The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of surveillance and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of " itemised phone bills and phone tapping. " Besides the quantitative analysis of surveillance and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tri-bunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of surveillance and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evi-dence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with re-gard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to the wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to highlighting some non-formal reasons for " phone tapping " in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.
The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of surveillance and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of " itemised phone bills and phone tapping. " Besides the quantitative analysis of surveillance and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tri-bunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of surveillance and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evi-dence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with re-gard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to the wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to highlighting some non-formal reasons for " phone tapping " in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.
Dr. Da-Yu Kao - The Investigation, Forensics, and Governance of ATM Heist Thr...REVULN
In July 2016, the ATM heist of Taiwan First bank is based on well-known Carberp malware family. The threat of cybercrime is becoming increasingly complex and diverse on putting citizen’s data or money in danger. Cybercrime threats are often originating from trusted, malicious, or negligent insiders, who have excessive access privileges to sensitive data. The analysis of ATM heist threats presents many opportunities for improving the quality and value of digital evidence. This talk will introduce some OSINT methods that can help investigators to perform a cybercrime investigation process in a forensically sound and timely fashion manner. This talk further points out cybercrime investigation, digital forensics, and ICT governance for fighting against cybercrime issues. It requires the sincere examination of all available data volumes at a crime scene or in a lab to present digital evidence in a court of law.
Botnet detection using ensemble classifiers of network flow IJECEIAES
Recently, Botnets have become a common tool for implementing and transferring various malicious codes over the Internet. These codes can be used to execute many malicious activities including DDOS attack, send spam, click fraud, and steal data. Therefore, it is necessary to use Modern technologies to reduce this phenomenon and avoid them in advance in order to differentiate the Botnets traffic from normal network traffic. In this work, ensemble classifier algorithms to identify such damaging botnet traffic. We experimented with different ensemble algorithms to compare and analyze their ability to classify the botnet traffic from the normal traffic by selecting distinguishing features of the network traffic. Botnet Detection offers a reliable and cheap style for ensuring transferring integrity and warning the risks before its occurrence.
Reasons why the developing field of computer forensics is essential to modern-day law enforcement in fighting cyber crimes (by Lillian Ekwosi-Egbulem).
Transatlantic data flows following the Schrems II judgmentblogzilla
Brief summary of Ian Brown and Douwe Korff’s study for the European Parliament Civil Liberties Committee, presented at a committee hearing on 9 November 2021
Police surveillance of social media - do you have a reasonable expectation of...Lilian Edwards
This paper (co-authored with lachlan Urquart of U of Nottingham) discusses if we have any expectations of privacy in content we make public on;line on social media - or can such content be data mined by the police at will? Should any kind of surveillance warrant be required of the police to use such material? has social jmedia become the new panopticon?
A study of index poisoning in peer topeerIJCI JOURNAL
P2P file sharing systems are the most popular forms of file sharing to date. Its client-server architecture
attains faster file transfers, however with its peer anonymity and lack of authentication it has become a
gold mine for malicious attacks. One of the leading sources of disruptions in the P2P file sharing systems is
the index poisoning attacks. This attack seeks to corrupt the indexes used to reference files available for
download in P2P systems with false data. In order to protect the users from these attacks it is important to
find solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of index poisoning attacks. This paper will analyze index
poisoning attacks, their uses and solutions proposed to defend against them.
Guest lecture 11 - Dr. Marinos Papadopoulos' presentation for his lecture to students of Edith Cowan University, School of Business & Law (Perth, Australia) on all the key principles providing the basis for the protection of personal data in consideration of the GDPR Regulation in Europe and on the lawful processing principle.
Access to justice through virtual doors - Daniela PianaOECD Governance
Presentation by Daniela Piana made at the OECD Global Policy Roundtable on Equal Access to Justice, 28 March 2019.
For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/equal-access-to-justice-oecd-expert-roundtable-portugal-2019.htm
La sociedad cívica tiene algunas expectativas básicas: Gente e instituciones, incluyendo gobiernos, deben comportarse según las leyes y la ética de la sociedad. Sin embargo, hoy en día la tecnología presta capacidades inesperadas y no bien conocidas. Estas tecnologías pueden chocar con la ética y las leyes de la sociedad. En particular, en sociedades modernas hay la expectativa de la privacidad de individuos y organizaciones.
En esta charla examinamos varias tecnologías que en muchos casos contradicen nuestras expectativas en cuanto a la privacidad. Veamos bases de datos estadísticos donde consultas deberían guardar la privacidad de los datos de individuos y varias tecnologías que permiten el monitoreo de la ubicación o el comportamiento de una persona o de las comunicaciones de la misma. También examinamos problemas relacionados con el uso de criptografía y el uso de marcas de agua, entro varios. En muchos casos, la tecnología compromete la privacidad, en algunos casos, presta más privacidad que es deseable.
e-SIDES presentation at NordSteva Conference, 11/12/2018e-SIDES.eu
The following presentation was given by Karolina La Fors (e-Law Leiden University and e-SIDES ) at the NordSteva Conference held in Oslo on December 11, 2018.
Presentation by Anna Herold at the 2019 CMPF Summer School for Journalists and Media Practitioners - Covering Political Campaigns in the Age of Data, Algorithms & Artificial Intelligence
Dr. Da-Yu Kao - The Investigation, Forensics, and Governance of ATM Heist Thr...REVULN
In July 2016, the ATM heist of Taiwan First bank is based on well-known Carberp malware family. The threat of cybercrime is becoming increasingly complex and diverse on putting citizen’s data or money in danger. Cybercrime threats are often originating from trusted, malicious, or negligent insiders, who have excessive access privileges to sensitive data. The analysis of ATM heist threats presents many opportunities for improving the quality and value of digital evidence. This talk will introduce some OSINT methods that can help investigators to perform a cybercrime investigation process in a forensically sound and timely fashion manner. This talk further points out cybercrime investigation, digital forensics, and ICT governance for fighting against cybercrime issues. It requires the sincere examination of all available data volumes at a crime scene or in a lab to present digital evidence in a court of law.
Botnet detection using ensemble classifiers of network flow IJECEIAES
Recently, Botnets have become a common tool for implementing and transferring various malicious codes over the Internet. These codes can be used to execute many malicious activities including DDOS attack, send spam, click fraud, and steal data. Therefore, it is necessary to use Modern technologies to reduce this phenomenon and avoid them in advance in order to differentiate the Botnets traffic from normal network traffic. In this work, ensemble classifier algorithms to identify such damaging botnet traffic. We experimented with different ensemble algorithms to compare and analyze their ability to classify the botnet traffic from the normal traffic by selecting distinguishing features of the network traffic. Botnet Detection offers a reliable and cheap style for ensuring transferring integrity and warning the risks before its occurrence.
Reasons why the developing field of computer forensics is essential to modern-day law enforcement in fighting cyber crimes (by Lillian Ekwosi-Egbulem).
Transatlantic data flows following the Schrems II judgmentblogzilla
Brief summary of Ian Brown and Douwe Korff’s study for the European Parliament Civil Liberties Committee, presented at a committee hearing on 9 November 2021
Police surveillance of social media - do you have a reasonable expectation of...Lilian Edwards
This paper (co-authored with lachlan Urquart of U of Nottingham) discusses if we have any expectations of privacy in content we make public on;line on social media - or can such content be data mined by the police at will? Should any kind of surveillance warrant be required of the police to use such material? has social jmedia become the new panopticon?
A study of index poisoning in peer topeerIJCI JOURNAL
P2P file sharing systems are the most popular forms of file sharing to date. Its client-server architecture
attains faster file transfers, however with its peer anonymity and lack of authentication it has become a
gold mine for malicious attacks. One of the leading sources of disruptions in the P2P file sharing systems is
the index poisoning attacks. This attack seeks to corrupt the indexes used to reference files available for
download in P2P systems with false data. In order to protect the users from these attacks it is important to
find solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of index poisoning attacks. This paper will analyze index
poisoning attacks, their uses and solutions proposed to defend against them.
Guest lecture 11 - Dr. Marinos Papadopoulos' presentation for his lecture to students of Edith Cowan University, School of Business & Law (Perth, Australia) on all the key principles providing the basis for the protection of personal data in consideration of the GDPR Regulation in Europe and on the lawful processing principle.
Access to justice through virtual doors - Daniela PianaOECD Governance
Presentation by Daniela Piana made at the OECD Global Policy Roundtable on Equal Access to Justice, 28 March 2019.
For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/equal-access-to-justice-oecd-expert-roundtable-portugal-2019.htm
La sociedad cívica tiene algunas expectativas básicas: Gente e instituciones, incluyendo gobiernos, deben comportarse según las leyes y la ética de la sociedad. Sin embargo, hoy en día la tecnología presta capacidades inesperadas y no bien conocidas. Estas tecnologías pueden chocar con la ética y las leyes de la sociedad. En particular, en sociedades modernas hay la expectativa de la privacidad de individuos y organizaciones.
En esta charla examinamos varias tecnologías que en muchos casos contradicen nuestras expectativas en cuanto a la privacidad. Veamos bases de datos estadísticos donde consultas deberían guardar la privacidad de los datos de individuos y varias tecnologías que permiten el monitoreo de la ubicación o el comportamiento de una persona o de las comunicaciones de la misma. También examinamos problemas relacionados con el uso de criptografía y el uso de marcas de agua, entro varios. En muchos casos, la tecnología compromete la privacidad, en algunos casos, presta más privacidad que es deseable.
e-SIDES presentation at NordSteva Conference, 11/12/2018e-SIDES.eu
The following presentation was given by Karolina La Fors (e-Law Leiden University and e-SIDES ) at the NordSteva Conference held in Oslo on December 11, 2018.
Presentation by Anna Herold at the 2019 CMPF Summer School for Journalists and Media Practitioners - Covering Political Campaigns in the Age of Data, Algorithms & Artificial Intelligence
Digital Footprints_ Investigating Digital Evidence in Online Crime Cases.pptxwebb00704
Have you ever stopped to consider the trail of breadcrumbs you leave behind every time you browse the internet? From social media posts to online purchases, your digital footprint is expanding with each click. But what if I told you that this seemingly harmless virtual path holds immense significance in solving online crime cases? In an era where cybercriminals are growing more sophisticated by the day, understanding the importance of digital footprints has become crucial for law enforcement agencies and individuals alike. Get ready to dive into a world where every keystroke could be a potential clue in unraveling complex web-based crimes.
Net Neutrality Capacity Building SeminarExcel Asama
Promoting Net Neutrality through multi stakeholder capacity building and dialogue is project aimed at contributing to the construction of neutral networks and freedom of expression in Cameroon through training, awareness creation and multi stakeholder discussions.
Project funded by the Web We Want Campaign.
Website: www.netnogcm.net
Net Neutrality Capacity Building SeminarExcel Asama
Promoting Net Neutrality through multi stakeholder capacity building and dialogue is project aimed at contributing to the construction of neutral networks and freedom of expression in Cameroon through training, awareness creation and multi stakeholder discussions.
Project funded by the Web We Want Campaign (webwewant.org)
project website: www.netnogcm.net
Lofty Ideals: The Nature of Clouds and EncryptionSean Whalen
An overview of the legal, privacy, and security issues surrounding modern cloud services and cryptography
Created as an alumnus talk for the Computer & Network Support Technology Fairfield Career Center senior class of 2016.
Some concerns on laws and regulations about information and expression in Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Presented during Mekong ICT Camp 2015 discussion on how information laws could affect ICT for Development projects, like community wifi and data journalism.
June 2015
What is cyber law?
What is cyber crime?
Cybercrimes areas
what law relating to
Data protection and privacy
Software Licensing Issues
IT acts
Policy Versus Law
Codes of Ethics and Professional Organizations
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
Electronic Surveillance Of Communications 100225
1. Electronic Surveillance of Communications - Master Programme in Law and Information Technology - Course C 2010. Development and Management of Information Systems in a Legal Perspective - Course C, block 5. Identification and Control technologies Mark Klamberg, doctoral candidate
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4. Changes in Our Society Technological change Until the end of the 1990s satellites were the main medium for international communication. Now it is fiber optics in cables controlled by private companies. Shift in Threats Relevant for National Security The perceived threat from the Soviet Union has been replaced with vague threats such as terrorism, international criminality, migration, environmental threats and financial imbalances New Legal Demands The European Convention on Human Rights requires that interferences in the private life and family has a legal basis (article 8) Privatization Telecom operators were previously state-owned and controlled. Now they are private companies whose priority is to safeguard the interests of their customers, not the interests of the state
5. Signal Intelligence - why legislation? Considering the changes in the 1990s: The technological change and privatization creates a need to adopt legislation or other binding measures that obligates the private operators to surrender communication to the State. This makes the existence of previously top secret surveillance public knowledge The shift in perceived threats creates a need to expand the mandate or codify an already expanded mandate of signal intelligence organizations The public knowledge about this surveillance and new legal demands creates a need for legislation protecting privacy
6. Data retention - why legislation? Communication providers have stored traffic data (who is phoning who and when) about the phone calls of their customers for billing purposes. Law enforcement agencies have used such data in order to detect, prevent and investigate crime Nowadays, consumers are turning to flat-rate subscriptions and voice over IP-services (for example Skype). Thus, there is no need to retain traffic data for billing purposes. Law enforcement agencies still want/need traffic data.
7. We humans leave electronic footprints after us, in the form of credit card payments, visits to websites, records of phone calls and e-mail (communication data). Imagine that somebody could collect everything and process it through a powerful computer. With the right tools one could find patterns that in detail describe what groups and networks you belong to. Such techniques are referred to as traffic analysis and social network analysis Traffic analysis and social network analysis
8. With traffic analysis social networks may be identified A communication pattern can depict relations between individuals, Organisations, websites, etc with purpose of charting the social networks, position of power, views and other personal data about an individual. The actual message is less important than the information about the sender, recipient, the time of transaction, and means of communication. Knowledge about the communication pattern and thus the social network of person is often enough Individual
9. U.S. National Research Council, report October 2008 “ Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment”
10. Two general types of data mining techniques 1. Subject-based data mining 2. Pattern-based data mining U.S. National Research Council “Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment”
11. Subject-based data mining Subject-based data mining uses an initiating individual or other datum that is considered, based on other information, to be of high interest, and the goal is to determine what other persons or financial transactions or movements, etc., are related to that initiating datum. U.S. National Research Council
12. Pattern-based data mining Pattern-based data mining looks for patterns (including anomalous data patterns) that might be associated with terrorist activity—these patterns might be regarded as small signals in a large ocean of noise. U.S. National Research Council
13. When to use the two different techniques In the case of the decentralized group, subject-based data mining is likely to augment and enhance traditional police investigations by making it possible to access larger volumes of data more quickly. Furthermore, communications networks can more easily be identified and mapped if one or a few individuals in the network are known with high confidence. By contrast, pattern-based data mining may be more useful in finding the larger information footprint that characterizes centrally organized terrorist groups. U.S. National Research Council
14. Utility of pattern-based data mining The utility of pattern-based data mining is found primarily if not exclusively in its role in helping humans make better decisions about how to deploy scarce investigative resources, and action (such as arrest, search, denial of rights) should never be taken solely on the basis of a data mining result. Automated terrorist identification through data mining (or any other known methodology) is neither feasible as an objective nor desirable as a goal of technology development efforts. U.S. National Research Council
15. Panspectron (Delanda) “ There are many differences between the Panopticon and the Panspectron being assembled at the NSA. Instead of positioning some human bodies around a central sensor, a multiplicity of sensors is deployed around all bodies: its antenna farms, spy satellites and cable-traffic intercepts feed into its computers all the information that can be gathered. This is then processed through a series of “filters” or key-word watch lists. The Panspectron does not merely select certain bodies and certain (visual) data about them. Rather, it compiles information about all at the same time, using computers to select the segments of data relevant to its surveillance tasks.” Panopticon (Bentham)
16. Discussion Based on the material distributed, discuss for 15 minutes: 1. When does the interference with privacy occur in relation to systems of mass surveillance of electronic communication? 2. How does the American system differ from the legal regime under ECHR in its approach to the content/non-content distinction? 3. In the country you come from, do you have any regulations concern signal intelligence/strategic monitoring/surveillance for intelligence purposes? If not, does your country still have a state agency similar to the NSA, GCHQ, BND and FRA? 4. Is it appropriate to involve courts in issues concerning the implementation of policies on national security?
17. Defining content and traffic data As opposed to the content of a message, traffic data is the information used by the communication network to deliver the message to or from the user. In a telephone network, traffic data will reveal the number dialed (“to”), the originating number (“from”), the time of the call, and its duration. In the internet context, traffic data will similarly reveal the “to” and “from” e-mail address, the instant message to and from account names, and the other administrative information the computers generate in the course of delivery Compare with Orin Kerr: content and envelope information
18. Four fields of legislation International communication Domestic communication Preliminary Investigation Intelligence N/A 1. Chapter 27 of the Code of Judicial Procedure 2. Chapter 6 section 22(3) of the Electronic Communications Act (2003:389) 3. Act on measures concerning certain serious crimes (2008:854) 1. Act on measures to prevent certain serious crimes (2007:979) 2. Chapter 6 section 22(3) of the Electronic Communications Act (2003:389) Signal Intelligence Act (2008:717)
19. EU Data Retention Directive 1. Data is retained for periods of not less than six months and not more than two years from the date of the communication 2. The data retained purports to the questions who was communicating with who, when the communication occurred, where was the communicating parties and what type of communication used. 3. No content data may be retained for the purpose of the directive. 4. The access for national authorities to the data is to be regulated through domestic law
20. Summary of the legislation adopted 18 June 2008: IT- and telecom operators are obligated to transfer all communication in cables crossing Swedish borders to nodes controlled by the State The Defence Radio Establishment will intercept communication and collect data at the nodes (signal intelligence)
21. Similar organizations, laws and programs USA Organization: National Security Agency (NSA) Legislation: FISA United Kingdom Organization: Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Legislation: RIPA Case: Liberty et al. v. The United Kingdom
22. Similar organizations, laws and programs France Organization: Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) Germany Organization: Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) Legislation: G 10-law (Gesetz zur Beschränkung des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses) Case: Weber and Saravia v. Germany Denmark Organization: Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste (FE) Legislation: 17 § forsvarsloven
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25. 2. Clients (known) 12 August 2009 1. The Government 2. The Government office 3. The Defence Forces 4. The Police, including the Security Service (SÄPO) 5. National Inspectorate of Strategic Products 6. Swedish Customs Service 7. Defence Materiel Administration Agency 8. Defence Research Agency 9. Civil Contingencies Agency International Partners exist but unknown which those are. Could include NSA, GCHQ, BND, DGSE and FE Excluded in Autumn 2009
Common law model is said to be ‘ adversarial’ or ‘accusatorial’ and the Civil law model ‘inquisitorial’. No domestic system represents a pure model I will use the terms ‘adversarial’ and ‘inquisitorial’ to describe in a general sense differences attributed to the two traditions, but also, on occasion, resort to the common law and civil law labels.