This document discusses the development of a "science base" for digital governance. It addresses why a science base is needed, the key elements that comprise the science base, and progress that has been made in defining the domain structure and neighboring domains. The document outlines that a science base can help systematically organize knowledge and practice in digital governance to minimize costs and failures while maximizing productivity for governments. It presents the main elements of a science base as the rationale, domain structure, neighboring domains, solution methods/tools, and more. It also provides an overview of work to define the digital governance domain structure according to areas, streams, generations, and other dimensions. Examples are given of how areas relate to streams and how the

1. Workshop
Digital Governance Science Base:
Domain Structure and Neighboring Domains
Yannis Charalabidis
Professor of Digital Governance
University of the Aegean
yannisx@aegean.gr
Zoi Lachana
Researcher, Ph.D. Candidate
University of the Aegean
zoi@aegean.gr
Panos Keramidis
Student
University of the Aegean
icsd16067@icsd.aegean.gr

2. PART A
INTRODUCTION TO DGSB INITIATIVE
(Workshop number #09 on the subject)

3. Why do we need a “science base” for Digital Governance?
 There are hints, since Plato times, that governance has to be treated as a
science
– Plato, Politikos: “… the science of governance, this most difficult but also the most
important of all …”
 There are a lot to be gained, by systematically organizing knowledge and
practice in this important domain, for administration and societies: minimization
of solution time and cost, maximization of administration productivity, avoidance
of failure, better quality of life for citizens
 The neighboring of the Digital Governance domain with other, well – formulated
scientific domains like computer science, management science or law, brings
more value to the experiment

4. When will Digital Governance be considered a scientific domain ?
An example ?
How to test if we have a method
The “Yannis Test” on Digital Governance Science Base
Digital Governance is a well-structured and manages scientific domain, if:
Whenever 2 independent, randomly selected Digital Governance experts (practitioners
or DG science)
are exposed to the same administration situation – problem, and working
separately, they:
‒ Come to the same diagnosis for the situation – problem of the administration
(from a technical, semantic, organizational, legal and policy or other aspects)
‒ Propose the same set of actions so that the administration will reach the
desired state.
Input from epistemology and various DGSB workshops says:
“Science means METHOD, defined, applied and evolving in a systematic way”

5. What are the elements of the Science Base ?
Rationale
(justifications on the need for a science
base supported by evidence)
WHY

6. What are the elements of the Science Base ?

Research Roadmap
(new research
directions, evolution
scenarios)
Domain Structure
(ontology of scientific
areas, sub-areas,
terms, sectors, etc)
Neighboring Domains
(domains, “points of
connections”, structure,
tools, methods, ideas,
laws, etc)
Training Curricula
(training programmes,
training courses,
material)
WHAT
Solution Space
(solution paths, cases,
knowledge base of
successes and failures)
Problem Space
(problem classifications,
multidimensional vector
definitions)
Assessment Tools
(assessment
frameworks,
assessment tools,
KPI’s)
Solution Methods &
Tools
(frameworks,
methodologies, toolsets,
applications, algorithms)
HOW
Rationale
(justifications on the need for a science
base supported by evidence)
WHY

7. What are the elements of the Science Base ?

Research Roadmap
(new research
directions, evolution
scenarios)
Domain Structure
(ontology of scientific
areas, sub-areas,
terms, sectors, etc)
Neighboring Domains
(domains, “points of
connections”, structure,
tools, methods, ideas,
laws, etc)
Training Curricula
(training programmes,
training courses,
material)
WHAT
Solution Space
(solution paths, cases,
knowledge base of
successes and failures)
Problem Space
(problem classifications,
multidimensional vector
definitions)
Assessment Tools
(assessment
frameworks,
assessment tools,
KPI’s)
Solution Methods &
Tools
(frameworks,
methodologies, toolsets,
applications, algorithms)
HOW
Rationale
(justifications on the need for a science
base supported by evidence)
WHY

8. What are the elements of the Science Base ?

Research Roadmap
(new research
directions, evolution
scenarios)
Domain Structure
(ontology of scientific
areas, sub-areas,
terms, sectors, etc)
Neighboring Domains
(domains, “points of
connections”, structure,
tools, methods, ideas,
laws, etc)
Training Curricula
(training programmes,
training courses,
material)
WHAT
Solution Space
(solution paths, cases,
knowledge base of
successes and failures)
Problem Space
(problem classifications,
multidimensional vector
definitions)
Assessment Tools
(assessment
frameworks,
assessment tools,
KPI’s)
Solution Methods &
Tools
(frameworks,
methodologies, toolsets,
applications, algorithms)
HOW
The big picture
(Rules, Theories, Laws)
Rationale
(justifications on the need for a science
base supported by evidence)
WHY
The correct application
(Code of Ethics)

9. Comparing Digital Governance and Medical Science

10. PART B
ON DIGITAL GOVERNANCE DOMAIN
STRUCTURE
(Workshop number #03 on the subject)

11. On DG Domain Structure : Characteristics
DG Domain Structure is a Key Element of DGSB
There are lexicons (many) / taxonomies (several) / ontologies (few) of how DG
domain is structured : Our approach should be inclusive
The DG domain structure is expected to evolve over time : We should plan for this
evolution (collaborative tools, flexibility)
The domain structure should be simple but also convincingly deep if need
(allow for different levels of analysis / abstraction)
There will always be different views on some issues, by experts of the domain
(allow myriads of different viewpoints)

12. Domain Structure - Areas
 An Area corresponds on a specific topic of the domain (e.g.
interoperability, open data)
 An area can be analysed in sub-areas, at an infinite level
 The view of Areas as a tree corresponds to the Digital Governance
Area Taxonomy
 All areas have title, definition(s), links, etc
Upper Level
Interoperability
Legal
Interoperability
Organisational
Interoperability
Semantic
Interoperability
Technical
Interoperability
Lower Levels

13. Domain Structure - Streams
 Streams are elements where Areas are classified into (Streams and Areas are
orthogonal / they do not share common terms)
 Each Area is connected (belongs to) one or more Streams.
 Streams correspond but also enlarge to Information Systems elements
– Process & Regulation: series of activities, rules, or regulations controlling efforts to
achieve a desired outcome or goal
– Data: semantic elements, raw or organized information of any type and form
– People: the human element, users, citizens, employees, etc
– Infrastructure: a rage of technologies, systems, devices and applications, a
combination of software, hardware, networks etc. (including all IT related equipment)
– Intelligence: specific combinations of processes, data, people and infrastructure that
simulates properties of the human mind.

14. Streams and Areas Example
Areas
Process (&
Regulation) Data People Infrastructure Intelligence
Digital Public Services XX
Business Process Reengineering XX
Dynamic Workflow Automation XX X
Organisational Interoperability XX
Semantic Interoperability X XX
Technical Interoperability X XX
Digital Identity (e-ID) X X XX
Digital Security X X XX
Service Portals XX
Mobile applications X XX
Metrics X XX
Cloud Infrastructures X X XX
e-Participation XX X
e-Voting X XX X
Open Governmental Data XX X X
Linked Data XX X X X
e-Collaboration X XX X
Big Data Processing XX X X
Visual Analytics X XX X
Social Media X XX X
Extract of the Areas Taxonomy STREAMS

15. Additional Domain Structure Elements
Generations are identifiers of big movements in Digital
Governance (e.g. Gov 1.0, Gov 2.0, Gov3.0), each including
several Areas. Each area belongs to one or more Generations
Collectives are arbitrary, well-coined and recognized, identifiers
that act as sets of Digital Governance Areas (e.g. Smart Cities,
which contains several Areas).
Verticals are sets of Areas in the same sector of the economy or
society (e.g. eHealth, eJustice, etc / each containing several
Areas)
Sectors are well-known economy or society sectors, where
verticals are classified

16. The DG Domain Structure is a 6-Dimensional Space
An Example ?
Smart Cities /
Service Automation
Collectives
Area
Service Portals
Stream
Infrastructure
Generation
Gov 1.0
Vertical
eHealth
eJustice
Health
Security & Justice
& several more
Sectors

17. Digital Governance Domain Structure – Sneak Peek
Streams Generations Collectives Verticals
Areas
Process (&
Regulation) Data People Infrastructure Intelligence Gov 1.0 Gov 2.0 Gov 3.0 Smart Cities
Data-driven
Entrepreneurs
hip
Service
Automation
eHealth /Health
Informatics
eJustice
/Legal
Informatics eFinance
Digital Public Services XX X X
Business Process Reengineering XX X X
Dynamic Workflow Automation XX X X X
Organisational Interoperability XX X X
Semantic Interoperability X XX X X
Technical Interoperability X XX X X X
Digital Identity (e-ID) X X XX X X X
Digital Security X X XX X X
Service Portals XX X X X X X
Mobile applications X XX X X X X
Metrics X XX X
Cloud Infrastructures X X XX X X
e-Participation XX X X
e-Voting X XX X X
Open Governmental Data XX X X X X X
Linked Data XX X X X X X
e-Collaboration X XX X X X
Big Data Processing XX X X X X X X X
Visual Analytics X XX X X
Social Media X XX X X
Artificial Intelligence X X X XX X X
Blockchain X XX X X X
Internet of Things X XX X X X X X
Policy modelling & simulation X XX X
Opinion Mining & Sentiment
Analysis X XX XX X
Service API-fication X XX X X X
Text Mining X X XX X X X
Evidence-based decision making XX X X XX X
Sectors
Law and Justice X
Health X
Education and Research
Entrepreneurship & Development
Labor & Social Security
Economy & Finance X
Internal Affairs
Transportation
Culture and Tourism
Environment and Natural Resources
External Affairs
Public Safety

18. Next Steps
Continue the analysis of the Domain Structure through:
– Analysis of the Digital Governance Literature (DGRL - scientific papers)
– Tracks of Digital Governance Conferences
– Works of esteemed DG Authors
– Several google/scopus/wsi queries
Identification of the connections among the elements of the domain
structure setting up their dependencies
Community building to observe different point of views of the Domain
Structure
Development of various ontologies for Digital Governance terms
Tools for manVisualisation

19. PART C
DGSB NEIGHBORING DOMAINS
(Workshop number #05 on the subject)

20. Neighboring Domains
Digital Governance
Computer Science,
Information Systems Technology
Management Science,
Business Management and
public administration
Economics,
Digital Economy
Geography
Psychology
Social Science & Humanities,
Sociology
Philosophy/ ethics
Political Science
Development Theory
Law Science
These 10 neighboring domains
are the results of many
deliberations such as DG.O,
ICEGOV, ICIS, EGOV-
CeDEM-ePart, Samos Summit

21. Neighboring domains are adjacent to specific parts of the
DG Domain Structure
Digital Governance
• Social Media
Business
Process
Reengineering
• Blockchain
• Text Mining
Social Science & Humanities,
Sociology
Management ScienceComputer Science,
Information Systems Technology
• Opinion Mining &
Sentiment Analysis
Economics,
Digital Economy

22. Next Steps : The Domain / Neighboring Domains matrix
A Cartesian Product (at least 10x100) analysing proximity of neighboring
domains to DG areas
Areas Social
Media
Digital
Identity (e-
ID)
Policy modelling
& simulation
Opinion Mining &
Sentiment
Analysis
Text
Mining
Open
Governmental
Data
Business
Process
Reengin
eering
Blockchain … (70)
Computer Science,
Information Systems
Technology
Management Science
Economics, Digital
Economy
Geography
Psychology
Social Science &
Humanities, Sociology
Philosophy/ ethics
Political Science
Development Theory
Law Science
Neighboring
Domains

23. Next steps: Relating Neighboring Domains to DGSB Elements
HOW
Problem Space
(problem classifications,
multidimensional vector
definitions)
Solution Space
(solution paths, cases,
knowledge base of
successes and failures)
Assessment Tools
(assessment
frameworks, assessment
tools, KPI’s)
Solution Methods &
Tools
(frameworks,
methodologies, toolsets,
applications, algorithms)
Case: Interoperability
Neighboring Domains:
 Social Science
 Law Science
 Economics
 Management Science
 Computer Science

24. PART D
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
(Workshop number #04 on the subject)