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![Education in Canada is for the most part provided publicly, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and
local governments.[citation needed]
Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the
province.[15]
Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education, followed by secondary education
and post-secondary. Within the provinces under the ministry of education, there are district school boards
administering the educational programs.[16]
Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in
Canada, except for Manitoba, Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18, or as soon as a
high school diploma has been achieved. In some provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under
certain circumstances at 14. Canada generally has 190 (180 in Quebec) school days in the year, officially
starting from September (after Labour Day) to the end of June (usually the last Friday of the month, except in
Quebec when it is just before June 24 – the provincial holiday).
Canada-wide
Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial responsibility and there are
many variations between the provinces. Some educational fields are supported at various levels by federal
departments. For example, the Department of National Defence includes the Royal Military College of Canada,
while the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada is responsible for the education of First
Nations.[17][18]
Vocational training can be subsidized by the Learning branch of Human Resources and Skills
Development Canada (a federal department).[19][20][21]
1950 Canadian School Train. Pupils attend classes at Nemegos near Chapleau, Ontario.
About one out of ten Canadians does not have a high school diploma – one in seven has a university degree –
the adult population that is without a high school diploma is a combination of both immigrant and Canadian-
born. In many places, publicly funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. The ratio of high
school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly, partly due to changes in the labour market
that require people to have a high school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree. Majority of Schools
67% percent are co-Ed.
Canada spends about 5.4% of its GDP on education.[12]
The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more
than 20 000 USD per student).[22]
Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in
both English and French has been available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking
the minority language justifies it), although French Second Language education/French Immersion is available
to anglophone students across Canada.
According to an announcement of Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada is introducing a
new, fast-track system to let foreign students and graduates with Canadian work experience become permanent
eligible residents in Canada.[23]
Most schools have introduced one or more initiatives such as programs in Native studies, antiracism, Aboriginal
cultures and crafts; visits by elders and other community members; and content in areas like indigenous
languages, Aboriginal spirituality, indigenous knowledge of nature, and tours to indigenous heritage sites.[24]
Although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or region in which students reside.
"The curriculum is designed to elicit development and quality of people's cognition through the guiding of
accommodations of individuals to their natural environment and their changing social order"[25]
Finally, "some
scholars view academics as a form of "soft power" helping to educate and to create positive attitudes.",[26]
although there is criticism that educators are merely telling students what to think, instead of how to think for
themselves.[27][28][29]
Furthermore, "subjects that typically get assessed (i.e., language arts, mathematics, and
science) assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects (i.e., music, visual arts, and physical education)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-3-320.jpg)
![or facets of the curriculum (i.e., reading and writing versus speaking and listening)."[30]
The students in the
Canadian school system receive a variety of classes that are offered to them. The system is set up to meet the
diverse needs of the individual student.
Divisions by religion and language
The Constitution of Canada provides constitutional protections for some types of publicly funded religious-
based and language-based school systems.
The Constitution Act, 1867 contains a guarantee for publicly funded religious-based separate schools, provided
the separate schools were established by law prior to the province joining Confederation. Court cases have
established that this provision did not apply to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and
Prince Edward Island, since those provinces did not provide a legal guarantee for separate schools prior to
Confederation. The provision did originally apply to Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and
Newfoundland and Labrador, since these provinces did have pre-existing separate schools. This constitutional
provision was repealed in Quebec by a constitutional amendment in 1997, and for Newfoundland and Labrador
in 1998. The constitutional provision continues to apply to Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta. There is a
similar federal statutory provision which applies to the Northwest Territories.
Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right of citizens who were educated
in the minority language in a particular province to have their children educated in the minority language in
publicly funded schools. In practice, this guarantee means that there are publicly funded English schools in
Quebec, and publicly funded French schools in the other provinces and the territories.
Quebec students must attend a French school up until the end of high school unless one of their parents qualifies
as a rights-holder under s. 23 of the Charter. In Ontario, French language schools automatically admit students
recognized under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and may admit non-francophone
students through the board's admissions committee consisting of the school principal, a school superintendent
and a teacher.
Length of study
Most education programs in Canada begin in kindergarten (age five) or grade one (age six) and go to grade
twelve (age 17 or 18), except in Quebec, where students finish a year earlier. After completion of a secondary
school diploma, students may go on to post-secondary studies.
Authorities
Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or Public French), the province is
divided into districts (or divisions). For each district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters
within the district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area). Normally, all publicly funded
schools are under the authority of their local district school board. These school boards would follow a common
curriculum set up by the province the board resides in. Only Alberta allows public charter schools, which are
independent of any district board. Instead, they each have their own board, which reports directly to the
province.
Pre-university
Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through
Grade 12). Secondary schooling, known as high school, 'collegiate institute, "école secondaire" or secondary
school, consists of different grades depending on the province in which one resides. Furthermore, grade](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-4-320.jpg)
![structure may vary within a province or even within a school division and may or may not include middle
school or junior high school.
Kindergarten (or its equivalent) is available for children in all provinces in the year they turn five (except
Ontario and Quebec, where it begins a year earlier), but the names of these programs, provincial funding, and
the number of hours provided varies widely. For example, the Department of Education in Nova Scotia refers to
Kindergarten as Grade Primary.[31]
Ontario offers two years of optional kindergarten (junior kindergarten for four-year olds and senior kindergarten
for five-year olds). At French schools in Ontario, these programs are called Maternelle and CPE Centre de la
Petite Enfance.[32]
In 2010, Ontario increased both years to full-day programs, while BC's single year of
kindergarten became full-day in 2012. Quebec offers heavily subsidized preschool programs and introduced an
early kindergarten program for children from low-income families in 2013. Students in the Prairie provinces are
not required by statute to attend kindergarten. As a result, kindergarten often is not available in smaller towns.
Dependent on the province the age of mandatory entry to the education system is at 4–7 years. Starting at grade
one, at age six or seven, there is universal publicly funded access up to grade twelve (age seventeen to
eighteen), except in Quebec, where secondary school ends one year earlier. Children are required to attend
school until the age of sixteen (eighteen in Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick). In Quebec, the typical high
school term ends after Secondary V/Grade eleven (age sixteen to seventeen); following this, students who wish
to pursue their studies to the university level have to attend college (see Education in Quebec). Quebec is
currently the only province where Grade 12 is part of postsecondary, though Grade 11 was also the end of
secondary education in Newfoundland and Labrador prior to the introduction of grade 12 in 1983.
Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished in 2003 by the
provincial government to cut costs. As a result, the curriculum has been compacted, and the more difficult
subjects, such as mathematics, are comparatively harder than before. However, the system is now
approximately equivalent to what has been the case outside of Quebec and Ontario for many years.
Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school varies
between provinces). Those 19 and over may attend adult school. Students of high school age who have received
long-term suspensions or have been expelled, or are otherwise unable or unwilling to attend conventional
schools may be offered alternative learning options to complete their secondary education, such as drop-in
programs, night school, or distance/online classes.
In British Columbia secondary schools, there are 172 school days during a school year. (2013-2014).[33]
An increasing number of international students are attending pre-university courses at Canadian high schools.
Post-secondary education
See also: Higher education in Canada and U15 (universities)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-5-320.jpg)
![Canadian university enrollment in various subjects - 2005/2006 [34]
Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Those
governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of
funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants. Compared to other countries in
the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population.
Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to grant academic credentials (i.e., diplomas
or degrees). Generally speaking, universities grant degrees (e.g., bachelor's, master's or doctorate degrees) while
colleges, which typically offer vocationally oriented programs, grant diplomas and certificates. However, some
colleges offer applied arts degrees that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university. Private career
colleges are overseen by legislative acts for each province. For example in British Columbia training providers
will be registered and accredited with the (PCTIA) Private Career Training Institutions Agency regulated under
the Private Career Training Institutions Act (SBC 2003) [35]
Each province with their own correlating agency.
Unlike the United States, there is no "accreditation body" that oversees the universities in Canada. Universities
in Canada have degree-granting authority via an Act or Ministerial Consent from the Ministry of Education of
the particular province.
Post-secondary education in Quebec begins with college following graduation from Grade 11 (or Secondary V).
Students complete a two- or three-year general program leading to admission to a university, or a professional
program leading directly into the labour force. In most cases, bachelor's degree programs in Quebec are three
years instead of the usual four; however, in many cases, students attending a university in Quebec that did not
graduate from college must complete an additional year of coursework. When Ontario had five years of high
school, a three-year bachelor's degree was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the
four-year degree.
The main variation between the provinces, with respect to the universities, is the amount of funding they receive
and the amount of tuition and other fees they charge.
The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full
degree-granting university. RMC is the only federal institution with degree granting powers.
Private schools
About 5.6% of students are in private schools.[36]
A minority of these are elite private schools, which are
attended by only a small fraction of students, but do have a great deal of prestige and prominence. A far larger
portion of private schools are religious based institutions. Private schools are also used to study outside the
country. For example, Canadian College Italy has an Ontario curriculum, but the school is located in Italy.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-6-320.jpg)
![Private schools have historically been less common on the Canadian Prairies and were often forbidden under
municipal and provincial statutes enacted to provide equality of education to students regardless of family
income. This is especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist conservative)
governments denounced the concept of private education as the main cause of denial of opportunity to the
children of the working poor.
Private Universities
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to
reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
In the past, private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or foundation. Although since 1999, the
Province of New Brunswick passed the Degree Granting Act [1] allowing private universities to operate in the
Province.[37][38]
The University of Fredericton is the newest University to receive designation in New
Brunswick.
Trinity Western University, in Langley British Columbia, was founded in 1962 as a junior college and received
full accreditation in 1985. In 2002, British Columbia’s Quest University became the first privately funded
liberal arts university without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private liberal arts
university). Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree-
granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there.
Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On
the one hand, Canada’s top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses
because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those
who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada’s population from
being able to attend these schools.
In addition to the issue of access, some Canadians find issue with protections instituted within the Charter of
Rights and Freedoms as ruled by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2001 and consistent with federal and
provincial law that (private) faith based universities in Canada based on the long established principles of
freedom of conscience and religion can exempt itself from more recent human rights legislation when they
insist in their “community covenant” code signed by staff, faculty and students that they act in accordance with
the faith of the school. The covenant may require restraint from those acts considered in contradiction with the
tenets of their faith such as homosexual relationships, sex outside marriage or more broadly abstain from
consuming alcohol on campus or viewing pornography.[39]
However private-Christian based schools do not
preclude homosexual or lesbian students from attending.[40]
Some faith based universities have been known to
fire staff and faculty which refused to adhere or whose actions were in opposition with the tenets of the faith
although in some provinces based on the circumstances their dismissal have been successfully challenged in
court.[41]
Religious schools
Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be
fully publicly funded while other faiths are not. Ontario has several private Jewish, Muslim, and Christian
schools all funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the
Supreme Court has ruled that this system is constitutional. However, the United Nations Human Rights
Committee has ruled that Ontario's system is discriminatory, suggesting that Ontario either fund no faith-based
schools, or all of them.[42]
In 2002 the government of Mike Harris introduced a controversial program to
partially fund all private schools, but this was criticized for undermining the public education system and the
program was eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-7-320.jpg)
![In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays
independent schools that meet rigorous provincial standards up to 50% of the per-student operating cost of
public schools. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a
network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within the
public school system. Alberta charter schools are not private and the province does not grant charters to
religious schools. These schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given
considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but
not as much as the public system.
An example of how schools can be divided by religion, Toronto has two English boards; Toronto Catholic
District School Board and Toronto District School Board, and two French boards; Conseil scolaire de district
catholique Centre-Sud and Conseil scolaire Viamonde.
History of religious schools
The first schools in New France were operated by the Catholic church (as indeed were schools in France itself).
In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to set up publicly funded education systems.
Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided over how religious and moral education should be delivered. In
Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower
Canada the Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic dogma. Thus in both
these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic and a Protestant. Upon Confederation these
schools systems were enshrined in the British North America Act, 1867. British Columbia established a non-
sectarian school system in 1872.
In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single Protestant oriented school system
was established in each of them. In Newfoundland there was not only the Catholic/Protestant split, but also deep
divisions between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one catering to each major
denomination. Eventually the major Protestant boards merged into an integrated school system.
The three Prairie provinces adopted a system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller
Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the Catholic board, sparking the Manitoba
Schools Question. It demonstrated the deep divergence of cultural, religious and language values and became an
issue of national importance. The Catholic Franco-Manitobains had been guaranteed a state-supported separate
school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, such that their children would be taught in French.
However a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of
French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic
schools.[43]
The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order
and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them.[44]
The federal Conservatives proposed
remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier, who
opposed the remedial legislation because of his belief in provincial rights.[43]
The Manitoba Schools issue
became an issue in the Canadian federal election of 1896, where it worked against the Conservatives and helped
elect the Liberals.[45]
As Prime Minister, Laurier implemented a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba
could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to
warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.[43]
In Ontario in 1912, the Conservative government of Sir James P. Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely
limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority.[46]
French
could only be used in the first two years of schooling, and then only English was allowed. French-Canadians—
growing rapidly in number in eastern Ontario because of migration, reacted with outrage, journalist Henri
Bourassa denouncing the "Prussians of Ontario". It was one of the key reasons the Francophones turned away
from the war effort in 1915 and refused to enlist. Ontario's Catholics were led by the Irish, who united with the
Protestants in opposing French schools.[47]
Regulation 17 was eventually repealed in 1927.[48]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-8-320.jpg)
![Over time, the originally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known as the public schools, became
increasingly secularized as Canadians came to believe in the separation of Church and state, and the main
boards became secular ones. In Ontario all overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in
1990. In two provinces the sectarian education systems have recently been eliminated through constitutional
change. Newfoundland and Labrador eliminated its tri-denominational Catholic-Protestant-Pentecostal system
after two referendums. In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French language/English
language one.
Levels in education
Canada outside Quebec
As the education system in Canada is managed by the varying provincial governments in Canada, the way the
educational stages are grouped and named may differ from each region, or even between districts and individual
schools. The ages are the age of the students when they end the school year in June.
Early childhood education
o Junior Kindergarten or Pre-Kindergarten (ages 3–5) (Ontario only)[49]
o Grade Primary or Kindergarten (ages 5–6)
Elementary education
o Grade 1 (ages 6–7)
o Grade 2 (ages 7–8)
o Grade 3 (ages 8–9)
o Grade 4 (ages 9–10)
o Grade 5 (ages 10–11)
o Grade 6 (ages 11–12)
Junior High/Middle School
o Grade 7 (ages 12–13)
o Grade 8 (ages 13–14)
o Grade 9 (ages 14–15)
High School
o Grade 10 (ages 15–16)
o Grade 11 (ages 16–17)
o Grade 12 (ages 17–18)
o Grade 12+ (ages 18–21) (Ontario only)b
Tertiary education
o College: In Canada, the term college usually refers to a community college or a technical, applied arts, or
applied science school. These are post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associates
degree, and bachelor's degrees.
o University: A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic
degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate
education and postgraduate education.
o Graduate school: A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic certificates, diplomas
and degrees (i.e. master's degree, Ph.D.)
Quebec
Pre-school ((French):préscolaire); under 5
Kindergarten ((French):maternelle); 5-6
Grade School ((French):école primaire, literally Primary school, equivalent to Elementary School)
o Grade 1; 6-7
o Grade 2; 7-8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-9-320.jpg)
![o Grade 3; 8-9
o Grade 4; 9-10
o Grade 5; 10-11
o Grade 6; 11-12
High School ((French): école secondaire, literally Secondary school)grade names
o Grade 7/Secondary 1; 12-13
o Grade 8/Secondary 2; 13-14
o Grade 9/Secondary 3; 14-15
o Grade 10/Secondary 4; 15-16
o Grade 11/Secondary 5; 16-17
College
o Pre-university program, two years (typically Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, or Arts)
o Professional program, three years (e.g. Paralegal, Dental Hygienist, Nursing, etc.)
University (Usually requires a College degree (DCS (French):'DEC) or equivalent)
o Undergraduate
Three years for most programs (or four years for Engineering, Education, Medical, and Law)
leading to a Bachelor's degree. Non-Quebec students require an extra year to complete the
same degree because of the extra year in college.
o Graduate (or postgraduate)
One or two years leading to a Master's degree.
three or more years leading to a Doctoral degree.
English schools in Quebec have the same grade system as French schools, but with English names. For
example, "elementary school" is not called "école primaire" in an English school, but has the same grading
system.
Grade structure by province
The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions
within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group.
Alberta
(source[dead link]
)
Elementary Junior High Senior High
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
British
Columbia
(source)[not in
citation given]
Primary Middle Secondary
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Manitoba[50]
Early Years Middle Years Senior Years
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
New Brunswick
(source)
Elementary Middle School High School
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-10-320.jpg)
![Newfoundland
and Labrador
(source)
Primary Elementary Junior High Senior High
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Level I Level II Level III
Northwest
Territories
(source)
Primary Intermediate Junior Secondary Senior Secondary
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nova Scotia
(source)
Elementary Junior High Senior High
Primary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ontario[51]
Elementary Secondary
Junior
Kindergarten
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PEI
(source)
Elementary
Intermediate
School
Senior High
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quebec
Primary School Secondary School College
Garderie Maternelle 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sec I Sec II Sec III Sec IV Sec V first second third
Saskatchewan
(source)
Elementary
Level
Middle Level Secondary Level
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Yukon
(source)
Elementary Junior Secondary
Senior
Secondary
Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Notes:
In British Columbia some schools may group together the higher Elementary and lower Secondary Grades. These
schools are referred to as Middle Schools or Jr. Secondary Schools. Some Elementary Schools consist solely of
grades K-5. Likewise, some Secondary Schools may only have grades 11 and 12. In addition, some school districts
may use just elementary (K-7) and secondary (8-12) schools. British Columbia informally subcategorizes the
Elementary level into "Primary" (K-3) and "Intermediate" (4-6 or 7).
In Ontario, the terms used in French schooling consist of Maternelle in regards to Junior Kindergarten,
Kindergarten is then referred to as Jardin. This differs from Quebec's Maternelle which is the equivalent of
Ontario's Kindergarten.
In Manitoba, grade-9 - grade 12 was for a short time referred to as Senior 1-Senior 4;
In Nova Scotia the terms for groups, and grades they apply to varies significantly throughout the province. A
common, but not universal, organization is shown.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationsysteminthephilippines-150224022031-conversion-gate01/85/Education-system-in-the-philippines-11-320.jpg)
Uploaded byLovely Baylosis
Education system in the philippines
The education system in the Philippines has four main levels: primary education from grades 1-6, secondary education from grades 7-10, vocational education offered at government or private technical colleges, and tertiary education at universities or colleges. Primary education is compulsory from ages 6-12, and secondary education continues the compulsory education until age 17. Vocational programs can range from a few weeks to 3 years in duration, and tertiary education is governed by the Commission on Higher Education and offers 4-year bachelor's degree programs.
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Education system in the philippines
- 1. Education System inthe Philippines Education School/Level Grade From Grade To Age From Age To Years Notes Primary Paaralang Elementarya 1 6 6 12 6 Elementary school covers the first six years of compulsory education (grades 1–6) informally divided into 3 years of primary level and 3 years of intermediate level. Secondary Paaralang Sekundarya 1 4 12 17 4 Secondary education consists of four levels largely based on the American schooling system. DepEd (Department of Education) specifies a compulsory curriculum for all secondary schools, public and private. Vocational Bokasyonal na Edukasyon at Pagsasanay Technical and vocational education is offered by government operated or private institutions often called colleges. Programs duration varies from a few weeks to 3 years. upon the graduation from most of the programs students may take TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Authority) examination to receive an appropriate certificate or diploma. Tertiary University/College - Undergraduate Level Higher Education is governed by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) that was created on May 18, 1994 through the passage of Republic Act No. 7722, or the Higher Education Act of 1994. The creation of CHED was part of a broad agenda of reforms on the country’s education system outlined by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) in 1992. Part of the reforms was the trifocalization of the education sector into three governing bodies: the CHED for tertiary and graduate education, the Department of Education (DepEd) for basic education and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) for technical-vocational and middle-level education. Tertiary University/College - Graduate Level Primary Education Paaralang Elementarya or elementary education is the first part of the educational system, and it includes the first six years of compulsory education from grade 1 to 6, with an optional 7th grade offered by some schools. Major subjects include maths, science, English, Filipino and social sciences. Optional subjects include music, arts, physical education, and health. Private school students may select subjects from a wider curriculum including religious instruction in the dogma of their choice. Until 2004, primary students traditionally sat for the National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) administered by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS). However, the scores obtained by students in the NEAT were not used as a basis for their admission into Secondary school. During 2004, when DECS was officially converted into the Department of Education (DepEd), and as a result of reorganization, the NEAT was changed to National Achievement Test (NAT) by the Department of Education (DepEd). Students from both public and private elementary schools take this exam to measure a school's competency. As of 2006, only private schools have entrance examinations for Secondary school.
- 2. Middle Education Middle schooleducation is a part of Primary (or Elementary) Education Secondary Education Secondary education known as Paaralang Sekundarya comprises 4 grades that have changed little since the second world war. The curriculum is prescribed for both private and state schools. Core subjects are as follows: Year 1 - Filipino 1, Algebra 1, Integrated Science, English 1, Phillipine History Year 2 - Filipino 2, Algebra 2, Biology, English 2, Asian History Year 3 - Filipino 3, Geometry, Chemistry, World History, Geography Year 4 - Filipino 4, Calculus, Trigonometry, Physics, Literature, Economics Minor optional subjects include Health, Music, Arts, Physical Education, Home Economics and Technology. Selected schools present additional subjects. Total secondary school numbers exceed 5.5 million. Vocational Education Accredited mainly private institutions known as colleges offer technical and vocational education. Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two-year diplomas. On completion students may take centrally-administered examinations to obtain their diploma or certificate. Vocational colleges don’t usually require an entrance examination, only a record of high school education and an enrollment fee. Tertiary Education Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by the commission for higher education. Colleges typically offer 1 or more specialized programs while universities must offer at least 8 different undergraduate degree programs in a wide array of subjects and at least 2 graduate programs. Public universities are all non-sectarian and offer a wide-range of programs, with English as a medium of instruction. Public universities are government funded, with the largest, the University of the Philippines, receiving the substantial portion of the annual budget. There are also a number of private tertiary institutions, sectarian or non-sectarian as well as for-profit or not-for-profit. Most private institutions are Catholic non-profit organizations. Most universities offer 4 year degree programs with 2 semesters per year.
- 3. Education in Canadais for the most part provided publicly, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments.[citation needed] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province.[15] Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Within the provinces under the ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the educational programs.[16] Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Manitoba, Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18, or as soon as a high school diploma has been achieved. In some provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under certain circumstances at 14. Canada generally has 190 (180 in Quebec) school days in the year, officially starting from September (after Labour Day) to the end of June (usually the last Friday of the month, except in Quebec when it is just before June 24 – the provincial holiday). Canada-wide Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial responsibility and there are many variations between the provinces. Some educational fields are supported at various levels by federal departments. For example, the Department of National Defence includes the Royal Military College of Canada, while the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada is responsible for the education of First Nations.[17][18] Vocational training can be subsidized by the Learning branch of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (a federal department).[19][20][21] 1950 Canadian School Train. Pupils attend classes at Nemegos near Chapleau, Ontario. About one out of ten Canadians does not have a high school diploma – one in seven has a university degree – the adult population that is without a high school diploma is a combination of both immigrant and Canadian- born. In many places, publicly funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. The ratio of high school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly, partly due to changes in the labour market that require people to have a high school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree. Majority of Schools 67% percent are co-Ed. Canada spends about 5.4% of its GDP on education.[12] The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than 20 000 USD per student).[22] Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking the minority language justifies it), although French Second Language education/French Immersion is available to anglophone students across Canada. According to an announcement of Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada is introducing a new, fast-track system to let foreign students and graduates with Canadian work experience become permanent eligible residents in Canada.[23] Most schools have introduced one or more initiatives such as programs in Native studies, antiracism, Aboriginal cultures and crafts; visits by elders and other community members; and content in areas like indigenous languages, Aboriginal spirituality, indigenous knowledge of nature, and tours to indigenous heritage sites.[24] Although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or region in which students reside. "The curriculum is designed to elicit development and quality of people's cognition through the guiding of accommodations of individuals to their natural environment and their changing social order"[25] Finally, "some scholars view academics as a form of "soft power" helping to educate and to create positive attitudes.",[26] although there is criticism that educators are merely telling students what to think, instead of how to think for themselves.[27][28][29] Furthermore, "subjects that typically get assessed (i.e., language arts, mathematics, and science) assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects (i.e., music, visual arts, and physical education)
- 4. or facets ofthe curriculum (i.e., reading and writing versus speaking and listening)."[30] The students in the Canadian school system receive a variety of classes that are offered to them. The system is set up to meet the diverse needs of the individual student. Divisions by religion and language The Constitution of Canada provides constitutional protections for some types of publicly funded religious- based and language-based school systems. The Constitution Act, 1867 contains a guarantee for publicly funded religious-based separate schools, provided the separate schools were established by law prior to the province joining Confederation. Court cases have established that this provision did not apply to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island, since those provinces did not provide a legal guarantee for separate schools prior to Confederation. The provision did originally apply to Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Newfoundland and Labrador, since these provinces did have pre-existing separate schools. This constitutional provision was repealed in Quebec by a constitutional amendment in 1997, and for Newfoundland and Labrador in 1998. The constitutional provision continues to apply to Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta. There is a similar federal statutory provision which applies to the Northwest Territories. Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right of citizens who were educated in the minority language in a particular province to have their children educated in the minority language in publicly funded schools. In practice, this guarantee means that there are publicly funded English schools in Quebec, and publicly funded French schools in the other provinces and the territories. Quebec students must attend a French school up until the end of high school unless one of their parents qualifies as a rights-holder under s. 23 of the Charter. In Ontario, French language schools automatically admit students recognized under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and may admit non-francophone students through the board's admissions committee consisting of the school principal, a school superintendent and a teacher. Length of study Most education programs in Canada begin in kindergarten (age five) or grade one (age six) and go to grade twelve (age 17 or 18), except in Quebec, where students finish a year earlier. After completion of a secondary school diploma, students may go on to post-secondary studies. Authorities Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or Public French), the province is divided into districts (or divisions). For each district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters within the district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area). Normally, all publicly funded schools are under the authority of their local district school board. These school boards would follow a common curriculum set up by the province the board resides in. Only Alberta allows public charter schools, which are independent of any district board. Instead, they each have their own board, which reports directly to the province. Pre-university Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). Secondary schooling, known as high school, 'collegiate institute, "école secondaire" or secondary school, consists of different grades depending on the province in which one resides. Furthermore, grade
- 5. structure may varywithin a province or even within a school division and may or may not include middle school or junior high school. Kindergarten (or its equivalent) is available for children in all provinces in the year they turn five (except Ontario and Quebec, where it begins a year earlier), but the names of these programs, provincial funding, and the number of hours provided varies widely. For example, the Department of Education in Nova Scotia refers to Kindergarten as Grade Primary.[31] Ontario offers two years of optional kindergarten (junior kindergarten for four-year olds and senior kindergarten for five-year olds). At French schools in Ontario, these programs are called Maternelle and CPE Centre de la Petite Enfance.[32] In 2010, Ontario increased both years to full-day programs, while BC's single year of kindergarten became full-day in 2012. Quebec offers heavily subsidized preschool programs and introduced an early kindergarten program for children from low-income families in 2013. Students in the Prairie provinces are not required by statute to attend kindergarten. As a result, kindergarten often is not available in smaller towns. Dependent on the province the age of mandatory entry to the education system is at 4–7 years. Starting at grade one, at age six or seven, there is universal publicly funded access up to grade twelve (age seventeen to eighteen), except in Quebec, where secondary school ends one year earlier. Children are required to attend school until the age of sixteen (eighteen in Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick). In Quebec, the typical high school term ends after Secondary V/Grade eleven (age sixteen to seventeen); following this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university level have to attend college (see Education in Quebec). Quebec is currently the only province where Grade 12 is part of postsecondary, though Grade 11 was also the end of secondary education in Newfoundland and Labrador prior to the introduction of grade 12 in 1983. Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished in 2003 by the provincial government to cut costs. As a result, the curriculum has been compacted, and the more difficult subjects, such as mathematics, are comparatively harder than before. However, the system is now approximately equivalent to what has been the case outside of Quebec and Ontario for many years. Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school varies between provinces). Those 19 and over may attend adult school. Students of high school age who have received long-term suspensions or have been expelled, or are otherwise unable or unwilling to attend conventional schools may be offered alternative learning options to complete their secondary education, such as drop-in programs, night school, or distance/online classes. In British Columbia secondary schools, there are 172 school days during a school year. (2013-2014).[33] An increasing number of international students are attending pre-university courses at Canadian high schools. Post-secondary education See also: Higher education in Canada and U15 (universities) This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
- 6. Canadian university enrollmentin various subjects - 2005/2006 [34] Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Those governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants. Compared to other countries in the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population. Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to grant academic credentials (i.e., diplomas or degrees). Generally speaking, universities grant degrees (e.g., bachelor's, master's or doctorate degrees) while colleges, which typically offer vocationally oriented programs, grant diplomas and certificates. However, some colleges offer applied arts degrees that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university. Private career colleges are overseen by legislative acts for each province. For example in British Columbia training providers will be registered and accredited with the (PCTIA) Private Career Training Institutions Agency regulated under the Private Career Training Institutions Act (SBC 2003) [35] Each province with their own correlating agency. Unlike the United States, there is no "accreditation body" that oversees the universities in Canada. Universities in Canada have degree-granting authority via an Act or Ministerial Consent from the Ministry of Education of the particular province. Post-secondary education in Quebec begins with college following graduation from Grade 11 (or Secondary V). Students complete a two- or three-year general program leading to admission to a university, or a professional program leading directly into the labour force. In most cases, bachelor's degree programs in Quebec are three years instead of the usual four; however, in many cases, students attending a university in Quebec that did not graduate from college must complete an additional year of coursework. When Ontario had five years of high school, a three-year bachelor's degree was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the four-year degree. The main variation between the provinces, with respect to the universities, is the amount of funding they receive and the amount of tuition and other fees they charge. The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the Canadian Forces and is a full degree-granting university. RMC is the only federal institution with degree granting powers. Private schools About 5.6% of students are in private schools.[36] A minority of these are elite private schools, which are attended by only a small fraction of students, but do have a great deal of prestige and prominence. A far larger portion of private schools are religious based institutions. Private schools are also used to study outside the country. For example, Canadian College Italy has an Ontario curriculum, but the school is located in Italy.
- 7. Private schools havehistorically been less common on the Canadian Prairies and were often forbidden under municipal and provincial statutes enacted to provide equality of education to students regardless of family income. This is especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist conservative) governments denounced the concept of private education as the main cause of denial of opportunity to the children of the working poor. Private Universities This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) In the past, private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or foundation. Although since 1999, the Province of New Brunswick passed the Degree Granting Act [1] allowing private universities to operate in the Province.[37][38] The University of Fredericton is the newest University to receive designation in New Brunswick. Trinity Western University, in Langley British Columbia, was founded in 1962 as a junior college and received full accreditation in 1985. In 2002, British Columbia’s Quest University became the first privately funded liberal arts university without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private liberal arts university). Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree- granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there. Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada’s top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada’s population from being able to attend these schools. In addition to the issue of access, some Canadians find issue with protections instituted within the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as ruled by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2001 and consistent with federal and provincial law that (private) faith based universities in Canada based on the long established principles of freedom of conscience and religion can exempt itself from more recent human rights legislation when they insist in their “community covenant” code signed by staff, faculty and students that they act in accordance with the faith of the school. The covenant may require restraint from those acts considered in contradiction with the tenets of their faith such as homosexual relationships, sex outside marriage or more broadly abstain from consuming alcohol on campus or viewing pornography.[39] However private-Christian based schools do not preclude homosexual or lesbian students from attending.[40] Some faith based universities have been known to fire staff and faculty which refused to adhere or whose actions were in opposition with the tenets of the faith although in some provinces based on the circumstances their dismissal have been successfully challenged in court.[41] Religious schools Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded while other faiths are not. Ontario has several private Jewish, Muslim, and Christian schools all funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is constitutional. However, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has ruled that Ontario's system is discriminatory, suggesting that Ontario either fund no faith-based schools, or all of them.[42] In 2002 the government of Mike Harris introduced a controversial program to partially fund all private schools, but this was criticized for undermining the public education system and the program was eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election.
- 8. In other provincesprivately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays independent schools that meet rigorous provincial standards up to 50% of the per-student operating cost of public schools. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within the public school system. Alberta charter schools are not private and the province does not grant charters to religious schools. These schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system. An example of how schools can be divided by religion, Toronto has two English boards; Toronto Catholic District School Board and Toronto District School Board, and two French boards; Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud and Conseil scolaire Viamonde. History of religious schools The first schools in New France were operated by the Catholic church (as indeed were schools in France itself). In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to set up publicly funded education systems. Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided over how religious and moral education should be delivered. In Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower Canada the Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic dogma. Thus in both these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic and a Protestant. Upon Confederation these schools systems were enshrined in the British North America Act, 1867. British Columbia established a non- sectarian school system in 1872. In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single Protestant oriented school system was established in each of them. In Newfoundland there was not only the Catholic/Protestant split, but also deep divisions between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one catering to each major denomination. Eventually the major Protestant boards merged into an integrated school system. The three Prairie provinces adopted a system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the Catholic board, sparking the Manitoba Schools Question. It demonstrated the deep divergence of cultural, religious and language values and became an issue of national importance. The Catholic Franco-Manitobains had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, such that their children would be taught in French. However a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools.[43] The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them.[44] The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier, who opposed the remedial legislation because of his belief in provincial rights.[43] The Manitoba Schools issue became an issue in the Canadian federal election of 1896, where it worked against the Conservatives and helped elect the Liberals.[45] As Prime Minister, Laurier implemented a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.[43] In Ontario in 1912, the Conservative government of Sir James P. Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority.[46] French could only be used in the first two years of schooling, and then only English was allowed. French-Canadians— growing rapidly in number in eastern Ontario because of migration, reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the "Prussians of Ontario". It was one of the key reasons the Francophones turned away from the war effort in 1915 and refused to enlist. Ontario's Catholics were led by the Irish, who united with the Protestants in opposing French schools.[47] Regulation 17 was eventually repealed in 1927.[48]
- 9. Over time, theoriginally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known as the public schools, became increasingly secularized as Canadians came to believe in the separation of Church and state, and the main boards became secular ones. In Ontario all overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in 1990. In two provinces the sectarian education systems have recently been eliminated through constitutional change. Newfoundland and Labrador eliminated its tri-denominational Catholic-Protestant-Pentecostal system after two referendums. In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French language/English language one. Levels in education Canada outside Quebec As the education system in Canada is managed by the varying provincial governments in Canada, the way the educational stages are grouped and named may differ from each region, or even between districts and individual schools. The ages are the age of the students when they end the school year in June. Early childhood education o Junior Kindergarten or Pre-Kindergarten (ages 3–5) (Ontario only)[49] o Grade Primary or Kindergarten (ages 5–6) Elementary education o Grade 1 (ages 6–7) o Grade 2 (ages 7–8) o Grade 3 (ages 8–9) o Grade 4 (ages 9–10) o Grade 5 (ages 10–11) o Grade 6 (ages 11–12) Junior High/Middle School o Grade 7 (ages 12–13) o Grade 8 (ages 13–14) o Grade 9 (ages 14–15) High School o Grade 10 (ages 15–16) o Grade 11 (ages 16–17) o Grade 12 (ages 17–18) o Grade 12+ (ages 18–21) (Ontario only)b Tertiary education o College: In Canada, the term college usually refers to a community college or a technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associates degree, and bachelor's degrees. o University: A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. o Graduate school: A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic certificates, diplomas and degrees (i.e. master's degree, Ph.D.) Quebec Pre-school ((French):préscolaire); under 5 Kindergarten ((French):maternelle); 5-6 Grade School ((French):école primaire, literally Primary school, equivalent to Elementary School) o Grade 1; 6-7 o Grade 2; 7-8
- 10. o Grade 3;8-9 o Grade 4; 9-10 o Grade 5; 10-11 o Grade 6; 11-12 High School ((French): école secondaire, literally Secondary school)grade names o Grade 7/Secondary 1; 12-13 o Grade 8/Secondary 2; 13-14 o Grade 9/Secondary 3; 14-15 o Grade 10/Secondary 4; 15-16 o Grade 11/Secondary 5; 16-17 College o Pre-university program, two years (typically Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, or Arts) o Professional program, three years (e.g. Paralegal, Dental Hygienist, Nursing, etc.) University (Usually requires a College degree (DCS (French):'DEC) or equivalent) o Undergraduate Three years for most programs (or four years for Engineering, Education, Medical, and Law) leading to a Bachelor's degree. Non-Quebec students require an extra year to complete the same degree because of the extra year in college. o Graduate (or postgraduate) One or two years leading to a Master's degree. three or more years leading to a Doctoral degree. English schools in Quebec have the same grade system as French schools, but with English names. For example, "elementary school" is not called "école primaire" in an English school, but has the same grading system. Grade structure by province The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group. Alberta (source[dead link] ) Elementary Junior High Senior High Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 British Columbia (source)[not in citation given] Primary Middle Secondary Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Manitoba[50] Early Years Middle Years Senior Years Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New Brunswick (source) Elementary Middle School High School Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- 11. Newfoundland and Labrador (source) Primary ElementaryJunior High Senior High Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Level I Level II Level III Northwest Territories (source) Primary Intermediate Junior Secondary Senior Secondary Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nova Scotia (source) Elementary Junior High Senior High Primary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ontario[51] Elementary Secondary Junior Kindergarten Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PEI (source) Elementary Intermediate School Senior High Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quebec Primary School Secondary School College Garderie Maternelle 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sec I Sec II Sec III Sec IV Sec V first second third Saskatchewan (source) Elementary Level Middle Level Secondary Level Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Yukon (source) Elementary Junior Secondary Senior Secondary Kindergarten 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Notes: In British Columbia some schools may group together the higher Elementary and lower Secondary Grades. These schools are referred to as Middle Schools or Jr. Secondary Schools. Some Elementary Schools consist solely of grades K-5. Likewise, some Secondary Schools may only have grades 11 and 12. In addition, some school districts may use just elementary (K-7) and secondary (8-12) schools. British Columbia informally subcategorizes the Elementary level into "Primary" (K-3) and "Intermediate" (4-6 or 7). In Ontario, the terms used in French schooling consist of Maternelle in regards to Junior Kindergarten, Kindergarten is then referred to as Jardin. This differs from Quebec's Maternelle which is the equivalent of Ontario's Kindergarten. In Manitoba, grade-9 - grade 12 was for a short time referred to as Senior 1-Senior 4; In Nova Scotia the terms for groups, and grades they apply to varies significantly throughout the province. A common, but not universal, organization is shown.
- 12. In Quebeccollege is two or three years, depending on what a student selects, based usually on what their post- secondary plans are. College in Quebec overlaps what other provinces consider the boundary between secondary education (high school) and post-secondary education (college and university). "Sec I" = "Secondary Year One" = "Grade 7" In Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, schools are now set up as elementary schools with grades K-5, middle schools with grades 6-8, and high schools with grades 9-12. However, high school graduation requirements only include courses taken in grades 10-12. Education System in Ghana Education School/Level Grade From Grade To Age From Age To Years Notes Primary Primary School 6 Ghana operates on a 6-3-4-4 System Middle Junior High School 3 Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) at the end of JHS Secondary Senior High School 4 Admission to Senior High School is competitive. West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination, or WASSCE, (SSCE through 2005; WASSCE beginning in 2006) at the end of the Senior High School. Examinations are given nationwide in May-June each year. Tertiary First Level- Diplomas/Certificates 2 Diplomas/Certificates Tertiary First Level- Higher National Diploma Teacher/Nursing Training 3 Higher National Diploma Teacher/Nursing Training Tertiary Undergraduate Education 4 Seven public universities and twenty- one private institutions are also accredited by the National Accreditation Board (www.nab.gov.gh) to award Bachelor’s degrees. Over 20,000 Ghanaian students apply to the universities in the USA every year. Tertiary Graduate Education_ Master's Diploma (1 to 2 years) 2 Master's Diploma (1 to 2 years) Tertiary Graduate Education_ Ph.D., 2 or more years 2 Ph.D., 2 or more years
- 13. Primary Education Life sometimesgoes at a leisurely pace in Africa, and school education can take up to 20 years to complete. For this reason is it fortunate that it is free unless more fortunate parents enroll their kids at private schools. Around age six or children enter primary school to complete their first 6 grades. Middle Education Junior high school occupies them for the next three years. Subjects forming their curriculum include a Ghanaian language, basic designing and technology, english, french, information technology, integrated science, maths, social studies and moral education. Unfortunately private junior high schools are better endowed and provide better educated scholars. Secondary Education A successful pass admits students to senior high school where surprisingly enough most institutions are state owned. The compulsory 3 year program includes english, maths, science, social studies and physical education. In addition to that, they also elect to specialize in agriculture, business, general arts, or science. Vocational Education Recent changes to vocational training programs are designed to ensure that from age 16 onwards students are given opportunities to train in various professions. New schools are being built and additional courses rolled out. Tertiary Education Post-secondary education in Ghana commonly takes 4 years tocomplete. The best students continue with nominally free education at a state university while others have to pay for education at a private one. A range of post-graduate study is available too. The University of Ghana was established in 1948 by the colonial authority as the University College of the Gold Coast. There students study for traditional degrees as well as technology-based training and vocational courses
- 14. . Education System inSouth Korea Education School/Level Grade From Grade To Age From Age To Years Notes Primary Elementary School - 초등학교, chodeung haggyo 1 6 8 13 6 Middle Middle school - 중학교, jung hakgyo 1 3 13 15 3 Correspond to U.S. grades 7- 9, England grades 3 - 5 Secondary High School Level - 고등학교, godeung haggyo 1 3 16 18 3 Vocational Vocational High School 2 3 17 18 2 last 2 years of high school Vocational Junior Vocational Colleges 2 Tertiary Bachelor's 4 130 -140 credits Tertiary Master's 2 24 credits Tertiary Doctorate 3 60 credits including 24 credits earned in Master's program Primary Education Kindergarten is optional in South Korea and most parents prefer to keep their little ones at home as long as possible. However, at age 6 their child must move on to 6 years compulsory chodeung-hakgyo elementary education. There they learn subjects like English, Fine Arts, Korean, Maths, Moral Education, Music, Physical Education, Practical Arts, Science and Social Studies, usually all presented by a single teacher. Some parents send their children to private hagwon schools after hours, where English may be better taught. Middle Education Places in secondary schools are awarded by lottery and everybody gets an equal chance. The transition to 3 years of middle school can be difficult because studies are taken far more seriously. Discipline is stricter too with uniforms, haircuts and punctuality strictly enforced. This time though, specialist teachers move between classrooms teaching core subjects, including English, Korean, Maths, as well Social Science and Pure Science. Optional programs include Art, Ethics, History, Home Economics, Music, Physical Education, Technology, and Hanja Chinese Characters. Secondary Education The final 3 years of school education take place at high schools. These may specialize according to subjects taught (e.g. Science versus Languages), or present more general academic curriculae. Some are state owned and some are privately run. The quality of their results is legendary. Standards are high. Vocational Education
- 15. Approximately 25% ofmiddle school graduates prefer to go on to vocational schools where they are taught skills in 5 fields including Agriculture, Commerce, Fishery, Home Economics and Technology. The 1st of 3 grades follows a common program, where after students specialize. Tertiary Education The greater majority of Korean high school students write a college scholastic ability test with a view to studying further. Standards are high and some students start preparing as early as in kindergarten years. The 5 sections of the test investigate knowledge of English, Korean and Maths, and also elective subjects such as Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and the Humanities. At university, students encounter unfamiliar standards of excellence and whole families become involved in helping them to pass. At examination times, businesses even open for shorter hours in recognition of this fact. A student who passes though, has a qualification that meets top international standards, and of which he or she may be justifiably proud. Korea - living proof of the power of a knowledge-based economy. Education System in Malaysia Education School/Level Grade From Grade To Age From Age To Years Notes Primary Primary Year 1 to Year 6 1 6 7 12 6 Middle Level One - Tahap Satu 1 3 13 15 3 Secondary Level Two - Tahap Dua 4 6 16 17 2 Vocational Vocational Tertiary Tertiary Primary Education Only primary school education is compulsory in Malaysia, where multilingual public schools, private schools and home educators co-exist side by side. Following unregulated preschool education a child enters primary school at age 7 for a period of 6 years. Following schooling in the community language of their choice they must sit for their primary school achievement test in order to qualify to study further. Secondary Education There is no identified middle school period although secondary education is divided into 2 phases. Following the first 3 years of general education students write for their lower certificate of education. Thereafter they enter either the arts or the science stream according to personal choice and teacher advice for 2 years. Once in that stream though, switching opportunities are limited. Following this latter period, they may complete 6th form, or study for a further 2 years for matriculation exemption. Vocational Education
- 16. The department ofskills development oversees the establishment and operation of all public and private training institutions. It has developed almost 1,000 standards for certificate, diploma and advanced diploma training, and is rolling more out in approximately 20 identified key areas. Tertiary Education Controversy continues to surround heavily subsidized Malaysian tertiary education because of tight quotas that protect the racial majority. Some progress has been made in the direction of a greater meritocracy though, and in the interim disadvantaged students have the opportunity of enrolling at private or foreign branch universities. The University of Malaya, which evolved from the Federated Malay States Government Medical School founded in 1905 is the oldest functioning tertiary institution in the country. Academic staff exceed 2,500 based at 3 campuses.