A brief presentation about the properties, health effects and measurement and assessment methods for determining exposure related to Electromagnetic Field Radiation.
The document summarizes the effects of electromagnetic radiation on humans. It discusses two main types of electromagnetic fields - low frequency EMFs around 50-60 Hz from power lines and household wiring, and high frequency EMFs from cell phones, microwaves, and antennas in the radio frequency range of 30 kHz to 300 GHz. While it is difficult to shield against magnetic fields from power lines, prolonged exposure to high frequency EMFs from devices can heat tissues and pose health risks. The document was submitted by a student for a seminar on the study of electromagnetic radiation and its impacts on people.
Scanning Probe microscopy (AFM and STM) head point
AFM: Configuration of AFM
Parts of AFM system and Principle of AFM
Three Modes of AFM
AFM Instrument
Advantage and disadvantage
STM
Schematic Diagram
AFM and STM
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Preeti Choudhary
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and applications of different types of electromagnetic waves. It begins by explaining that electromagnetic waves are produced by moving electrons and consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. It then describes the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to radio waves in order of decreasing frequency and increasing wavelength. Finally, it provides examples of applications of different types of electromagnetic waves, including using radio waves for communication, microwaves for satellite TV, infrared for remote controls, light for fiber optics, ultraviolet for sterilization, x-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for radiation therapy.
Microwave antennas can be adapted from conventional antennas and take advantage of the small wavelength of microwaves to use additional antenna types like horn, slot, lens, microstrip, helical and parabolic reflector antennas. The document discusses different radiation zones around antennas based on wavelength and antenna size, as well as safety considerations like specific absorption rate and hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance and fuels. Guidelines are provided on permissible exposure levels from international organizations and safety limits from FCC to prevent health risks from microwave radiation.
The document discusses the functions and working principles of an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). EDS can determine the chemical composition of materials down to the micron scale by detecting the characteristic x-rays emitted when the material is exposed to an electron beam. The EDS system includes an x-ray detector that converts x-ray energies into electrical signals and a multi-channel analyzer to separate the signals by energy into an elemental composition spectrum. Factors such as detector resolution, sample properties, and operating conditions can affect the accuracy of elemental quantification by EDS.
The document discusses several medical imaging techniques:
- X-rays use high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from accelerated electrons to generate images. CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles to construct 3D images.
- Ultrasound uses piezoelectric transducers to generate and receive ultrasonic waves, which are reflected differently by tissues. This is used in A-scans and B-scans.
- MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to excite hydrogen nuclei in the body, and detects their signals to construct images based on tissue density and fluid content.
EDS softwares INCA and EDAX_EM forum_Yina Guo_May 2016YinaGuo
The document discusses energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It provides an overview of how EDS works, factors that influence resolution and detection limits, and tips for acquisition and analysis using EDS software. Examples are given of multipoint analysis, elemental mapping, and line scans to identify phases in a steel sample.
The document summarizes the effects of electromagnetic radiation on humans. It discusses two main types of electromagnetic fields - low frequency EMFs around 50-60 Hz from power lines and household wiring, and high frequency EMFs from cell phones, microwaves, and antennas in the radio frequency range of 30 kHz to 300 GHz. While it is difficult to shield against magnetic fields from power lines, prolonged exposure to high frequency EMFs from devices can heat tissues and pose health risks. The document was submitted by a student for a seminar on the study of electromagnetic radiation and its impacts on people.
Scanning Probe microscopy (AFM and STM) head point
AFM: Configuration of AFM
Parts of AFM system and Principle of AFM
Three Modes of AFM
AFM Instrument
Advantage and disadvantage
STM
Schematic Diagram
AFM and STM
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and applications of different types of electromagnetic waves. It begins by explaining that electromagnetic waves are produced by moving electrons and consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. It then describes the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to radio waves in order of decreasing frequency and increasing wavelength. Finally, it provides examples of applications of different types of electromagnetic waves, including using radio waves for communication, microwaves for satellite TV, infrared for remote controls, light for fiber optics, ultraviolet for sterilization, x-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for radiation therapy.
Microwave antennas can be adapted from conventional antennas and take advantage of the small wavelength of microwaves to use additional antenna types like horn, slot, lens, microstrip, helical and parabolic reflector antennas. The document discusses different radiation zones around antennas based on wavelength and antenna size, as well as safety considerations like specific absorption rate and hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance and fuels. Guidelines are provided on permissible exposure levels from international organizations and safety limits from FCC to prevent health risks from microwave radiation.
The document discusses the functions and working principles of an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). EDS can determine the chemical composition of materials down to the micron scale by detecting the characteristic x-rays emitted when the material is exposed to an electron beam. The EDS system includes an x-ray detector that converts x-ray energies into electrical signals and a multi-channel analyzer to separate the signals by energy into an elemental composition spectrum. Factors such as detector resolution, sample properties, and operating conditions can affect the accuracy of elemental quantification by EDS.
The document discusses several medical imaging techniques:
- X-rays use high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from accelerated electrons to generate images. CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles to construct 3D images.
- Ultrasound uses piezoelectric transducers to generate and receive ultrasonic waves, which are reflected differently by tissues. This is used in A-scans and B-scans.
- MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to excite hydrogen nuclei in the body, and detects their signals to construct images based on tissue density and fluid content.
EDS softwares INCA and EDAX_EM forum_Yina Guo_May 2016YinaGuo
The document discusses energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It provides an overview of how EDS works, factors that influence resolution and detection limits, and tips for acquisition and analysis using EDS software. Examples are given of multipoint analysis, elemental mapping, and line scans to identify phases in a steel sample.
1. Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies, with longer wavelengths corresponding to lower frequencies and vice versa.
2. They all travel at the same speed of 300,000,000 meters/second in a vacuum.
3. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, ordered from longest to shortest wavelength.
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum. It begins by describing how Maxwell's equations and Hertz's work showed that oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. It then provides an overview of the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. For each region it gives the wavelength/frequency range and cites examples of applications such as communications, radar, x-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for cancer treatment. The document emphasizes that electromagnetic waves transfer energy and can have effects on living things depending on their frequency/wavelength.
Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are all part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ordered from highest to lowest frequency and shortest to longest wavelength. Each type of electromagnetic wave has different uses:
- Gamma rays and X-rays are used to kill cancer cells and take medical images.
- Ultraviolet sterilizes medical equipment and detects counterfeit currency.
- Visible light enables vision and powers plant photosynthesis.
- Infrared provides medical therapy and heating.
- Microwaves enable radar, mobile phones, and cooking via microwave ovens.
- Radio waves power radio, television, and satellite and aircraft
Module 7 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to understand radiation monitoring and detection to safely respond to potential radiation incidents.
Lecture (1) understanding radiation therapy.Zyad Ahmed
1. Radiation therapy involves using high-energy radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce.
2. Radiation is usually given in fractions with healthy cells able to recover between treatments. The full dose is divided into smaller doses to minimize damage to normal tissues.
3. The radiation oncology team includes a radiation oncologist, medical physicist, dosimetrist, radiation therapist, and radiation oncology nurse. They work together to develop customized treatment plans and safely deliver radiation treatments.
Electromagnetic waves can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields which propagate perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Hertz's experiment provided the first clear evidence of the production and reflection of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays and includes visible light, with different sources and uses across the various wavelength ranges.
X-rays are created when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. This produces two types of X-rays: characteristic X-rays with specific energies related to the target atom, and Bremsstrahlung X-rays with a continuous range of energies. The X-ray emission spectrum depends on factors like tube voltage and current, filtration, and target material. X-rays are used in medical imaging techniques like radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography to visualize internal structures. However, ionizing radiation from X-rays can increase cancer risks with higher exposures.
definition, speed, production, properties of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum. waves in EM spectrum and their application in daily life.
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
The document provides information about scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It begins by explaining the quantum mechanical principles behind STM, specifically electron tunneling. It then describes the key components of an STM, including the scanning tip, piezoelectric scanner, distance control system, data processing unit, and vibration isolation system. The document discusses the two main imaging modes of STM - constant height mode and constant current mode. It also outlines how STM works by applying a voltage bias between the tip and sample and measuring the tunneling current. The document concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of STM as well as sources of artifacts in STM images.
A linear accelerator uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons in a linear path inside an accelerator waveguide. It can be used to treat both superficial and deep-seated tumors by either using the high-energy electron beam directly or by directing it at a target to produce x-rays. The first medical linear accelerators were installed in the early 1950s and since then the technology has advanced through multiple generations with improved waveguides, bending magnets, dose rates and computer control.
This document discusses treatment machines used for external beam radiotherapy. It begins by describing the evolution of radiotherapy technology from X-ray tubes to modern linear accelerators (linacs). It then focuses on the key components of X-ray and gamma ray treatment units, including X-ray targets, spectra, and quality parameters as well as teletherapy machines containing radioactive cobalt-60 or cesium-137 sources. The document provides detailed information on the physics principles and design of external beam radiotherapy equipment.
The document discusses the history and technology of radiation therapy equipment. It begins by outlining the aims of radiotherapy to deliver maximum dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding healthy tissue. The success of treatment depends on the capabilities of the radiation generating equipment. The document then provides a detailed overview of the development of radiotherapy technologies over time, from early X-ray machines to modern linear accelerators. It describes the components and operating mechanisms of various radiotherapy devices.
Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy - Dispersive X -Ray Microanalysis (Sem E...Nani Karnam Vinayakam
The document discusses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS) analysis. It provides details on:
- How an SEM works by scanning a sample with a focused electron beam and detecting signals from electron interactions with the sample.
- The components of an SEM including the electron gun, detectors for secondary electrons and backscattered electrons.
- How EDX analysis identifies elements by measuring the energy of X-rays emitted when electrons change energy levels.
- Parameters that affect EDX analysis such as count rate, accelerating voltage, and take-off angle.
The document summarizes the fundamentals of atomic force microscopy (AFM). It describes that AFM has very high resolution on the order of fractions of nanometers. It operates by measuring the force between a probe tip and the sample surface. The document outlines the basic theory of AFM, including that it consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip used to scan the sample surface. Forces between the tip and sample lead to deflection of the cantilever. It also describes the different operating modes of AFM including contact, non-contact, and tapping modes.
Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays and all travel at the speed of light. They can be described by their wavelength, energy and frequency and are used in technologies like radio, TV and microwaves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from long wavelength radio waves to highest frequency gamma rays.
Linear accelerators use microwave technology to accelerate electrons, which are then collided with a heavy metal target to produce high-energy photons. The photons are shaped and directed to the patient's tumor. The main components of a linear accelerator include the injection system to produce electrons, the RF system to accelerate the electrons, auxiliary systems, beam transport to deliver electrons to the target, and beam collimation and monitoring systems to shape and measure the photon beam. Linear accelerators have gone through several generations with improvements like higher photon energies, computer control, dynamic wedges, and intensity modulated radiation therapy.
Chapter 4 x rays and ancilliary equipmentsROBERT ESHUN
X-rays have wavelengths between 10-0.01 nm and energies between 120eV to 120keV. They are produced when electrons are accelerated and collide with a metal target, usually tungsten. This causes electrons to be ejected from the target atom or decelerated, producing two types of X-rays - characteristic lines through electron transitions and continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum. X-rays are able to penetrate materials like soft tissue but not dense materials like bone, making them useful for medical imaging. Proper radiation protection techniques must be followed when working with X-rays to limit exposure.
This document discusses electromagnetic fields (EMF), including their sources, measurement, and simulation. It provides details on:
- EMF are created by electric and magnetic fields from both natural (thunderstorms, Earth's magnetic field) and human-made (power lines, wireless devices) sources.
- EMF are measured using meters that detect flux density or field changes over time. Common meter types include single or tri-axis meters.
- EMF simulation software like FEKO, COMSOL, and EMPIRE use numerical methods to model complex EMF problems and optimize product design while ensuring safety.
1. Shortwave diathermy (SWD) is a deep heating modality that uses electromagnetic energy in the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 10-100 MHz.
2. SWD works by generating both an electrical field and a magnetic field that penetrate tissues. The interaction between these fields and tissues causes heating through increased molecular vibration and rotation.
3. Heating is dependent on factors like tissue conductivity, water content, and the strength of the electrical field. Proper tuning of the SWD machine matches the oscillator circuit frequency to the patient circuit frequency for effective energy transfer.
1. Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies, with longer wavelengths corresponding to lower frequencies and vice versa.
2. They all travel at the same speed of 300,000,000 meters/second in a vacuum.
3. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, ordered from longest to shortest wavelength.
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum. It begins by describing how Maxwell's equations and Hertz's work showed that oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. It then provides an overview of the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. For each region it gives the wavelength/frequency range and cites examples of applications such as communications, radar, x-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for cancer treatment. The document emphasizes that electromagnetic waves transfer energy and can have effects on living things depending on their frequency/wavelength.
Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are all part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ordered from highest to lowest frequency and shortest to longest wavelength. Each type of electromagnetic wave has different uses:
- Gamma rays and X-rays are used to kill cancer cells and take medical images.
- Ultraviolet sterilizes medical equipment and detects counterfeit currency.
- Visible light enables vision and powers plant photosynthesis.
- Infrared provides medical therapy and heating.
- Microwaves enable radar, mobile phones, and cooking via microwave ovens.
- Radio waves power radio, television, and satellite and aircraft
Module 7 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to understand radiation monitoring and detection to safely respond to potential radiation incidents.
Lecture (1) understanding radiation therapy.Zyad Ahmed
1. Radiation therapy involves using high-energy radiation to treat cancer. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce.
2. Radiation is usually given in fractions with healthy cells able to recover between treatments. The full dose is divided into smaller doses to minimize damage to normal tissues.
3. The radiation oncology team includes a radiation oncologist, medical physicist, dosimetrist, radiation therapist, and radiation oncology nurse. They work together to develop customized treatment plans and safely deliver radiation treatments.
Electromagnetic waves can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields which propagate perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Hertz's experiment provided the first clear evidence of the production and reflection of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays and includes visible light, with different sources and uses across the various wavelength ranges.
X-rays are created when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. This produces two types of X-rays: characteristic X-rays with specific energies related to the target atom, and Bremsstrahlung X-rays with a continuous range of energies. The X-ray emission spectrum depends on factors like tube voltage and current, filtration, and target material. X-rays are used in medical imaging techniques like radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography to visualize internal structures. However, ionizing radiation from X-rays can increase cancer risks with higher exposures.
definition, speed, production, properties of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum. waves in EM spectrum and their application in daily life.
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
The document provides information about scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It begins by explaining the quantum mechanical principles behind STM, specifically electron tunneling. It then describes the key components of an STM, including the scanning tip, piezoelectric scanner, distance control system, data processing unit, and vibration isolation system. The document discusses the two main imaging modes of STM - constant height mode and constant current mode. It also outlines how STM works by applying a voltage bias between the tip and sample and measuring the tunneling current. The document concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of STM as well as sources of artifacts in STM images.
A linear accelerator uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons in a linear path inside an accelerator waveguide. It can be used to treat both superficial and deep-seated tumors by either using the high-energy electron beam directly or by directing it at a target to produce x-rays. The first medical linear accelerators were installed in the early 1950s and since then the technology has advanced through multiple generations with improved waveguides, bending magnets, dose rates and computer control.
This document discusses treatment machines used for external beam radiotherapy. It begins by describing the evolution of radiotherapy technology from X-ray tubes to modern linear accelerators (linacs). It then focuses on the key components of X-ray and gamma ray treatment units, including X-ray targets, spectra, and quality parameters as well as teletherapy machines containing radioactive cobalt-60 or cesium-137 sources. The document provides detailed information on the physics principles and design of external beam radiotherapy equipment.
The document discusses the history and technology of radiation therapy equipment. It begins by outlining the aims of radiotherapy to deliver maximum dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding healthy tissue. The success of treatment depends on the capabilities of the radiation generating equipment. The document then provides a detailed overview of the development of radiotherapy technologies over time, from early X-ray machines to modern linear accelerators. It describes the components and operating mechanisms of various radiotherapy devices.
Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy - Dispersive X -Ray Microanalysis (Sem E...Nani Karnam Vinayakam
The document discusses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS) analysis. It provides details on:
- How an SEM works by scanning a sample with a focused electron beam and detecting signals from electron interactions with the sample.
- The components of an SEM including the electron gun, detectors for secondary electrons and backscattered electrons.
- How EDX analysis identifies elements by measuring the energy of X-rays emitted when electrons change energy levels.
- Parameters that affect EDX analysis such as count rate, accelerating voltage, and take-off angle.
The document summarizes the fundamentals of atomic force microscopy (AFM). It describes that AFM has very high resolution on the order of fractions of nanometers. It operates by measuring the force between a probe tip and the sample surface. The document outlines the basic theory of AFM, including that it consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip used to scan the sample surface. Forces between the tip and sample lead to deflection of the cantilever. It also describes the different operating modes of AFM including contact, non-contact, and tapping modes.
Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays and all travel at the speed of light. They can be described by their wavelength, energy and frequency and are used in technologies like radio, TV and microwaves. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from long wavelength radio waves to highest frequency gamma rays.
Linear accelerators use microwave technology to accelerate electrons, which are then collided with a heavy metal target to produce high-energy photons. The photons are shaped and directed to the patient's tumor. The main components of a linear accelerator include the injection system to produce electrons, the RF system to accelerate the electrons, auxiliary systems, beam transport to deliver electrons to the target, and beam collimation and monitoring systems to shape and measure the photon beam. Linear accelerators have gone through several generations with improvements like higher photon energies, computer control, dynamic wedges, and intensity modulated radiation therapy.
Chapter 4 x rays and ancilliary equipmentsROBERT ESHUN
X-rays have wavelengths between 10-0.01 nm and energies between 120eV to 120keV. They are produced when electrons are accelerated and collide with a metal target, usually tungsten. This causes electrons to be ejected from the target atom or decelerated, producing two types of X-rays - characteristic lines through electron transitions and continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum. X-rays are able to penetrate materials like soft tissue but not dense materials like bone, making them useful for medical imaging. Proper radiation protection techniques must be followed when working with X-rays to limit exposure.
This document discusses electromagnetic fields (EMF), including their sources, measurement, and simulation. It provides details on:
- EMF are created by electric and magnetic fields from both natural (thunderstorms, Earth's magnetic field) and human-made (power lines, wireless devices) sources.
- EMF are measured using meters that detect flux density or field changes over time. Common meter types include single or tri-axis meters.
- EMF simulation software like FEKO, COMSOL, and EMPIRE use numerical methods to model complex EMF problems and optimize product design while ensuring safety.
1. Shortwave diathermy (SWD) is a deep heating modality that uses electromagnetic energy in the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 10-100 MHz.
2. SWD works by generating both an electrical field and a magnetic field that penetrate tissues. The interaction between these fields and tissues causes heating through increased molecular vibration and rotation.
3. Heating is dependent on factors like tissue conductivity, water content, and the strength of the electrical field. Proper tuning of the SWD machine matches the oscillator circuit frequency to the patient circuit frequency for effective energy transfer.
Effects of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) On Implantable Medical Devices (IMD)mohamed albanna
The document discusses the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. EMFs from sources like mobile phones and security systems can interfere with IMDs and potentially cause malfunctions or incorrect treatments. IMDs are negatively impacted by EMFs inducing currents and voltages in their circuits. The effects depend on factors like the EMF intensity, frequency, and distance from the source. EMFs can potentially disable therapies, induce shocks, or reprogram the devices, posing risks to patients.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). It discusses sources of EMI such as atmospheric noise from lightning and clouds. It also describes four coupling mechanisms by which EMI can occur: conductive, capacitive, inductive, and radiative. Techniques for controlling EMI are then outlined, including grounding, shielding, and filtering. Finally, the document discusses methods for EMC testing, including evaluating emissions and susceptibility through radiated field, conducted, and transient immunity testing.
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
Sa college emi compliance approaches and techniques in the deployment of mobi...jsk1950
1. The document discusses electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation from mobile communication antennas and compliance approaches.
2. It covers topics like EMF radiation, non-ionizing radiation, mobile network architecture, radiation effects on human health, and regulatory safety limits.
3. Measurement techniques for assessing EMF exposure are presented, including calculating total equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and classifying sites based on accessibility and compliance with exposure limits.
Avionics EMF Safety Training_Initial and AnnualWilliam Perkins
The document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and non-ionizing radiation, including the electromagnetic spectrum, terminology, applications, health effects, and common intentional and unintentional sources. It also lists specific EMR sources found in the workplace, providing details on each source such as model, nomenclature, frequency, exposure limits, and hazard distance.
This document discusses electromagnetic shielding and noise. It defines electromagnetic shielding as surrounding electronics and cables with conductive materials to protect from electromagnetic frequencies. Shielding is used to prevent electromagnetic interference and decrease radio frequency energy absorption. Different materials and techniques can be used for shielding, like metallic mesh, foil, paint or magnetic materials. The document also defines several types of noise that can interfere with electronics, such as thermal noise from electron movement, quantum noise from photon absorption, and external noise from natural sources like lightning or man-made sources.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that measured magnetic field radiation from high-tension power lines located within Adekunle Ajasin University campus. Magnetic field measurements were taken at three sites near power lines using an electromagnetic field tester. Results showed magnetic field strength was highest directly under power lines and decreased with distance. All measured values were below international safety guidelines. The study concludes the campus environment is safe regarding magnetic fields from power lines, but efforts should still be made to reduce exposures.
This document discusses EMI/EMC, including various sources of electromagnetic interference and transients that can affect electronic systems, such as crosstalk between transmission lines, switching transients, and lightning strikes. It also covers open area test sites and measurements for evaluating radiated emissions and susceptibility of equipment to electromagnetic fields. Key points include the importance of minimizing scattering at test sites, and using antennas and measurement precautions appropriately based on frequency ranges and standards.
This document discusses comprehensive radiation solutions to improve health and productivity in buildings. It notes that people spend significant time indoors and their health depends on building quality. There are various radiation sources like natural geological phenomena, personal devices, mobile towers, and building materials that emit bio-electromagnetic radiation. Specifically, it discusses the thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave radiation from devices and towers. Non-thermal effects are more dangerous but lack safety standards. The document also covers geopathic stress from underground structures distorting natural electromagnetic fields, and its health impacts. It proposes using Enviro Chips to change the harmful nature of these radiations rather than reduce radiation levels, as measured by instruments.
This document provides an overview of magnetic field sensing and different types of magnetic sensors. It begins with definitions of sensors and detectable phenomena. It then discusses various physical principles that magnetic sensors utilize, like Ampere's law and Faraday's law of induction. The document reviews the need for sensors and factors in choosing a sensor. It provides a market analysis of the magnetic sensor industry and examples of applications. Finally, it describes various types of magnetic sensors in more detail, including vector magnetometers, total field magnetometers, search-coil magnetometers, fluxgate magnetometers, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers.
This document discusses electromagnetic fields and waves. It begins by defining electromagnetics and some key concepts like electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic waves. It then explains how changing electric and magnetic fields produce each other through Faraday's law and discusses transformers as an example. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves, how they are produced by vibrating charges, and their ability to transfer energy through electric and magnetic fields. It provides examples of different electromagnetic frequencies and their applications like radio, TV, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In closing, it lists some objectives and outcomes of studying electromagnetics.
Microwave engineering pertains to the study and design of microwave circuits, components, and systems operating between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Some key topics covered in the document include the fundamental principles of microwave engineering, common applications like radar and wireless transmission, properties of microwaves like their ability to support larger bandwidths, and Maxwell's equations which describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact to form electromagnetic waves. During World War II, microwave engineering played an important role in developing radar to detect enemy ships and planes.
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy and momentum through space. They are characterized by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves with the longest wavelengths to gamma rays with the shortest wavelengths. Different types of electromagnetic waves are used for various applications such as communication technologies, heating, vision, medical imaging, and more.
This document discusses different types of radiation used in radiation oncology. It describes the evolution from kilovoltage x-ray units to modern megavoltage linear accelerators. Key developments include the use of higher voltage x-rays called supervoltage therapy, and later the advent of megavoltage x-rays and electrons generated by linear accelerators. The document outlines the main components of linear accelerators including the electron gun, RF power source like klystrons or magnetrons, accelerating structure, and treatment head for beam shaping and monitoring.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and their properties. Some key points:
1) Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
2) Both the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are transverse to the direction of wave propagation.
3) Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. They differ in wavelength and frequency.
This document discusses noise and interference in biopotential recording. It begins by defining noise and interference, then classifies noise sources as either internal (thermal, contact, shot) or external (conductive coupling, electric and magnetic fields, power line interference). It describes strategies for measuring noise using SNR and noise factor. The document then reviews techniques for noise reduction, including using short, shielded wires, differential amplifiers, common mode rejection, and twisting or shielding wires. It concludes by listing some references on the topic.
This document discusses noise and interference in biopotential recording. It begins by defining noise and interference, then classifies noise sources as either internal (thermal, contact, shot) or external (conductive coupling, electric and magnetic fields, power line interference). It describes techniques for measuring noise using SNR and noise factor. Methods for noise reduction include using short, shielded wires, grounding properly, twisting wires, and using differential amplifiers with high common-mode rejection.
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Electromagnetic field and uv radiation in the workpalce
1. Presented by N.W. Pieterse
GAUTENG BRANCH WORKSHOP
24 NOVEMBER 2015
ELECTROMAGNETI
C FIELD RADIATION
IN THE
WORKPLACE
2. • Introduction to EMF and UV Radiation.
• Definition of EMF Radiation.
• Key concepts related to EMF Radiation.
• Sources of EMF Radiation.
• Health effects related to EMF Radiation.
• Measurement methodology, Instrumentation and Special
Considerations.
• Standards and OEL’s related to EMF Radiation.
• Case Sudy.
3.
4. • An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical
field produced by moving electrically charged objects. It
affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the
field.
• The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout
space and describes the electromagnetic interaction.
• EMF has both electric and magnetic field components, which
stand in a fixed ratio of intensity to each other, and which
oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave
propagation.
• In a vacuum, electromagnetic radiation propagates at a
characteristic speed, the speed of light.
5.
6. • Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor
(Atmosphere) between two points is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the two points. Introducing the
constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual
mathematical equation that describes this relationship:
• where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V
is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units
of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current.
• Atmospheric Resistance = 377 ohm
7. • ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH (E): The magnitude of the
electric field vector expressed in V/m.
• MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH (H): The magnitude of the
magnetic field vector expressed in A/m.
• POWER DENSITY (S): Power per unit area normal to the
direction of propagation, expressed in mW/cm2.
8. • EMISSION: Radiation produced by a single radiofrequency
source.
• INMISION: Radiation resulting from the contribution of all
radiofrequency sources whose fields are present in the
place.
• OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: A situation in which people
are subjected to electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic
fields, or to contact or induced currents associated with
electromagnetic fields of radiofrequencies.
• POPULATION OR NON-CONTROLLED EXPOSURE:
Situations in which the general public may be exposed or in
which people exposed in the course of their work may not
have been warned of the potential exposure and may not be
9. Cell Phone Towers Radio Towers High Voltage Power Lines
Transformer Station Mobile Military Radio Mast
11. • Coupling to low-frequency electric fields. The interaction of
time-varying electric fields with the human body results in the
flow of electric charges (electric current), the polarization of
bound charge (formation of electric dipoles), and the
reorientation of electric dipoles already present in tissue.
• Coupling to low-frequency magnetic fields. The physical
interaction of time-varying magnetic fields with the human body
results in induced electric fields and circulating electric
currents.
• Biological effects and epidemiological studies (100 kHz–
300 GHz). Available experimental evidence indicates that the
exposure of resting humans for approximately 30 min to EMF
producing a whole-body SAR of between 1 and 4 W kg21 results
in a body temperature increase of less than 1 °C. Animal data
indicate a threshold for behavioural responses in the same
SAR range.
• Exposure to more intense fields, producing SAR values in
excess of 4 W kg21, can overwhelm the thermoregulatory
capacity of the body and produce harmful levels of tissue
heating.
12. • Electric Dipoles: In physics, the electric dipole moment is a
measure/moment of the separation of positive and negative electrical
charges in a system of electric charges, that is, a measure of the
charge system's overall polarity. An atom in which the centre of the
negative cloud of electrons has been shifted slightly away from the
nucleus by an external electric field constitutes an induced electric
dipole.
13. • Data on human responses to high-frequency EMF that
produce detectable heating have been obtained from
controlled exposure of volunteers and from
epidemiological studies on workers exposed to sources
such as radar, medical diathermy equipment, and heat
sealers. They are fully supportive of the conclusions
drawn from laboratory work, that adverse biological
effects can be caused by temperature rises in tissue that
exceed 1°C.
• Indirect effects of electromagnetic fields. In the
frequency range of about 100 kHz–110 MHz, shocks and
burns can result either from an individual touching an
ungrounded metal object that has acquired a charge in a
field or from contact between a charged individual and a
grounded metal object.
14. • Health effects closely related to the frequency and type of
EMF radiation.
• Recent studies indicated that exposure to EMF might be
related to leukaemia and other types of cancer.
• EMF radiation might interfere with pacemakers and medical
implants.
• Exposure to EMF radiation in the microwave range might
cause damage to the retina.
• Induced current may cause tissue damage in areas
surrounding metal implants (Case in the DoD).
• Research on-going regarding Electromagnetic field
Radiation’s Health Effects.
15. • Identify the Frequency (Hz) and Wavelength (λ)of the
EMF source or sources that will be assed.
• Calculate the near and far fields (3 λ).
• Determine whether measurements will be done within
the near of far field (few cm’s to km’s depending on
frequency and wavelength).
17. • Commercial instruments and probes for measuring
radiofrequency
Non-tuneable
Tuneable
Interchangeable
antennae for
measuring E or H
field (Isotropic)
18. Near Field measure E, H or both (must comply with MPE limits
imposed).
Far Field measure E or H and obtain S [S = E2/Z0 = H2*Z0] (must
comply with MPE limits imposed).
If uncertain measure both.
Imission: use of broadband instruments (non-tunable electromagnetic
radiation detectors), with isotropic E and H measurement probes
Emission: use of narrowband instruments (field intensity meters, tunable
spectrum analyzers, etc.), with antennae suitable for measurement
frequency ranges
All instruments, antennae and probes must have a calibration certificate
(manufacturer or laboratory accredited in country of origin).
Record the value of the measurement, plus the uncertainties specified
(manufacturer), plus the error of the method used.
NIOSH: Manual for Measuring Occupational Electric and Magnetic Field
Exposures
6 min Moving Average.
377 ohm
E=V/m
H=A/m
19. • Points of measurement:
• General in house areas with only a single source - Take measurement
at workstation if EMF Exposure at a workstation need to be measured.
• General in house areas with multiple sources - Divide area into square
meter squares. Take measurements in the middle of each square to
determine areas of high radiation (Map).
• Omni-directional systems (Antennas – Environmental/Community):
a minimum of 16 points
• Directional systems (Antennas – Environment/Community):
a minimum of 4 points in direction of max. propagation
12 remaining points according to character of radiation lobe.
20.
21.
22.
23. • Inverse square law also applies to EM Fields. By
increasing the distance from the source will decrease
exposure proportionally.
24. • Metal enclosures or EMF shielding can be used to shield
workers from EMF Radiation (depending on type of EM
Fields).
• Ensure that all metal objects and structures in the vicinity
of an EMF source are properly earthed (Electrical
Charge).
• Prevent workers with implanted medical devices or metal
implants to perform work near any EMF sources.
• Reduce exposure time exposed to EMF radiation.
• Conduct regular assessments in all high risk areas to
determine the efficacy of control measures.
• Conduct regular medical surveillance.
•
28. MEASUREME
NT
REFERENCE
No.
WORK AREA/PERSON
FREQUENCY
RANGE
FIELD VECTOR
EMF (ELF) X
VECTOR -
MAX RMS
VALUE
EMF (ELF) Y
VECTOR -
MAX RMS
VALUE
EMF (ELF) Z
VECTOR -
MAX RMS
VALUE
EMF (ELF)
MEAN
ISOTROPIC.
RMS VALUE
REFERENC
E VALUE
(UNPERTU
RBED RMS
VALUES
Measurement
Position - 3
Welgedag Substation (6.6 kV
Substation Yard area).
Measurements were conducted in
central part of the yard at about 7m
underneath the 11 kV overhead
feed power line.
50 Hz E-Field
Strength (V m-
1)
310.7 777.5 789.3 1150 10,000 V
m-1
50 Hz B-Field
(Magnetic flux
Density) (µT)
0.5867 0.3048 0.3246 0.74 500 µT
TASKS AND COMMENTS
The calculated mean isotropic RMS value (derived from the max field strengths on the X, Y and Z vectors) for the E-Field at 11.50% of the Reference Value did not exceed the Reference Value of
10,000 V m-1 (@50 Hz) as prescribed by the ICNIRP Guidelines. It is unlikely that health effects related to E-Fields at the current frequency (50 Hz). The calculated E-Field Isotropic RMS value exceeds
the 1 kV m-1 action level for cardiac pacemakers, suggested by the ACGIH.
The calculated mean isotropic RMS value (derived from the max field strengths on the X, Y and Z vectors) of the B-Field at 0.148 % of the Reference Value did not exceed the Reference Value of 500
µT (@ 50 Hz) as prescribed by the ICNIRP Guidelines for the frequency established. It is unlikely that health effects related to B-Fields for the 50 Hz frequency might develop. The calculated B-Field
Isotropic RMS value did not exceed the 100 µT action level for cardiac pacemakers, suggested by the ACGIH.
Employees perform general maintenance, instrument checking and inspections near the 6.6 kV transformers.
The employees work a 9.5-hour shift in the area performing such activities.
No PPE was provided or worn by the employees while conducting the surveys in the mentioned area.
The source of exposure is the 11,000 V AC (50 Hz) feed cables/conductors and the transformer, situated in the close vicinity where maintenance is conducted.
No effective EMF shielding is provided for, serving as a barrier between the workers and the source in reducing exposure to EMF (ELF) Radiation.
No persons with cardiac pacemakers or any other implanted electronic medical devices are employed in the area.