1. An electrostatic precipitator uses electrical forces to charge particles in an exhaust gas stream and move them onto collector plates to be removed, helping reduce air pollution. 2. Secondary research analyzes and interprets existing primary sources like publications and reports, rather than collecting raw data. The team conducted secondary research on electrostatic precipitators and compared other product designs.

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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmadabad
Affiliated
Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology
A
Project Report
On
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITORS
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING – IIB
B. E. III (3rd) year, Semester – VI
MECHANICAL
Submitted by:
Group:
Sr. Name Enrollment No.
1 Patel Love 140770119188
2 Patel Jay 140770119177
3 Patel Kishan 140770119185
4 Patni Suresh 140770119150
Prof. Roshni Kapadiya
(Faculty Guide)
Prof. Mit Shah
Head of the Department
Academic year
(2017-2018)

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Contents
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction I
1.1 Introduction about project 4
1.2 Student Details 5
1.3 Design Thinking 6
2 Empathy Mapping II
2.1 Observation through AEIOU Framework 7
2.2 Role playing 10
2.3 Mind mapping 11
2.4 AEIOU summary 11
2.5 Empathy mapping canvas 13
3 Secondary Research III
4 Ideation Canvas IV
4.1 People 19
4.2 Activity 20
4.3 Situation/Context/location 20
4.4 Props/Possible solutions 21
5 Product Development Canvas V
5.1 Purpose 22
5.2 People 22
5.3 Product Experience 23
5.4 Product Functions 23
5.5 Product Features 23
5.6 Components 23
5.7 Customer Revalidation
5.8 Reject/ Redesign/ Retain
23
24
6 Design VI
6.1 Calculation 25
6.2 CAD model 29
6.3 Cost 30
6.4 Ergonomics 30
7 Reference VII

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List of fig:
SR NO. FIGURES PAGE
2.1 AEIOU Canvas 7
2.3 Mind MAPPING 11
2.4 Empathy summary 12
2.5 Empathy mapping 13
3.1 SecondaryResearch 17
4.1 Ideation canvas 19
5.1 productdevelopment 22
6.1 CAD model 29

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Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
-Initially we were concerned about how to solve the problems of pollution , some time there were health
issues in particular cities.
-But later we realized that it would be very difficult to improve the given system as we have to replace the
most important part of the system.
- So later we start thinking about alternate solution of this problem. As our group discussions were ended we
were thinking about the common solution that is to create a radar system that would prevent pollution and
reducing the problems.
- As we were there we listens the problems of people that there was too much pollution in the city.
-We have too much sympathy for the employees and students also for tourists and physically handicapped
people who were getting ill due to pollution.
-We were concerned about the lives of the people who were in hurry and have less time but were stuck in
case of accident.
-some of people are not able to help themselves in case of accidents , so we were concerned on that problems.
- Also, when we have reached the station we asked the people about their problems and we conclude that the
problem of most the people are same, that they are facing a big problem to steer.
- We have to make a product that would be helpful to the people who are facing this problem so that they can
easily reduce pollution. We make a concept of that would be helpful to the people i.e. we are introducing a
electrostatic precipitors in the exhaust system and chimneys which provide pure gases in the environment so
that the pollution could be decreased.
- Then with our concept we reach to the drivers and interact with the people so that they can make a review
about our product.
- The people like our product, also they were very surprised that the this thing would also help them.
- Generally due to some delay in schedule the people have to rush to other station with their heavy luggage
and due to that many accidents have occur. So we have decided to make such type of product that would be
helpful to almost all people.

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1.2 Student Details
TEAM :
Name of the team: Royaleteam
 Patel Love:
With his fantastic skills of creations of ideas he supported the group in selecting the topic as well as to
explore more about this topic. Not only had he developed the idea also he gave support to the designing
part of the project. With his excellent presence of mind he helped co workers in there ideation.
Email id: love.patel2996@gmail.com
Contact No.: 8141662266
 Patel Jay:
Designing and writing work was done by him. With his creative and purposeful thinking our group has
been able to complete the project in time. As we talk about technical detailing of project, he helped so
much with his awesome practical knowledge. Main contribution in mind map as well as product
development canvas. He helped in creating and placing of canvas detailing and images.
Email id: jayhpatel97@gmail.com
Contact :7046491018
 Patel Kishan:
He was the main designer of the project as well as he took very active part in creating our product. He
gave his drawing expertise to the project in a way that the project reached a different level of creativity.
He was full of knowledge about this topic which makes him a perfect member to be chosen in the group.
He managed the dates and places for working of group to make this project.
Email id: patelkishan567@gmail.com
Contact no.: 7405055684
 Patni Suresh:
The idea of project and product was initiated by him. He was the member who has the confidence about
the success of this project. He helped as much as possible in the ideation .
Email id: sureshpatni867@gmail.com
Contact no.: 8140515534

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1.3 DesignThinking:
-Design thinking is a formal method for practical, creative resolution of problems and creation of solutions,
with the intent of an improved future result.
-In this regard it is a form of solution-based or solution-focused thinking – starting with a goal (a better future
situation) instead of solving a specific problem.
By considering both present and future conditions and parameters of the problem, alternative solutions may
be explored simultaneously.
Explanation: design thinking is an approach that allows an individual to analyze a problem in the present and
think its practical solution that will reduce or rejects the problem in the present as well as the future.
-It is different from scientific thinking in a way as scientific thinking includes assuming all parameters and
then thinking for a solution of the created situation with all the parameters predefined.
On the other hand design thinking creates a solution to the existing problems with all the parameters at their
natural values.
This is a better option as it includes natural thinking and not the predefined one so design thinking is largely
adopted in surrounding for human solutions.
Design thinking is a formal method for practical, creative resolution of problems and creation of solutions,
with the intent of an improved future result. In this regard it is a form of solution-based, or solution-focused
thinking – starting with a goal (a better future situation) instead of solving a specific problem.
By considering both present and future conditions and parameters of the problem, alternative solutions may
be explored simultaneously. Unlike analytical thinking, design thinking is a process which includes the
"building up" of ideas, with few, or no, limits on breadth during a "brainstorming" phase.

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Chapter 2- Empathy Mapping
FIG. 2.1 AEIOU Observation
2.1 Observationthrough AEIOU and other methods:
Understanding the problem of socitey it is one of the biggest challenges for engineering student as till now
we were making projects on imaginary ideas. So the first session was based on understanding the domain of
the problem in broader sense with emphasized on interacting with the people of our domain area which
includes more of casual talks than technical section. We were mostly observing what are the major of the
basic problems of the peoples in our domain.
The area our domain was steering system ,as we know there are number of peoples are present for their
different purpose or reasons or duties all of them are from different backgrounds and have to perform
different functions or utilize the space in different way. As in our first Canvas of activities we have observed
the following activities
Activities of users:
1 Welding
- The workmen was welding the metal and flue gases were being produced.
2 Boiling:
- The metal is being boiled in the industry so that the gases are being emitted in atmosphere.
3 Filtering:
- The gases are being fitered in the exhaust system but not very much.

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4 Ionising:
- The gases are being ionised in the filter.
5 Collecting:
- The filter is collecting all the air pollutant in the filter paper.
- These activities let us know about what's going on in the car or domain of our area.Then has no 1 X Canvas
of environment that is the surrounding. Which includes the weather conditions locations personal effects
operational effect time effect and other circumstances.
Environment:
1. Working.
- There were workers working in the industry.
2. Noisy
- There was too much of noise in the engine as it produces more noise.
3. Traffic
- The people were in rush because they have to catch their trains and also due to some reasons the train were
going to come at different station so they have to rush to go there. Also some people were doing hurry to go
into the train as there was the only train at that time which would be helpful to reach the people to their work.
and due to many more reasons there was terrific trrafic on the road
4. Pollution
- The exhaust of car and the gases emitted from chimneys are causing air pollution .
- As in our next sheet of interactions we were focus on what peoples and also the object /elements all present
in our domain are interacting with each other. These interaction can be between any two things . among
themselves.
Interactions:
1. Debate on green house effects
- Due to polluting gases the carbon is producing green house effect so that the people is doing debate for
reducing green house effect.
2. Research done by scientists.
- Scientists are doing research on air pollutants so that the air pollution is reduced.

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3. Reducing pollution
- The government is appealing to the people so that the air pollution is reduced.
4. Reading newspaper and magazines
- Some people were reading newspaper and magazines for taking news and doing time pass. Also there were
people who were reading the news at loud voice. They are interacting with the news paper and magazines as
they were getting new things from that .
As in our next sheet / Canvas of ‘objects’ . There are the building block of the environment the key elements
sometimes put to a complex on United user .We were focusing on what are the objects involved in the
domain.
Objects:
1. Ionising plate
- There is ionising plate in electrostatic precipitors which is used to filter the air pollutants.
2. Nano fibres
- There are nano fibres in air filters to collect the air pollutants so that the pure gas is emitted to the
atmosphere.
3. Battery
- The battery is connected to the car system and the ionising plate so that there is ionisation f the atomsand
the pure air is passed on.
4. Boilers
- There were boilers in the industry to heat the gases and using this gas for Refigeration .
5. Collection plate
- The collection plate is used to collect the air pollutant and after that it is cleared from the system .

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Then the last Canvas of observation AEIOU that is ‘users’ we were focusing on the users of the objects listed
above they are listed below .
Users:
1. Government.
- This products will be very useful to the government as it will reduce overall air pollution .
2. Senior citizens
- The senoir citizen were feeling uncomfortable due to hard sterring.
3. Passengers
- Passengers are also the users as they are using the stairs, washrooms ,etc. They are also the users of the food
items and many other thing that they have purchased from railway station
4. HVAC plant
- They gain maximum profit by using this electrostatic precipitors and they can also provide effortless
refrigerating system.
2.2 Role Playing:
SelectedUsers:
1. Government
2. Passengers
3. Senior citizen
4. Industrialist
Stakeholders:
1. ISHRAE
2. Technical person
3. Material provider
4. Scientists

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2.3 Mind mapping:
Then we had used coggle for our mind mapping. It provides a great platform to make a mind map which
can be used for easy analysis .The snapshot of our coggle sheet is below.
FIG 2.3 Mind Mapping
2.4 AEIOU summary framework
After designing the empathy sheet we concluded the following things:
1. The present invention relates to a electrostatic precipitors ,which is used to filter the polluted gases in the
exhaust gases and the chimneys and provide pure gases .
2. There is a big problem of air pollution.
3. There are catalytic converters which purify the exhaust gases but it is not used everywhere.
4. There was also a great problem regarding the air pollution of the car as there was speed loss due to the
lack of proper exhaust.

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FIG.2.4 Empathy Summary

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2.5 Empathy mapping canvas:
FIG.2.5 Empathy Mapping
Story boarding:
Happy
 Story1:
Ones a man was driving to his office he was getting late. The way to his office was full of runs. There
were many u turns. This would have consumed his lot of time but as he was using our seeing mechanism
so it was easy for him to take those Sharpe turns quickly and safely. Thus he reaches the office on time
and gives his life time important pretention. He got promotes to general manager of the company.
 Story 2:
Ones a newly married couple was going to Goa. The whether was fine it was slitly raining. On one shary
turn the car met an accident the husband was injured and get fainted. As the cr was having our stearing
mechanism the wife sited on side seat was able to control the steering easily and save boths life.the live
their life happily with this new start.
Sad

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 Story 1:
One family was traveling to their village by their new car. It has cost 35 lack to them. They were happey
to drive to their village by new car. on reaching the village the streets of village were short and of sharp
turns. On one sharp turn the man was not abel to turn on time and thus the met an accident. There was
serious damageto their car.
 Story 2:
One woman was driving to an hill station by car. The weather was fine and cool. The ways was full of
turns and sudden traffic which appears all of sudden in front of thecar. On one of the sharp turm the
women was not abel to turn the streeing full and thus she met an accident. Hegot seriously injurd and
thecar was now not more then a scrap. It was a great loss to her.

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chapter 3- Secondary research & Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles
out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. The particles are given an electrical charge by forcing
them to pass through a corona, a region in which gaseous ions flow
- An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles
out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. The particles are given an electrical charge by
forcing them to pass through a corona, a region in which gaseous ions flow. The electrical field that forces the
charged particles to the walls comes from electrodes maintained at high voltage in the center of the flow lane.
Once the particles are collected on the plates, they must be removed from the plates without reentraining them
into the gas stream. This is usually accomplished by knocking them loose from the plates, allowing the
collected layer of particles to slide down into a hopper from which they are evacuated. Some precipitators
remove the particles by intermittent or continuous washing with water.
- Care should be taken to distinguish secondary research from primary research that uses raw secondary data
sources. The key of distinction is whether the secondary source being used has already been analyzed and
interpreted by the primary authors.
-The term is widely used in health research, legal research, and in market research. The principal
methodology in health secondary research is the systematic review commonly using meta-analytic statistical
techniques, although other methods of synthesis, like realist reviews and meta-narrative reviews, have been
developed in recent years. Such secondary research uses the primary research of others typically in the form
of research publications and reports.
-In a market research context, secondary research is taken to include the re-use by a second party of any data
collected by a first party or parties.
- We also researched about other product and have make the design of our product.
-Also we have gone through the customer experience about other product and by the that we have make a
good idea about our product.
-Electrostatic precipitators find wide use as economical and efficient air pollution control devices in many
industries. Although they often demand the highest capital investment in comparison to other methods for
removing pollutants from effluent gas streams, low operating and maintenance costs, high collection
efficiencies, and ability to withstand severe operating conditions make precipitators ideally suited for
application to a variety of industrial pollution problems. Air pollution control legislation in the past has
allowed these devices to operate at comparatively low collection efficiencies in many industries, but recent
regulations require the removal of certain particulates with efficiencies greater than 99%. There is little doubt
that precipitators can be constructed to meet the new stringent requirements, but improved design procedures
are needed to help reduce their size and capital investment. Design methods are not lacking in the literature,
but these generally are basically empirical, and hence require prior testing either on the pilot plant or field
level. This is often an expensive and inaccurate procedure. An improved method of calculating precipitator
collection efficiencies by taking into account some of the more significant of the vast number of variables
influencing precipitator performance was presented in previous papers.1"3 In this method, hereafter referred
to as the Theodore model, a statistical approach based on the Monte Carlo technique is employed in the
efficiency calculations. This technique makes use of random numbers to quantify certain system parameters,
which, because of their complex nature, cannot easily be treated in a single equation such as the Deutsch-
Anderson model. These parameters are particle size distribution, particle mass flow rate gradient, gas velocity
profile, and electrostatic force variation. To date, only flat particle mass flow rate and gas velocity profiles
have been used in the model. Future studies will focus on the effects of non-flat profiles. It is believed that the
statistical nature of this model will permit the incorporation of other parameters that affect electrostatic
precipitator performance if enough quantitative information can be obtained. In this paper, the Theodore
model is employed to generate performance curves for various industries. Actual operating conditions
reported in the literature4 are inputted to the model and the dependence of collection efficiency on
precipitator length, plate-to-plate spacing, and average field strength is determined. Wherever experimental
values of the collection efficiency are available, comparisons are made with the predicted values.

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chapter 4- Ideation Canvas
FIG.4.1 Ideation canvas
We started with ideation Canvas where. First we started with peoples ,where we simply thought about the
peoples of for whom we want to solve the problem .
4.1 People:
1. Government
- The government is the main user using our product so that they get maximum benifit from our product and
it will help to save our world.
2. Scientists
- The scientists are also using this product so that they cn make the product more efficient and can develop
the system that do not make any pollution.
3. Senior citizen
- The senior citizen will get maximum benefit from our product as they get very pure gase to breathe and they
will get no more air borne disease.
4. Industrialists
- The industrialists also get benefit from our product as they can now filter the exhaust gases emitted from
chimneys and can reduce pollution.

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4.2 Activities:
1 Ionising
- The gases are being ionised in the filter .
2 Flowing of gases:
- The gases are flowing through pipes towards the electrostatic precipitors.
3 Applying brakes
- The driver was applying brakes very hardly as it was very tough and someone suudenly come onto the
road.
4 Emitting carbon
-The exhaust and the chimneys are emitting carbon as there are no air filters present in them .
5 Boiling:
- The metal is boiled and the gases are emitted in the atmosphere causing air pollution.
4.3 Situation/Context/Location:
The interactions of these situation contacts and location and activities are given below ;
1. Traffic/cars
We know that there are many vehicles in the roads so it will produce more air pollution.
2. Industry/ Boiling
There is boiling of metal in industry which is producing more air pollution.
3. Highways/ speed
As there are more vehicles on highway more air pollution will be there.
4. Parking/ More fuel
In parking more fuel is used which produce more air pollution.
5. Pollution/ boiling
Pollution was .produced during boiling of some metals and these gases were directly emitted to atmosphere

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4.4 Props/Possible solutions:
1. HEPA
2. Carbon Filters
3. Electrostatic precipitors
4. Viscous Filters
5. Spool drive
6. Dry fiters

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Chapter 5- Product Development Canvas
FIG.5.1. Product Development
5.1 PURPOSE:
Our purpose is to make a better way of use of exhaust and chimneys so that the air pollution is reduced.
5.2 PEOPLE:
Those people who are benefited and who are going to use going to utilise our product are mentioned below ;
Government
- Government are the main users in our domain.
- They are the main people who will use our product .
Industrialists
- Second most important people who make the maximum air pollution which can be controlled.
- The people have to breathe the pure air so that they can live easily.
Senior citizens
- They are most sensitive person in our world so that they should remain healthy
Industry
- By using this system they can reduce pollution and can contribute to healthy environment.

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5.3 Product Experience:
- The product experience are given below
- By installing this product in the exhaust system and chimneys the carbon content emitted is reduced
- If the exhaust gases is properly emitted from the vehicle then it will increase the efficiency
5.4 Product Functions:
The product functions of our product ,of our new exhaust system are listed below ;
- Filtering the polluting gases.
- If all the vehicles will install this then the overall reduction in pollution is 34%
- It will increase the vehicle efficiency by 20%
5.5 Product Features:
- The product features of our new design are listed below ;
- collecting carbon
- Efficient
- Ionising polluting gases
- Light weight
5.6 Components
- Ionising plate
- Collecting plate
- Alluminium
- Raw materials
- Baffles
5.7 CustomerRevalidation:
Then we talk to some peoples who can use our electrostatic precipitors and tell them the function and features
of it .Then we asked them for their suggestion of improvement they told us that,
- it would have low cost
- it require very high maintaince
- Dust also deposits on the discharge electrode wires and must be periodically removed similarly to the
collector plate.
- The voltage applied to the electrodes causes the gas between the electrodes to break down electrically, an
action known as a "corona." Because the particles form a continuous layer on the ESP plates, all the ion
current must pass through the layer to reach the ground plates. This current creates an electric field in the
layer, and it can become large enough to cause local electrical breakdown. When this occurs, new ions of
the wrong polarity are injected into the wire-plate gap where they reduce the charge on the particles and
may cause sparking. This breakdown condition is called "black corona

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5.8 Reject/Redesign/Retain:
So to resolve all these problems we have increased the durability of the system because of low maintance it
can cause back pressure of exhaust gases which can cause choking of engine.
- If the collected particles could be dislodged into the hopper without losses, the ESP would be extremely
efficient.
- Practical considerations of passing the high voltage into the space between the lanes and allowing for some
clearance above the hoppers to support and align electrodes leave room for part of the gas to flow around the
charging zones. This is called "sneakage" and amounts to 5-10 percent of the total flow. Antisneakage baffles
usually are placed to force the sneakage flow to mix with the main gas stream for collection in later sections.
But, again, the sneakage flow around the last section has no opportunity to be collected.
- The flat plate increase the average electric field that can be used to collect the particles, and they provide an
increased surface area for the collection of particles.
- Tubular precipitators have typical applications in sulfuric acid plants, coke oven by product gas cleaning (tar
removal), and, recently, iron and steel sinter plants. Such tubular units are still used for some applications,
with many tubes operating in parallel to handle increased gas flows.
- Any of the precipitator configurations discussed above may be operated with wet walls instead of dry. The
water flow may be applied intermittently or continuously to wash the collected particles into a sump for
disposal.

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Chapter 6: Design data/ Calculation
6.1 INFORMATION REQUIREDFOR DESIGNING OF ESP
The efficiency of an ESP depends upon two factors
The size of the unit i.e. total square ft. of the collecting plate area
Amount of independent electrical energisation
In addition following details are required for designing an ESP
1. Source of the emission : Properties of the process by which the pollutants are produced
2. Particle size distribution
3. Chemical analysis of dust in relation to particle size
4. Specific eclectic resistivity of dust
5. Dust concentration of clean gas
6. Required dust concentration of clean gas(efficiency)
7. Properties of gas: composition, temperature, pressure.
8. Corrosive properties of gas
9. Gas flow rate
The electrical operating point of an ESP section is the value of voltage and current at which the section
operate. As will become apparent, the best collection occurs when the highest electric field is present,
which roughly corresponds to the highest voltage on the electrodes. In this work, the term "section"
represents one set of plates and electrodes having a common power source. In the direction of flow, this
unit is commonly called a "field," and a section or "bus section" represents a subdivision of a field
perpendicular to the direction of flow. In an ESP model, and in sizing applications, the two terms section
and field are used equivalently because the subdivision into bus sections should have no effect on the
model. This terminology has probably arisen because of the frequent use of the word field to refer to the
electric field. The lowest acceptable voltage is the voltage required for the formation of a corona, the
electrical discharge thatproduces ions for charging particles. The (negative) corona is produced when an
occasional free electron near the high-voltage electrode, produced by a cosmic ray, gains enough energy
from the electric field to ionize the gas and produce more free electrons. The electric field for which this
process is self-sustained has been determined experimentally.
For round wires, the field at the surface of the wire is given by
: Ec = 3.126 X 106[dr + 0.0301
(1)
where Ec = corona onset field at the
wire surface (V/m)
dT = relative gas density,
referred to 1 atm pressure
and 20° C
rw = radius of the wire (m).
This is the field required to produce "glow" corona, the form usually seen in the laboratory on smooth,
clean wires. The glow appears as a uniform, rapidly moving diffuse light around the electrode. After a
period of operation, the movement concentrates into small spots on the wire surface, and the corona
assumes a tuftlike appearance. The field required to produce "tuft" corona, the form found in full-scale
ESPs, is 0.6 times the value of Ec. The voltage that must be applied to the wire to obtain this value of
field, Vc, is found by integrating the electric field from the wire to the plate. The field follows a simple
1/r dependence in cylindrical geometry. This leads to a logarithmic dependence of voltage on electrode
dimensions. In the plate-wire geometry, the field dependence is somewhat more complex, but the voltage
still shows the logarithmic dependence.
Vc is given by:
= £crwln(d/rw) (2)
where Vc = corona onset voltage (V)

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d = outer cylinder radius in a
tubular ESP (m), or
d = 4/TT • wire-plate separation for plate-wire ESP (m). No current will flow until the voltage reaches
this value, but the amount of current will increase steeply for voltages above this value. The maximum
current density (A/m2) on the plate or cylinder directly under the wire is given
by:
j = fie V*/L* (3)
where j = maximum current density
(A/m2)
i — ion mobility (m2/V s)
€ = free space permittivity
(8.845 X 10"12 F/m)
V = applied voltage (V)
L = shortest distance from wire
to collecting surface (m).
For tuft corona, the current density is zero until the corona onset voltage is reached, when it jumps almost
to this value of j within a few hundred volts. The region near the wire is strongly influenced by the
presence of ions there, and the corona onset voltage magnitude shows strong spatial variations. Outside
the corona region, it is quite uniform. The electric field is strongest alongthe line from wire to plate and is
approximated very well, except near the wire, by:
£max = V/L (4)
whereEmax = maximum field strength.
(V/m),
When the electric field throughout the gap between the wire and the plate becomes strong enough, a
spark will occur, and the voltage cannot be increased without severe sparking occurring. The field at
which sparking occurs is not sharply defined, but a reasonable value is given by:
Ea = 6.3 X 105 X (273/T X P)1-65 (5)
where EB = sparking field strength
(V/m)
T = absolute temperature (K)
P = gas pressure (atm).
This field would be reached at a voltage of, for example, 35,000 V for a wireplate spacing of 11.4 cm
(4.5 in.) at a temperature of 149°C (300°F). The ESP will generally operate near this voltage in the
absence of back corona. ^max will be equal to or less than E&. Instead of sparking, back corona
may occur if the electric field in the dust layer, resulting from the current flow in the layer, reaches a
critical value of about 1 X 106 V/m. Depending on conditions, the back corona may enhance sparking or
may generate so much current that the voltage cannot be raised any higher. The field in the layer is given
by:
Particle Charging
Charging of particles takes place when ions bombard the surface of a particle. Once an ion is close to the
particle, it is tightly bound because of the image charge within the particle. The "image charge" is a
representation of the charge distortion that occurs whena real charge approaches a conducting surface.
The distortion is equivalent to a charge of opposite magnitude to the real charge, located as far below the
surface as the real charge is above it. The motion of the fictitious charge is similar to the motion of an
image in a mirror, hence the name. As more ions accumulate on a particle, the total charge tends to
prevent further ionic bombardment. There are two principal charging mechanisms: diffusion charging
and field charging. Diffusion charging resultsfrom the thermal kinetic energy of the ions overcoming the
repulsion of the ions already on the particle. Field charging occurs when ions follow electric field lines
until they terminate on a particle. In general, both mechanisms are operative for all sizes of particles.
Field charging, however, adds a larger percentage of charge on particles greater than about 2 jum in
diameter, and diffusion charging adds a greater percentage on particles smaller than about 0.5 ju.m.

26. 26 | P a g e
Diffusion charging, as derived by White,1 produces a logarithmically increasing level of charge on
particles, given by:
q(t) = rkT/e ln(l + r) (7)
where q(t) = particle charge (C) as
function of time (s)
r = particle radius (m)
k = Boltzmann's constant
(J/K)
T = absolute temperature (K)
e = electron charge
(1.67 X 10"19 C)
r = dimensionless time given
. by:
T = irrvNe26/(kT) (8)
where v = mean thermal speed of the
ions (m/s)
N = ion number concentration
near the particle (No./m3)
d = real time (exposure time in
the charging zone) (s). Diffusion charging never reaches a limit, but it becomes very slow after about
three dimensionless time units. For fixed exposure times, the charge on a particle is proportional to its
radius. Field charging also exhibits a characteristic time-dependence, given by:
q(t) = qs6/(0 + TO (9)
where qa = saturation charge (charge at
infinite time) (C)
8 = real time (s)
T' = another dimensionless time
unit.
The saturation charge is given by:
qs = 12irer2E (10)
where e = free space permittivity
(F/m)
E = external electric field applied to the particleThe saturation charge is proportional to the square of the
radius, which explains why field charging is the dominant mechanism for larger particles.
The field charging time constant is given
by:
T' = At/Neii (11)
where n = ion mobility (all other terms
are as defined previously). Strictly speaking, both diffusion and field charging mechanisms operate at the
same time on all particles, and neither mechanism is sufficient to explain the charges measured on the
particles. It has been found empirically that a very good approximation to the measured charge is given
by the sum of the charges predicted by Equations 7 and 9 independently of one another:
Particle Collection
The electric field in the collecting zone produces a force on a particle proportional to the magnitude of
the field and to the charge:
Fe = qE (13)
where Fe = force due to electric field
(N)
q = charge on particle (C)
E = electric field (V/m).

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Because the field charging mechanism gives an ultimate charge proportional to the electric field, the
force on large particles is proportional to the square of the field, which shows the advantage of
maintaining as high a field as possible. The motion of the particles under the influence of the electric
field is opposed by the viscous drag of the gas. By equating the electric force and the drag force
component due to the electric field (according to Stokes' law), we can obtain the particle velocity:
v(q,E,r) = q(E,r)EC(r)/(6rvr)
where v = particle velocity (m/s)
q = particle charge (C)
6.2 Materials used
The use of the term "plate-wire geometry" may be somewhat misleading. It could refer to three different
types of discharge electrodes: weighted wires hung from a support structure at the top of the ESP, wire
frames in which wires are strung tautly in a rigid support frame, or rigid electrodes constructed from a
single piece of fabricated metal. In recent years, there has been a trend toward using wire frames
or rigid discharge electrodes in place of weighted wire discharge electrodes (particularly in coal-fired
boiler applications). This trend has been stimulated by the user's desire for increased ESP reliability. The
wire frames and rigid electrodes are less prone to failure by breakage and are readily cleaned by impulse-
type cleaning equipment. Other differences in construction result from the choice of gas passage (flow
lane) width or discharge electrode to collecting electrode spacing. Typically, discharge to collecting
electrode spacing varies from 11 to 19 cm (4.3-7.5in.). Having a large spacing between discharge and
collecting electrodes allows higher electric fields to be used, which tends to improve dust collection. To
generate larger electric fields, however, power supplies must produce higher operating voltages.
Therefore, it is necessary to balance the cost savings achieved with larger electrode spacing against the
higher cost of power supplies that produce higher operating voltages.
Mildsteel: Most ESPs are constructed of mild steel. ESP shells are constructed typically of 3/16 or 1/4 in.
mild steel, plate. Collecting electrodes are generally fabricated from lighter gauge mild steel. A thickness
of 18 gauge is common, but it will vary with size and severity of application.
Copper: Wire discharge electrodes come in varied shapes from round to square or barbed. A diameter of
2.5 mm (0.1 in.) is common for weighted wires, but other shapes used have much larger effective
diameters, e.g., 64 mm (0.25 in.) square electrodes.
Stainless steel: Stainless steel may be used for corrosive applications, but it is uncommon except in wet
ESPs. Stainless steel discharge electrodes have been found to be prone to fatigue failure in dry ESPs with
impact-type electrode cleaning systems.
Lead lined steel: Precipitators used to collect sulfuric acid mist in sulfuric acid plants are constructed of
steel, but the surfaces in contact with the acid mist are lead-lined.
Steam-Jacketed steel: Precipitators used on paper mill black liquor recovery boilers are steam-jacketed.
Of these two, recovery boilers have by far the larger number of ESP applications.

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6.3 CAD model:

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Cost and Ergonomics
Mild steel: 60 Rs/Kg
SS304: 300 Rs/Kg
Copper: 393 Rs/Kg
Aluminium: 124 Rs/Kg
Materials used Cost
1/4inch * 10 (mild steel) 11,000 Rs
2 inch* 5 (SS304) 13,500 Rs
1/8 inch* 20 (copper) 15,000 Rs
1/2 inch* 3 (Aluuminium) 24,000 Rs
Total 63,500 Rs
Direct Costs
Purchased equipment costs
Adsorber vessels and carbon 63,500
Auxiliary equipment nil
Sum = A 63,500
Instrumentation, 0.1 A 6,350
Sales taxes, 0.03 A 1,905
Freight, 0.05 A 3,175
Purchased equipment cost, B 74,930
Direct installation costs
Foundations & supports, 0.04 B 2,997
Handling & erection, 0.50 B 37,465
Electrical, 0.08 B 5,994
Piping, 0.01 B 7,493
Insulation for ductwork, 0.02 B 1,498
Painting, 0.02 B 1,498
Direct installation costs 56,945
Total Direct Costs, DC 1,31,875 (INR)
Ergonomics:
- We have used mild steel in the electrostatic precipitators because it is easily available and have low cost.
- We have used SS304 because it has corrosion resistance characteristics and have good mechanical strength.
- Aluminium is used in this product because it is light weight and have high thermal conductivity, which is
best for this product.
- Copper is used as electrode for collecting plate because it is good conductor of electricity and it is required
for the product.
- Thickness of electrostatic precipitators is 2 inch, for better heat transfer from the hot and dusty gases to the
atmosphere.

30. 30 | P a g e
References
1) Coggle
2) US20030201137
3) USPTO,
4)Ford Global Technologies, Llc
5) 1. H. J. White, Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1963.
6) P. A. Lawless, L. E. Sparks, "A review of mathematical models for ESPs and comparison of their
successes," in Proceedings of Second International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation, S. Ma^ suda,
ed., APCA, 1984, pp. 513-522.
7). R. L. Bump, "Evolution and Design of Electrostatic Precipitator Discharge Electrodes," presented at the
75th APCA Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA
8) PTC Creo
9) Operation and Maintenance Manual for Electrostatic Precipitators (EPA/625/1-85/017, September 1985)
by Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711, U.S.A. (website: www.epa.gov)
10) Air Pollution Control Technology, Fact Sheet, (EPA-452/F-03-027) Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), United States
11) The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States.