Researchers have developed new genome editing techniques that allow for rewriting genetic code with precision and efficiency comparable to word processing. They demonstrated this ability by replacing codon instances in E. coli cells and combining edits into novel strains. The techniques aim to add new functions, introduce safeguards against contamination, and establish viral resistance. Separately, other researchers have improved methods for producing blood cells from human stem cells, achieving blood cell markers in 84% of cells through optimized chemical treatments mimicking natural development. These advances could enable stem cell therapies for conditions like cancer and immune disorders.

1. Editing the genome and New technique boosts efficiency of blood cell production from human stem cells Jennifer Alejandra Correa Gutierrez Medicine student 3rd semester

3. Editing the genome New technique boosts efficiency of blood cell production from human stem Introduction Esciencenews The fundamental unit of living tissue has several organelles and a nucleus surrounded by a semipermeable and selective cytoplasmic membrane. Inside the nucleus are nucleoli that contain RNA and chromatin granules, which are determining chromosomes of hereditary characteristics. The cell is the starting point of basic science and applications in medicine. It is divided into two main classes prokaryotes and eukaryotes with several differences in their shell and how willing the genetic material; in eukaryotic cells the DNA is in the nucleus which performs the replication and transcription of it into as RNA processing and control center with multiple cellular transport mechanisms that maintain cell balance. The power to change the genes is so revolutionary, so much to establish multi-viral resistance or generate large numbers of blood cells from patients' own cells, which could be used in stem cell therapies for a wide variety of conditions including cancer and immune diseases. July 14, 2011 Harvard researchers developing genome-scale editing tools as fast and easy as word processing have rewritten the genome of living cells using the genetic equivalent of search and replace—and combined those rewrites in novel cell strains, strikingly different from their forebears. The study of George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, in collaboration with Joe Jacobson, associate professor at the Media Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is to add functionality to a cell by encoding new amino acids, introduction of safeguards to prevent cross-contamination between living organisms and establish multi-viral resistance obtained by rewriting the code of the virus. In the genetic code, most of the codons specifying one amino acid, a component of protein, but some codons indicate the cell when to stop adding amino acids to a protein chain. The TAG stop codon is the rarest in the genome of E. coli, making it a priority to replace it, using genome engineering automated multiplex (MAGE), the team replaced instances of another codon TAG stop codon TAA, then induced the cells to the transfer of genes containing codons TAA increasing scales. Esciencenews July 15, 2011 Scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in genetics developed an improved technique for generating large numbers of blood cells from patients' own cells. The new technique to be perfected, could be used in stem cell therapies for cancer and immune diseases. Taking a patient's normal cells, induced to become stem cells, and then use those stem cells to reconstruct lost or diseased tissue, such as bone marrow. Verma's lab has been trying to find more efficient ways to convert pluripotential cells into hematopoietic blood forming cells that are transplantable. Student observation Student observation In the words of Wang is becoming easier to think of the genome as something malleable and editable, although this study was done in bacteria, it could mean major advances in biotechnology for mankind and thus continue to evolve in the work of preserving life. The act of inducing a change in cell division has become an admirable study and to the point of being able to get stem cells of any tissue transplanted, it makes the medicine every day even more interesting and revolutionary.

4. establish multi-viral resistance by rewriting code hijacked by viruses could be used in stem cell therapies for a wide variety of conditions including cancers and immune ailments

5. Editing the genome July 14, 2011 Esciencenews

6. Using a platform called multiplex automated genome engineering, or MAGE, the team replaced instances of the TAG codon with another stop codon, TAA, in living E. coli cells.

7. they found… A genome-scale editing tools as fast and easy as word processing have rewritten the genome of living cells using the genetic equivalent of search, replace and combined those rewrites in novel cell strains, strikingly different from their forebears.

8. Three Goals The first: add functionality to a cell by encoding for useful new amino acids. The second: introduce safeguards that prevent cross-contamination between modified organisms and the wild. A third: establish multi-viral resistance.

9. Observation The cell has the hability to adapt to different environments has therefore been increasingly easier to manipulate and perform such studies which contribute to the human sciences.

10. New technique boosts efficiency of blood cell production from human stem cells July 15, 2011 esciencenews

11. Researchers now want to find the precise mixes and sequences of chemical compounds needed to coax iPSCs to mature into the tissue-specific stem cells of their choice. The latter are self-renewing, and can be transplanted into the body to produce the 'progenitor' cells that multiply locally and produce mature tissue cells.

12. These may be more valuable medically than any other tissue-specific stem cell, because they can supply not only oxygen-carrying red blood cells but also all the white blood cells of the immune system. ,

13. With their best such cocktail they were able to detect blood-specific markers on 84% of their cells after three weeks. the research team sought to do a better job of mimicking the changing conditions that naturally direct ESCs to become HSCs in the womb.

14. Observation through different techniques for the study of cellular life has been to understand the different processes that take place in the cell and could provide great results for medicine.

15. Medical utility

16. Medical Utility Beyond that provide a cure for cancer or other degenerative disease has broken through the barrier of the unknown, and thus contribute to a preventive medicine that is what the world needs.

17. Medical Utility Now not only have a treatment, but also can have health in our hands and decide to do with it, the intelligence of man has come so far that is capable of controlling the same genome

18. Bibliography Biology and nature, Editing the genome. URL: http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/07/14/editing.genome (esciencenews) Biology and nature, New technique boosts efficiency of blood cell production from human stem cells. URL: http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/07/15/new.technique.boosts.efficiency.blood.cell.production.human.stem.cells (esciencenews) Martínez S. Lina María. Biología Molecular. 6 Ed. Medellín: Upb. Facultad de Medicina, 2011. p 7-36.