This ppt talks about the educational system in Indonesia and Laos.

1. EL 104 LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES IN MULTILINGUAL SOCIETIES
I N D O N E S I A A N D L A O S

3. Indonesia is a country located in Southeastern Asia between the
Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It has a strategic location astride
major sea lanes and is an archipelago of 17,508 islands, some of which
border Timor-Leste, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. The government
system is a republic; the chief of state and the head of government is the
president. Indonesia has a mixed economic system which includes a
variety of private freedom, combined with centralized economic planning
and government regulation. Indonesia is a member of the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN).
BACKGROUND

4. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
It is mandated by the indonesian government law that
children should attend formal education from the ages seven
to 15. As young as two years old, children attend school as
kindergartens and nurseries. These schools are run mostly by
private sectors. Indonesia has two main system in education.
These are the School education and informal education.

5. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
The Department of Education has recognized challenges in
the education system of the country. Over the years, the
number of educated people is still low. Moreover, the quality
of education itself is on bottom rocks. These gaps are
identified among the east and west part of Indonesia.
Researchers believed that the gap is in the quality and
quantity of education

6. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
It was also noted that there were gaps between rural and
urban schools as well in a blog article by Kamal (2009), he
elaborated that students attend primary school.
Sekolah Dasar for 6 years, 3 years in Junior Secondary School
and another 3 years for the Senior Secondary School. Based
on the 1994 curriculum, seven subjects are offered for the
first up to the second year in school of students.

7. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
However, students will have to study nine subjects on the
remaining years from their third to sixth year. The subjects
are as follows: Arts, Pancasila and Citizenship, Indonesian
Mathematics, Physics, Religion, Social Sciences Sports and
Local Component.

8. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
Local component includes. Local Language, Dance, Arts
and English. At the end of the school year, students have to
take the national exam in order to continue to the higher
education level, English becomes compulsory and more
reinforced by the time students enter Junior Secondary
School (ages 12 - 14/15).

9. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
In Senior Secondary School students are
expected to expand all the knowledge that they
have acquired from the previous years of studying.
They are also expected to take the national exam
to get to the next level.

10. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
The last phase is the Tertiary Education. In here,
students are being prepared to achieve good
academic and professional skills. After the country
gained independence, the government declared
English language teaching as one of the
compulsory subjects in the schools.

11. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
In addition, the curriculum is cheap and only
grammatical mastery of the target language is
a requirement to pass. It was during the 1950s
that English became the main language used
by the students when they were inside the
campus.

12. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
The curriculum received recommendations
and English was part of it. The audio-lingual
curriculum obligatorily used new series of
textbooks for both Junior and Senior High
School .

13. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
ASEAN countries, it is only Indonesia that
has not made English a mandatory part of
the primary curriculum.

14. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
• At all educational levels, Indonesian is the
language of instruction and literacy.
• However, information regarding second-language
speakers' Indonesian competency is lacking,
notably in the field of education. The other
population speaks a few regional tongues, such as
Javanese, Madurese, and Sundanese.

15. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
• Although non-dominant languages are allowed
to be used and developed under Indonesian
law, they are typically not taught in schools.
Law No. 20 of 2003 also permits the use of
mother tongues other than Indonesian in the
early years of education.

16. LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
• Though a few mother tongue-based
multilingual education (MTB-MLE) pilot
programs have started in Eastern Indonesia,
Indonesian is the only language of teaching
throughout the country.

18. The country of Laos, officially named the Lao People's
Democratic Republic or Lao PDR, has a long history in which it has
been known by many names. Today in the west, the country is
commonly called Laos. While westerners commonly pronounce
the 's" at the end of the name, Lao nationals and others in the
region do not.

19. Minority languages in Laos in which, the most common
are Khmu and Hmong language. Other Laos minority
languages include Akha, Arem, Bana, Katu, Ksingmul,
Maleng, Lamet, Phal, Tai Daeng, Phu Thai, Tai Dam, etc.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

20. -also spelled Kmhmu or Kammu, is a group of closely related
Austroasiatic languages spoken by the Khmu people, an ethnic
group primarily residing in parts of Southeast Asia, including
northern Laos, northern Vietnam, eastern Thailand, and parts of
China (Yunnan Province). The Khmu language is part of the Mon–
Khmer language family, which is one of the major language families
in Southeast Asia.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
KHMU

21. -also known as Hmoob or Miao, is a group of closely related
languages belonging to the Hmongic branch of the Hmong–
Mien language family. The Hmongic branch is further divided
into several subgroups, including White Hmong (Hmoob
Dawb), Green Hmong (Moob Leeg), Blue Hmong (Hmoob
Ntsuab), and more.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
HMONG

22. In Lao PDR, children are instructed in the official
language, Lao, from the beginning of primary school. Yet
43% of school children are learning to speak, read and
write Lao as a second language. These learners are at an
enormous disadvantage and often have significant
linguistic difficulties - contributing to learning breakdown.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

23. In the education system of Laos, the Lao language is
primarily used as the medium of instruction in schools and
educational institutions across the country. The
government of Laos places great emphasis on the use of
the Lao language to promote national unity, cultural
identity, and effective communication within the country.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

24. In regions where ethnic minority populations reside,
bilingual education programs may be implemented.
These programs aim to provide education in both the
Lao language and the respective ethnic minority
languages to ensure that students have access to
education in a language they understand well.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

25. In order to promote Lao as the national language,
the education policy requires that it be used as the
medium of instruction in schools. This is problematic
as there are 82 officially recognised languages in
Lao PDR and many different dialects. All are living
languages, but not all have scripts.
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

26. THANK YOU!