The document discusses the economic organization during the Neolithic stage, highlighting the influence of technological advancements on social and economic structures. It outlines various economic processes, including reciprocity, transfer, redistribution, and market transactions, with a breakdown of subsistence patterns such as foraging, pastoralism, and horticulture. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of markets and states in maintaining economic balance and the use of currency in transactions.

1. MODULE 10:
ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATION

2. Neolithic Stage
-influenced social, cultural, political and most
especially Economic aspect of societies.
technological improvements- developed
the economic processes.
Form (2014)- shift of technological capacity
allowed for
*formation and extension of markets
*modification of property relations
*changes in the organization of labor

3. ECONOMIC PROCESSES
1.Reciprocity
- when you give something away,
you expect something in return
- no goods and services lost
*barter

4. MARSHALL SAHLINS(1965)
3 MAJOR TYPES OF
RECIPROCITY
•Generalized Reciprocity- gift giving without any expectation
of immediate return.
•Balanced Reciprocity- expecting immediate return from any
given favor, the value of the commodities is expected to be
equal.
•Negative Reciprocity- the exchange tends to favor one party
over the other, as the value of the goods for exchange in
unequal.

5. 2. Transfer
- resources from one individual or
organization are given to another with no
expectation of return.
- allows for the redistribution of
resources within an economic system.

6. 3. Redistribution
- resources of one, several
individuals or groups are collected and
distributed proportionally or equally to
participating members.

7. 4. Market Transactions
Market- referred to as the exchange of goods
and services that involves buying and selling
processes.
*key element
- separates market transaction from
reciprocity and redistribution is the use o
currency.

8. 5. Foraging
- one of the most ancient type of
subsistence pattern
- simplest way depending on environment
Nomads
- individuals or group of people who stay
in a place for a short period of time.

9. Anthropologist
3 Major Types
• Pedestrian – hunting and gathering on foods for survival
- occupied riversides, valleys and grasslands
- digging sticks as tool
•Equestrian – hunted large mammals
- horseback for transportation
- larger and more mobile
- dominated by men
•Aquatic
-hunted aquatic animals, fish, mollusks and other

10. 6. Pastoral
Pastoralism- subsistence pattern that is primarily
focused on tending herds of large animals.
2 classifications:
* Pastoral nomads
- have similarities with the way of life at foragers because of temporary
settlements.
- search for food and resources not just only for them but also for their animals.
- needs of their animals.
• Transhumance pastoralist
- following a cyclical pattern of migration
- not for the animals but on planting and vegetation as their foods
- trading their animals in exchange for grain or food

11. 7. Horticulture
- is a combination of small-
scale forming and domesticating
animals for the purpose of food
and prestige.

12. 8. Market and State
Market
- involves all human actions
associated with economic aspects.
State
- serves as the institution that
protects and maintain economic balance
through its economic laws and policies.