The document summarizes two approaches to implementing foveated imaging in CMOS image sensors: (1) A pyramidal architecture with multiple rings of pixels having different integration times, allowing for dynamic range enhancement. (2) A universal multiresolution sensor using a 3T pixel design that allows pixels to be grouped and averaged, enabling adaptive resolution. Both designs aim to mimic the human retina and improve efficiency over traditional sensors. The pyramidal and multiresolution sensors were fabricated in 0.18um CMOS technology and are being tested for applications like video conferencing and industrial inspection.
The document describes the Lightspeed Automatic Interactive Lighting Preview System. It aims to provide fast feedback for lighting design by precomputing a deep framebuffer cache of scene properties like normals and textures, and reevaluating shading on the GPU based on new lighting parameters. Key components include automatic program analysis to separate static and dynamic shader code, deep framebuffer generation from the preprocessed scene, and a GPU-based relighting engine to interactively preview lighting changes at high quality.
This document discusses a modified pointwise shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) algorithm for deblocking block-DCT compressed images. The key points are:
1) The original pointwise SA-DCT method uses a constant DCT threshold coefficient. The proposed modified method uses an adaptive DCT threshold coefficient instead.
2) The adaptive DCT threshold coefficient is determined based on the mean squared error and maximum absolute difference of the image, related to the quantization table values.
3) Experiments show the proposed modified pointwise SA-DCT method achieves improved deblocking performance over the original method.
An Efficient Video Watermarking Using Color Histogram Analysis and Biplanes I...IJERA Editor
Video watermarking is a novel technology that has the ability to solve the problem of illegal digital video
manipulation and distribution. In video watermarking, the copyright bits are embedded into video bit streams.
This paper proposes an effective, robust and indiscernible video watermarking algorithm. A video can also
undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and
unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise copyright information,
thereby denying the authentication. In this paper, the design and implementation of SVD and multiple bit plane
image based watermarking is proposed. The developed method embeds 8 bit-plane images, obtained from single
gray scale watermark image, into different frames of a video sequence. In this algorithm, some of the luminous
values in the video pictures are selected and divided into groups, and the watermark bits are embedded by
adjusting the relative relationship of the member in each group. A sufficient number of watermark bits will be
embedded into the video pictures without causing noticeable distortion. The watermark will be correctly
retrieved at the extraction stage, even after various types of video manipulation and other signal processing
attacks.
IRJET- Human Fall Detection using Co-Saliency-Enhanced Deep Recurrent Convolu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for detecting human falls in videos using deep learning. The method uses a recurrent convolutional neural network (RCN) that applies convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to video segments and connects them with long short-term memory (LSTM) to model temporal relationships. It also enhances video frames using co-saliency detection to highlight important human activity regions before feeding them to the RCN. The researchers tested the method on a dataset of 768 video clips from 4 activity classes and achieved 98.12% accuracy at detecting falls, demonstrating the effectiveness of the co-saliency-enhanced RCN approach.
Deblurring of License Plate Image using Blur Kernel EstimationIRJET Journal
The document proposes a novel method for deblurring license plate images using blur kernel estimation. Existing deblurring methods cannot handle large blurs or low resolution images. The proposed method estimates the blur kernel parameters (angle and length) that caused the blurring. It analyzes sparse representation coefficients of deblurred images to determine the kernel angle, and uses Radon transform in the Fourier domain to estimate the kernel length. This allows effective deblurring of license plates that are severely blurred and unrecognizable to humans. The method is evaluated on real images and shown to outperform state-of-the-art blind deblurring algorithms.
This project involved the design and implementation of an Automation tool that would search a database of sound models for a given audio input query. The sound model to which the algorithm points to is the one that can best model / can produce sounds very similar to the input sound query. It is a growing application in the Games, Music production industry where there is a growing need to have an easy access to sounds without having to develop / code them every single time there is a need. Searching is always easier than developing from scratch! This project was performed at Interactive Digital Media Institute, Singapore
1) The document proposes a new method for segmenting moving objects in video using single change detection in the Daubechies complex wavelet domain.
2) Key steps include decomposing frames using the transform, detecting differences between coefficients, denoising, and applying edge detection and morphology to obtain segmented objects.
3) Experimental results on test video sequences show the proposed method achieves better segmentation accuracy compared to other methods according to metrics like mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio.
COMPARISON OF DENOISING ALGORITHMS FOR DEMOSACING LOW LIGHTING IMAGES USING C...sipij
In modern digital cameras, the Bayer color filter array (CFA) has been widely used. It is also widely known as CFA 1.0. However, Bayer pattern is inferior to the red-green-blue-white (RGBW) pattern, which is also known as CFA 2.0, in low lighting conditions in which Poisson noise is present. It is well known that demosaicing algorithms cannot effectively deal with Poisson noise and additional denoising is needed in order to improve the image quality. In this paper, we propose to evaluate various conventional and deep learning based denoising algorithms for CFA 2.0 in low lighting conditions. We will also investigate the impact of the location of denoising, which refers to whether the denoising is done before or after a critical step of demosaicing. Extensive experiments show that some denoising algorithms can indeed improve the image quality in low lighting conditions. We also noticed that the location of denoising plays an important role in the overall demosaicing performance.
The document describes the Lightspeed Automatic Interactive Lighting Preview System. It aims to provide fast feedback for lighting design by precomputing a deep framebuffer cache of scene properties like normals and textures, and reevaluating shading on the GPU based on new lighting parameters. Key components include automatic program analysis to separate static and dynamic shader code, deep framebuffer generation from the preprocessed scene, and a GPU-based relighting engine to interactively preview lighting changes at high quality.
This document discusses a modified pointwise shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) algorithm for deblocking block-DCT compressed images. The key points are:
1) The original pointwise SA-DCT method uses a constant DCT threshold coefficient. The proposed modified method uses an adaptive DCT threshold coefficient instead.
2) The adaptive DCT threshold coefficient is determined based on the mean squared error and maximum absolute difference of the image, related to the quantization table values.
3) Experiments show the proposed modified pointwise SA-DCT method achieves improved deblocking performance over the original method.
An Efficient Video Watermarking Using Color Histogram Analysis and Biplanes I...IJERA Editor
Video watermarking is a novel technology that has the ability to solve the problem of illegal digital video
manipulation and distribution. In video watermarking, the copyright bits are embedded into video bit streams.
This paper proposes an effective, robust and indiscernible video watermarking algorithm. A video can also
undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and
unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise copyright information,
thereby denying the authentication. In this paper, the design and implementation of SVD and multiple bit plane
image based watermarking is proposed. The developed method embeds 8 bit-plane images, obtained from single
gray scale watermark image, into different frames of a video sequence. In this algorithm, some of the luminous
values in the video pictures are selected and divided into groups, and the watermark bits are embedded by
adjusting the relative relationship of the member in each group. A sufficient number of watermark bits will be
embedded into the video pictures without causing noticeable distortion. The watermark will be correctly
retrieved at the extraction stage, even after various types of video manipulation and other signal processing
attacks.
IRJET- Human Fall Detection using Co-Saliency-Enhanced Deep Recurrent Convolu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for detecting human falls in videos using deep learning. The method uses a recurrent convolutional neural network (RCN) that applies convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to video segments and connects them with long short-term memory (LSTM) to model temporal relationships. It also enhances video frames using co-saliency detection to highlight important human activity regions before feeding them to the RCN. The researchers tested the method on a dataset of 768 video clips from 4 activity classes and achieved 98.12% accuracy at detecting falls, demonstrating the effectiveness of the co-saliency-enhanced RCN approach.
Deblurring of License Plate Image using Blur Kernel EstimationIRJET Journal
The document proposes a novel method for deblurring license plate images using blur kernel estimation. Existing deblurring methods cannot handle large blurs or low resolution images. The proposed method estimates the blur kernel parameters (angle and length) that caused the blurring. It analyzes sparse representation coefficients of deblurred images to determine the kernel angle, and uses Radon transform in the Fourier domain to estimate the kernel length. This allows effective deblurring of license plates that are severely blurred and unrecognizable to humans. The method is evaluated on real images and shown to outperform state-of-the-art blind deblurring algorithms.
This project involved the design and implementation of an Automation tool that would search a database of sound models for a given audio input query. The sound model to which the algorithm points to is the one that can best model / can produce sounds very similar to the input sound query. It is a growing application in the Games, Music production industry where there is a growing need to have an easy access to sounds without having to develop / code them every single time there is a need. Searching is always easier than developing from scratch! This project was performed at Interactive Digital Media Institute, Singapore
1) The document proposes a new method for segmenting moving objects in video using single change detection in the Daubechies complex wavelet domain.
2) Key steps include decomposing frames using the transform, detecting differences between coefficients, denoising, and applying edge detection and morphology to obtain segmented objects.
3) Experimental results on test video sequences show the proposed method achieves better segmentation accuracy compared to other methods according to metrics like mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio.
COMPARISON OF DENOISING ALGORITHMS FOR DEMOSACING LOW LIGHTING IMAGES USING C...sipij
In modern digital cameras, the Bayer color filter array (CFA) has been widely used. It is also widely known as CFA 1.0. However, Bayer pattern is inferior to the red-green-blue-white (RGBW) pattern, which is also known as CFA 2.0, in low lighting conditions in which Poisson noise is present. It is well known that demosaicing algorithms cannot effectively deal with Poisson noise and additional denoising is needed in order to improve the image quality. In this paper, we propose to evaluate various conventional and deep learning based denoising algorithms for CFA 2.0 in low lighting conditions. We will also investigate the impact of the location of denoising, which refers to whether the denoising is done before or after a critical step of demosaicing. Extensive experiments show that some denoising algorithms can indeed improve the image quality in low lighting conditions. We also noticed that the location of denoising plays an important role in the overall demosaicing performance.
This document describes a new method for georegistering and stabilizing aerial video over mountainous terrain using LIDAR data. The method registers images to high-resolution digital elevation models by generating predicted images from the DEM and sensor model, registering these to the actual images, and correcting the sensor model. Examples show the method stabilizes shaky video, tracks moving objects, produces orthorectified video draped over DEMs, and aligns video and thermal infrared mosaics with map graphics in Google Earth. The method processes images in about 1 second and achieves absolute geolocation accuracy of 1-2 meters.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice quiz about computer fundamentals and operating systems. The questions cover topics such as generations of computers, computer architecture, memory, operating systems features, and applications such as word processing and spreadsheets. The document provides the question and a blank for the answer selection for each multiple choice question.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that advances in compression will continue to be needed to handle higher resolutions and frame rates.
ASC 3D is a 3D camera semiconductor company founded in 1987 that designs semiconductors, lasers, optics, and 3D Flash LIDAR cameras. It has multiple patents granted and several more pending. Its unique 3D Flash LIDAR technology can generate real-time 3D images and depth maps without motion distortion for applications such as autonomous vehicles, drones, industrial automation, and more. The technology offers advantages over other 3D solutions such as being lightweight, eye-safe, and not requiring moving parts.
The document discusses several methods for video decompression and artifact reduction, including simple models like adaptive fuzzy post-filtering and DCT re-application. It also covers more advanced classification techniques like support vector regression and modified mean-removed classified vector quantization (MMRCVQ). MMRCVQ involves clustering compressed video blocks, choosing codebook vectors, and assigning uncompressed blocks to clusters to select decoding vectors. The document provides examples and comparisons of the various decompression and artifact reduction methods.
This document provides an overview of digital radiography technologies. It discusses the key components of a digital radiography system including receptors, processing units, storage, and displays. The two main types of digital radiography detectors are direct conversion detectors, which convert x-ray energy directly into electric charge, and indirect conversion detectors, which first convert x-rays to light using a scintillator. Common scintillator materials are cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide. The document also compares characteristics of scintillator-based flat panel detectors and photoconductor-based detectors using selenium. It describes digital image processing techniques such as contrast adjustment using look up tables and windowing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tchebichef image watermarking along the edge using YCoCg-R color space for co...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a Tchebichef watermarking technique along image edges using the YCoCg-R color space for copyright protection. The technique embeds a scrambled watermark bit into selected blocks of the image that are transformed using Tchebichef moments. The blocks are selected based on having minimum human visual characteristic entropy. The locations of the matrix moments C(0,1), C(1,0), C(0,2) and C(2,0) are used for embedding to maintain image quality. An optimal threshold is determined to balance imperceptibility and robustness against JPEG compression attacks. The technique is tested on various color images and is shown to produce good
Empirical Evaluation of Decomposition Strategy for Wavelet Video CompressionCSCJournals
Abstract The wavelet transform has become the most interesting new algorithm for video compression. Yet there are many parameters within a wavelet analysis and synthesis which govern the quality of a decoded video. In this paper different wavelet decomposition strategies and their implications for the decoded video are discussed. A pool of color video sequences has been wavelet-transformed at different settings of the wavelet filter bank and quantization threshold and with decomposition of dyadic and packet wavelet transformation strategies. The empirical evaluation of the decomposition strategy is based on three benchmarks: a first judgment regards the perceived quality of the decoded video. The compression rate is a second crucial factor, and finally the best parameter setting with regards to the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). The investigation proposes dyadic decomposition as the chosen decomposition strategy.
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
The document presents a 3-D environment modeling and adaptive foreground detection system for multi-camera surveillance. The system constructs a 3-D model of the environment using planar patches approximated from camera views. Videos are integrated and displayed on the 3-D model using texture mapping. A novel method is proposed to detect moving shadows in two phases: an offline training phase determines pixel-wise thresholds, and an online phase updates the thresholds over time to adapt to different scenes. Foreground objects are extracted accurately after removing shadows and displayed using axis-aligned billboarding for 3-D visualization.
1) Combined fast neutron and dual energy gamma ray transmission (NEUDEG) measurements can non-invasively assess materials by taking advantage of each modality's sensitivities.
2) Dual energy x-ray systems resolve the transmitted x-ray beams in separate detectors to determine composition based on differing photon absorption properties of elements at different energies.
3) Industrial applications of NEUDEG and dual energy x-ray systems face challenges related to detector size and cost limitations, radiation shielding difficulties, and unreliable pulse shape discrimination electronics in industrial settings.
The document summarizes a presentation on light fields and the Wigner distribution function. It begins with introducing traditional light fields and their limitations in modeling diffraction and interference effects. It then describes how augmenting light fields can address these limitations by incorporating wave optics concepts like the Wigner distribution function. The presentation provides examples of how augmented light fields can model interference patterns from experiments like Young's double slit experiment. It concludes by discussing properties of the Wigner distribution function and how it relates to modeling light fields.
A maskless exposure device for rapid photolithographic prototyping of sensor ...Dhanesh Rajan
A very cost effective maskless exposure device (MED) for the fast lithographic prototyping of various layouts is presented. The device is assembled using a digital light processing projector (DLP), an optical microscope, alignment stages and a web camera. Layouts created on a computer screen can be easily transferred to substrate surfaces without using expensive photomasks and the process can be repeated by introducing new drawings on the screen. Components are tuned for a constant area of exposure and a resolution of around 20 μm is possible at the moment without using any reduction lenses. The MED has been used in patterning the surfaces of silicon, glass, metal etc. successfully. The device can be assembled using commercially available components at a very minimum cost and can be effectively used in fast prototyping applications like in MEMS, microfluidics, patterning of sensor and electrode structures.
Light Field: New opportunities and applicationsSe Baek Oh
The document summarizes a presentation on light fields in ray and wave optics. It discusses light field theory and how light fields can be used to understand wave phenomena. Various techniques are covered, including augmented light fields, wavefront coding, holography, rendering, and point spread functions like the double helix PSF. Applications include 3D imaging, optical design, and developing new imaging systems and technologies. Overall the presentation explores the power of light fields for understanding optics and enabling new opportunities.
This document presents a generalized discrete cosine transform (DCT) decimation scheme for DCT-domain spatial downscaling to improve visual quality. It proposes performing two-fold decimation on flexible-sized subframes larger than 8x8 blocks to reduce aliasing artifacts compared to pixel-domain downscaling schemes. Sparse matrix representations are derived to reduce the computation cost of the proposed DCT decimation method. Experimental results show the proposed approach achieves better visual quality than existing schemes while computational complexity increases but can be optimized by applying larger subframe sizes only to high activity regions.
The document discusses various techniques for video compression, including reducing spatial, temporal, and spectral redundancy. It covers algorithms like DCT, VQ, and fractal compression. Key aspects of video compression standards like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.264 and techniques like motion estimation and motion compensated prediction are summarized. Current and developing video coding standards and their applications are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the Dirac video codec and compares its performance to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Dirac is an open source video compression format developed by the BBC that uses wavelet transforms and arithmetic coding. It achieves compression performance close to H.264/AVC at lower bitrates, with less complexity, though H.264 provides slightly better compression at higher resolutions. Testing showed Dirac performs better than H.264 at low bitrates for QCIF sequences.
Distributed Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework and Scalable Video Coding Tu...mgrafl
The document discusses research into distributed adaptation frameworks and Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling for edge and in-network media adaptation. It presents the ALICANTE adaptation framework, which introduces new home-box and content-aware network layers. The framework uses an Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework (ADTF) to coordinate adaptation decisions across modules at the content source, network edges, and within the network. It also utilizes SVC tunneling to enable media adaptation at network elements. The research aims to improve network resource utilization while maintaining quality of experience. Initial results show SVC tunneling can reduce bandwidth requirements compared to simulcasting.
Design and implemation of an enhanced dds based digitalManoj Kollam
This paper proposes the design and implementation of an enhanced direct digital synthesis (DDS)-based digital modulator that supports multiple modulation schemes. The design enhances the basic DDS architecture with minimal additional hardware to provide user selection of different modulation techniques using a single unit. The modulator architecture consists of a phase accumulator, phase-to-amplitude converter, and other digital logic blocks. The design is implemented on a Spartan-3A FPGA using VHDL and can generate various modulated output signals for software-defined radio applications.
Digital imaging of head and neck of the animalssozanmuhamad1
Digital imaging in dentistry involves capturing images digitally using sensors rather than film. There are several types of digital detectors including direct detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors, and indirect detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates. Digital imaging has advantages over traditional film like immediate image availability, electronic storage and transmission, and improved diagnostics with tools like magnification and digital manipulation.
This document describes a new method for georegistering and stabilizing aerial video over mountainous terrain using LIDAR data. The method registers images to high-resolution digital elevation models by generating predicted images from the DEM and sensor model, registering these to the actual images, and correcting the sensor model. Examples show the method stabilizes shaky video, tracks moving objects, produces orthorectified video draped over DEMs, and aligns video and thermal infrared mosaics with map graphics in Google Earth. The method processes images in about 1 second and achieves absolute geolocation accuracy of 1-2 meters.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice quiz about computer fundamentals and operating systems. The questions cover topics such as generations of computers, computer architecture, memory, operating systems features, and applications such as word processing and spreadsheets. The document provides the question and a blank for the answer selection for each multiple choice question.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that advances in compression will continue to be needed to handle higher resolutions and frame rates.
ASC 3D is a 3D camera semiconductor company founded in 1987 that designs semiconductors, lasers, optics, and 3D Flash LIDAR cameras. It has multiple patents granted and several more pending. Its unique 3D Flash LIDAR technology can generate real-time 3D images and depth maps without motion distortion for applications such as autonomous vehicles, drones, industrial automation, and more. The technology offers advantages over other 3D solutions such as being lightweight, eye-safe, and not requiring moving parts.
The document discusses several methods for video decompression and artifact reduction, including simple models like adaptive fuzzy post-filtering and DCT re-application. It also covers more advanced classification techniques like support vector regression and modified mean-removed classified vector quantization (MMRCVQ). MMRCVQ involves clustering compressed video blocks, choosing codebook vectors, and assigning uncompressed blocks to clusters to select decoding vectors. The document provides examples and comparisons of the various decompression and artifact reduction methods.
This document provides an overview of digital radiography technologies. It discusses the key components of a digital radiography system including receptors, processing units, storage, and displays. The two main types of digital radiography detectors are direct conversion detectors, which convert x-ray energy directly into electric charge, and indirect conversion detectors, which first convert x-rays to light using a scintillator. Common scintillator materials are cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide. The document also compares characteristics of scintillator-based flat panel detectors and photoconductor-based detectors using selenium. It describes digital image processing techniques such as contrast adjustment using look up tables and windowing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tchebichef image watermarking along the edge using YCoCg-R color space for co...IJECEIAES
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a Tchebichef watermarking technique along image edges using the YCoCg-R color space for copyright protection. The technique embeds a scrambled watermark bit into selected blocks of the image that are transformed using Tchebichef moments. The blocks are selected based on having minimum human visual characteristic entropy. The locations of the matrix moments C(0,1), C(1,0), C(0,2) and C(2,0) are used for embedding to maintain image quality. An optimal threshold is determined to balance imperceptibility and robustness against JPEG compression attacks. The technique is tested on various color images and is shown to produce good
Empirical Evaluation of Decomposition Strategy for Wavelet Video CompressionCSCJournals
Abstract The wavelet transform has become the most interesting new algorithm for video compression. Yet there are many parameters within a wavelet analysis and synthesis which govern the quality of a decoded video. In this paper different wavelet decomposition strategies and their implications for the decoded video are discussed. A pool of color video sequences has been wavelet-transformed at different settings of the wavelet filter bank and quantization threshold and with decomposition of dyadic and packet wavelet transformation strategies. The empirical evaluation of the decomposition strategy is based on three benchmarks: a first judgment regards the perceived quality of the decoded video. The compression rate is a second crucial factor, and finally the best parameter setting with regards to the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). The investigation proposes dyadic decomposition as the chosen decomposition strategy.
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
The document presents a 3-D environment modeling and adaptive foreground detection system for multi-camera surveillance. The system constructs a 3-D model of the environment using planar patches approximated from camera views. Videos are integrated and displayed on the 3-D model using texture mapping. A novel method is proposed to detect moving shadows in two phases: an offline training phase determines pixel-wise thresholds, and an online phase updates the thresholds over time to adapt to different scenes. Foreground objects are extracted accurately after removing shadows and displayed using axis-aligned billboarding for 3-D visualization.
1) Combined fast neutron and dual energy gamma ray transmission (NEUDEG) measurements can non-invasively assess materials by taking advantage of each modality's sensitivities.
2) Dual energy x-ray systems resolve the transmitted x-ray beams in separate detectors to determine composition based on differing photon absorption properties of elements at different energies.
3) Industrial applications of NEUDEG and dual energy x-ray systems face challenges related to detector size and cost limitations, radiation shielding difficulties, and unreliable pulse shape discrimination electronics in industrial settings.
The document summarizes a presentation on light fields and the Wigner distribution function. It begins with introducing traditional light fields and their limitations in modeling diffraction and interference effects. It then describes how augmenting light fields can address these limitations by incorporating wave optics concepts like the Wigner distribution function. The presentation provides examples of how augmented light fields can model interference patterns from experiments like Young's double slit experiment. It concludes by discussing properties of the Wigner distribution function and how it relates to modeling light fields.
A maskless exposure device for rapid photolithographic prototyping of sensor ...Dhanesh Rajan
A very cost effective maskless exposure device (MED) for the fast lithographic prototyping of various layouts is presented. The device is assembled using a digital light processing projector (DLP), an optical microscope, alignment stages and a web camera. Layouts created on a computer screen can be easily transferred to substrate surfaces without using expensive photomasks and the process can be repeated by introducing new drawings on the screen. Components are tuned for a constant area of exposure and a resolution of around 20 μm is possible at the moment without using any reduction lenses. The MED has been used in patterning the surfaces of silicon, glass, metal etc. successfully. The device can be assembled using commercially available components at a very minimum cost and can be effectively used in fast prototyping applications like in MEMS, microfluidics, patterning of sensor and electrode structures.
Light Field: New opportunities and applicationsSe Baek Oh
The document summarizes a presentation on light fields in ray and wave optics. It discusses light field theory and how light fields can be used to understand wave phenomena. Various techniques are covered, including augmented light fields, wavefront coding, holography, rendering, and point spread functions like the double helix PSF. Applications include 3D imaging, optical design, and developing new imaging systems and technologies. Overall the presentation explores the power of light fields for understanding optics and enabling new opportunities.
This document presents a generalized discrete cosine transform (DCT) decimation scheme for DCT-domain spatial downscaling to improve visual quality. It proposes performing two-fold decimation on flexible-sized subframes larger than 8x8 blocks to reduce aliasing artifacts compared to pixel-domain downscaling schemes. Sparse matrix representations are derived to reduce the computation cost of the proposed DCT decimation method. Experimental results show the proposed approach achieves better visual quality than existing schemes while computational complexity increases but can be optimized by applying larger subframe sizes only to high activity regions.
The document discusses various techniques for video compression, including reducing spatial, temporal, and spectral redundancy. It covers algorithms like DCT, VQ, and fractal compression. Key aspects of video compression standards like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.264 and techniques like motion estimation and motion compensated prediction are summarized. Current and developing video coding standards and their applications are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the Dirac video codec and compares its performance to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Dirac is an open source video compression format developed by the BBC that uses wavelet transforms and arithmetic coding. It achieves compression performance close to H.264/AVC at lower bitrates, with less complexity, though H.264 provides slightly better compression at higher resolutions. Testing showed Dirac performs better than H.264 at low bitrates for QCIF sequences.
Distributed Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework and Scalable Video Coding Tu...mgrafl
The document discusses research into distributed adaptation frameworks and Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling for edge and in-network media adaptation. It presents the ALICANTE adaptation framework, which introduces new home-box and content-aware network layers. The framework uses an Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework (ADTF) to coordinate adaptation decisions across modules at the content source, network edges, and within the network. It also utilizes SVC tunneling to enable media adaptation at network elements. The research aims to improve network resource utilization while maintaining quality of experience. Initial results show SVC tunneling can reduce bandwidth requirements compared to simulcasting.
Design and implemation of an enhanced dds based digitalManoj Kollam
This paper proposes the design and implementation of an enhanced direct digital synthesis (DDS)-based digital modulator that supports multiple modulation schemes. The design enhances the basic DDS architecture with minimal additional hardware to provide user selection of different modulation techniques using a single unit. The modulator architecture consists of a phase accumulator, phase-to-amplitude converter, and other digital logic blocks. The design is implemented on a Spartan-3A FPGA using VHDL and can generate various modulated output signals for software-defined radio applications.
Digital imaging of head and neck of the animalssozanmuhamad1
Digital imaging in dentistry involves capturing images digitally using sensors rather than film. There are several types of digital detectors including direct detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors, and indirect detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates. Digital imaging has advantages over traditional film like immediate image availability, electronic storage and transmission, and improved diagnostics with tools like magnification and digital manipulation.
Digital imaging of the all body organ ofsozanmuhamad1
Digital imaging in dentistry involves capturing images digitally using sensors instead of film. There are three main types of digital detectors: direct, indirect, and semi-direct. Direct detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors directly convert x-rays to digital signals. Indirect detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates first convert x-rays to light, which is then converted to digital. Digital imaging has advantages over analog film like rapid access and storage of images.
Reconfigurable CORDIC Low-Power Implementation of Complex Signal Processing f...Editor IJMTER
This document describes a proposed low-power CORDIC-based DCT architecture that prioritizes processing of low-frequency DCT coefficients over high-frequency coefficients to reduce power consumption with minimal image quality degradation. It uses a look-ahead CORDIC approach to allow varying the number of CORDIC iterations for different coefficients. Experimental results show the proposed architecture achieves 38.1% area and power savings compared to DA-based DCT, with comparable power to MCM-based DCT but using 100% less area and a minor 0.04dB quality loss.
This document compares CCD and CMOS image sensor technologies. It summarizes that for the foreseeable future, both CCDs and CMOS sensors will play significant roles in imaging. CCDs offer superior image quality and flexibility, while CMOS sensors offer superior integration, power dissipation, and system size at the expense of image quality and flexibility. The document concludes that sustainable cost between the two technologies is approximately equal, contradicting traditional marketing claims of solely CMOS sensor companies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used tool in image and video compression applications. Recently, the high-throughput DCT designs have been adopted to fit the requirements of real-time application.
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H.264, also known as MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC, is a video compression standard that provides significantly better compression than previous standards such as MPEG-2. It achieves this through spatial and temporal redundancy reduction techniques including intra-frame prediction, inter-frame prediction, and entropy coding. Motion estimation, which finds motion vectors between frames to enable inter-frame prediction, is the most computationally intensive part of H.264 encoding. Previous GPU implementations of H.264 motion estimation have sacrificed quality for parallelism or have not fully addressed dependencies between blocks. This document proposes a pyramid motion estimation approach on GPU that can better address dependencies while maintaining quality.
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Distributed Video Coding (DVC) has become increasingly popular in recent times among the researchers in video coding due to its attractive and promising features. DVC primarily has a modified complexity balance between the encoder and decoder, in contrast to conventional video codecs. However, Most of the reported DVC schemes have a high time-delay in decoder which hinders its practical application in real-time systems. In this work, we focus on speed up the Side Information(SI) generation module in DVC, which is a major function in the DVC coding algorithm and one of the time-consuming factor at the decoder. By applied it through Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) based on General-Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU), the experimental results show that a considerable speedup can be obtained by using the proposed parallelized SI generation algorithm.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses a digital video watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and perceptual analysis. It proposes embedding a binary watermark in the DCT domain of video frames. A mathematical model is developed to insert a visible watermark into video frames in the DCT domain while considering characteristics of the human visual system to minimize perceptual quality impact. Experimental results show a watermarked video frame with the watermark logo embedded at different positions. The technique aims to provide copyright protection for digital video applications.
A Video Watermarking Scheme to Hinder Camcorder PiracyIOSR Journals
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This document summarizes a master's thesis on guided transcoding techniques for reducing bitrates in adaptive video streaming using the H.265/HEVC video coding standard. It introduces fundamental concepts in image and video coding such as prediction, frequency transformation, quantization, and adaptive streaming methods. The thesis evaluates two guided transcoding methods called pruning and deflation that aim to store and transmit less video data while maintaining high quality, and compares their performance on various test sequences.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Foveated Architectures for
CMOS Image Sensors
Fayçal Saffih1, Richard Hornsey2
1
Integrated Camera Group, Electrical & Computer Engineering
Department, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
2
Centre for Vision Research, Department of Computer Science,
York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
2. Outline
Introduction & Motivation
Motivation Implementation
Pyramidal CMOS Image Sensor
Applications
Universal Multiresolution CMOS Image Sensor
Applications
Final Conclusion.
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
3. Introduction & Motivation
CMOS image sensor development levels:
Device level: Optical charge devices such as photodiodes.
Goal: Dynamic range enhancement, Fill factor increase…etc.
Circuit Level: Amplifiers, buffers, ADC’s…etc.
Goal: Efficient charge transfer, high speed acquisition, noise filtering…etc
System Level: Signal processing blocks such as motion detection, image
processing blocks, …etc.
Goal: Image information extraction (motion, segmentation…etc), performance
enhancement (data reduction, multiresolution, foveated vision…etc).
Motivation
Imitation of biological visual systems such as Human Visual
System.
Efficient Data Reduction.
Efficient Image Information Transfer.
Minimization of Power Consumption.
Emphasize on the importance of architecture design in CMOS Imagers.
Philosophy: Image acquisition is a Vision needs vision
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
4. Motivation Implementation
System level implementation
The pixel structure is the 3T Active Pixel Sensor (APS).
The acquisition system is a non-classical (non-
orthogonal) architecture.
Solution: Pyramidal CMOS image sensor
Device level implementation
The pixel structure is a non-classical (3T active pixel
sensor).
The acquisition system is a classical orthogonal
architecture.
Solution: Universal Multiresolution CMOS Image Sensor
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
6. Classical Acquisition System
The orthogonal acquisition
architecture along with raster
scanning suffers from the
following issues:
1D sampling architecture.
Unique integration time
Different sampling speed
between horizontal and vertical
axis of the image. This leads to
anisotropic distribution of
motion blur, being higher in the
vertical axis than in the
horizontal.
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
7. Human Fovea Architecture
Dynamic Range is higher in cones than Circular symmetry of the fovea photocells
rods. (rods and cones) has lead to symmetrical yet
HVS system DR (~106) is much larger co-centric image sampling.
than the photoreceptor DR (~102).
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
9. Pyramidal Acquisition
Architecture
Floorplan of the imager is
composed of square
pixels (16µmx16µm)
orthogonally compacted.
Reset and select signals
are shared among each
ring
The output buses are
diagonals to dump the ring
output into 8 CDS block at
the base of the pyramid
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
10. Bouncing Scanning Scheme
Estimated Integration time of a
ring r for inward Scanning:
r +1
Trin = 2 ∑ iT s + ( R − r )Tspl + rT s
i = R
i → i −1
Estimated Integration time of a
ring r for outward Scanning:
r −1
Trout = 2 ∑ iTs + ( r − 1)Tspl + rTs
i =1
i → i +1
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
11. Ring Integration Time
Estimated of all rings’ integration time for inward (ISc) and Rings’ RMS of inward (ISc) and bounced scanning
bounced scanning (BSc) at 40Fps. (BSc) at 8Fps under light intensity of 43.33uW
(current testing)
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
12. Dynamic Range Fovea
Each ring in the pyramidal imager The resulting dynamic range
will have two different integration enhancement is made with two
time. Fusing their two output will acquired scenes. Thus, this type
enhance the ring’s dynamic range of dynamic range enhancement is
by:20log(Tint1/Tint2), where Tint1 ≥Tint2 called, intrascene dynamic range.
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
13. Experimental Results
Inward and Bounced Images from
the Pyramid Imager at 14lux@29Fps
Fused Image of the inward Pyramidal CMOS Image Sensor
and bounced images Layout
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
14. Applications
Applications that need optimal data transfer such as:
Video-Phone
Internet cameras
Applications that need foveated vision:
IndustrialInspection
Surveillance Cameras
Low Vision Enhancement
Consumers Cameras
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
15. Disadvantages
Complex data structure for image re-construction
Mismatch between sampling capacitors between the
different pyramid clusters may create some undesired
artifacts.
The central diagonal in the pyramid is sampled by
capacitors with twice the capacity of their neighbor pixels.
Although the above are real problems in our CMOS imager, they
are not limitations as they are all solvable problems.
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
16. Conclusion
New architecture (hardware) and scanning scheme
(software) for CMOS imagers have been suggested.
The benefits of the new approach in image sampling are
due to:
The 2D nature of the sampling rings
Centricity of the sampling units has lead to foveated dynamic
range enhancement topology.
The difference in sampling architectures in CMOS
imagers greatly impacts their performances.
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
17. Device Level approach
Universal
Multiresolution
CMOS Image Sensor
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
18. Multiresolution CMOS Image Sensor
Motivation
Only small parts of image are regions of interest.
Regions of low interest need to be sub-sampled or
averaged.
With increasing image resolution the ultimate limitation
is image transfer especially for video broadcasting.
Minimizing of power consumption requires a
minimization of power consumption of the imager OR
minimization of “data of interest” to be readout
Programmability and expandability are the most
important feature of such an architecture in order for it
to span the largest field of applications:
Universality
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
19. The Kernelling
Just two clock cycles are enough for the kernel averaging: Fast Kernelling
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
23. Application: Programmability
Fundamental Foveated Multiresolution Fundamental Foveated Multiresolution
With horizontally-rectangular kernels With vertically-rectangular kernels
Effect of kernel topology on spatial filtering
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
25. Final Conclusion
Two different approaches for implementing
foveated imaging have been suggested.
The two imagers were fabricated in dual voltage
1P6M standard 0.18µm CMOS technology. The
two imagers under test.
Parallelism, programmability and expandability
were the keys behind the proposed CMOS
image sensors’ architectures
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
26. Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to:
Canadian Microelectronics Corporation.
NSERC Canada.
Betacom Inc.
Thank you !
Electronic Imaging 2004, San Jose
Editor's Notes
Efficient data reduction=transferring just important (central) image information. Enhance Image Information Transfer=creating enough room for transferring important image information (details)
Viewpoint: Sampling architecture is not necessarily the same as the display architecture. Raster scanning was originally suggested for CRT displays but was adopted since 60’s for MOS imagers. Biological sampling architectures are very promising to implement efficient smart sampling architectures. Human fovea is a clear example.
1- Integration time is the time elapsed between successive ring reset and ring signal readout. 2- Ring integration time in the bouncing scanning scheme is deduced including the bouncing at the inner and outer rings. 3- Due to the different of cardinals of the inner and outer rings, bouncing scanning at the inner ring will result lower integration time for outward scanning than bouncing at the outer ring for the inward scanning.