter is collected as a
slurry instead of a dry solid (expensive
to handle and dispose)
10. USAGEEXAMPLES
Used in the desalination of crude oil by using a desalter.
- Desalination is necessary to avoid corrosion from acids formed by salts in downstream oil
refinement equipment.
The picture shown below is of a refinery boiler that has a wet electrostatic precipitator installed
for treatment of flue gas emissions.
Source: PPC Air Pollution Control,
Longview, TX
11. Used in a variety of industries for emission reduction of particles to control air pollution.
Two examples of precipitators used in particle emission reduction:
- dry electrostatic precipitator used in boiling and drying processes
Source: PPC Air Pollution Control, Longview, TX
12. - wet electrostatic precipitator used to treat fryer vent exhaust in the food processing industry.
Source: PPC Air Pollution Control, Longview, TX
