Trees are important to humans not only economically, industrially, environmentally but also spiritually, historically and aesthetically, for they sustain human life through numerable tangible and intangible benefits. This ebook is a result of the culmination of a life long fascination with trees. The contents will be continuously updated in future.
The e-book is published at www.greencleanguide.com
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
Introduction to organ culture in ptc and root cultureCollege
This presentation gives details about the organ culture in plant tissue culture and its basic applications, also this provide an detailed information about the technique of root culture and gives small view about its appilications.
White pine blister rust is a fungal disease that requires both white pines and species of currants and gooseberries to complete its lifecycle. It was introduced from Europe in the 1890s and can cause defoliation, death of white pines, and was declared a public nuisance in some states. The disease spreads via spores from ribes plants to pine needles and causes needle discoloration, flagging branches, trunk cankers, and decay. Monitoring, improving tree health, removing ribes plants, and bark tracing can help manage the disease.
This document provides instructions for creating an herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It describes the purposes of an herbarium as allowing for accurate plant identification, creating a permanent record, and providing materials for research. The key aspects of making specimens are collecting whole plants or plant parts, pressing and drying them between sheets of paper for weeks, mounting them onto standard-sized paper sheets, and labeling them with identifying information. Proper preparation and storage allows herbarium specimens to last for hundreds of years.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plants acacia nilotica and tectona gr...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document discusses Acacia nilotica and Tectona grandis, important firewood and timber plants. It provides details on their classification, morphology, cultivation, and uses. Acacia nilotica is a moderate sized tree found in dry regions of India and Africa. It is used for carts, tools, and turnery due to its hardness and toughness. Tectona grandis is a tall evergreen tree grown across India. It has yellowish wood that darkens with age. Teak wood is famous for its durability and resistance to fungi, making it useful for construction, furniture, and musical instruments.
1. Acclimatization is the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment over multiple generations through natural selection.
2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
3. Examples of acclimatization include humans developing more red blood cells at high altitudes and plants surviving freezing temperatures if the temperature drops gradually over time rather than suddenly.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
Importance of non wood forest based industry in indianParvati Tamrakar
non- wood forest products, economic importance, socioeconomic benefits, tribal community, production and trade of nwfp- national and international, recent economic patterns of nwfp, india's noteworthy produce
Introduction to organ culture in ptc and root cultureCollege
This presentation gives details about the organ culture in plant tissue culture and its basic applications, also this provide an detailed information about the technique of root culture and gives small view about its appilications.
White pine blister rust is a fungal disease that requires both white pines and species of currants and gooseberries to complete its lifecycle. It was introduced from Europe in the 1890s and can cause defoliation, death of white pines, and was declared a public nuisance in some states. The disease spreads via spores from ribes plants to pine needles and causes needle discoloration, flagging branches, trunk cankers, and decay. Monitoring, improving tree health, removing ribes plants, and bark tracing can help manage the disease.
This document provides instructions for creating an herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It describes the purposes of an herbarium as allowing for accurate plant identification, creating a permanent record, and providing materials for research. The key aspects of making specimens are collecting whole plants or plant parts, pressing and drying them between sheets of paper for weeks, mounting them onto standard-sized paper sheets, and labeling them with identifying information. Proper preparation and storage allows herbarium specimens to last for hundreds of years.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
Important fire wood and timber yielding plants acacia nilotica and tectona gr...gohil sanjay bhagvanji
This document discusses Acacia nilotica and Tectona grandis, important firewood and timber plants. It provides details on their classification, morphology, cultivation, and uses. Acacia nilotica is a moderate sized tree found in dry regions of India and Africa. It is used for carts, tools, and turnery due to its hardness and toughness. Tectona grandis is a tall evergreen tree grown across India. It has yellowish wood that darkens with age. Teak wood is famous for its durability and resistance to fungi, making it useful for construction, furniture, and musical instruments.
1. Acclimatization is the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment over multiple generations through natural selection.
2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
3. Examples of acclimatization include humans developing more red blood cells at high altitudes and plants surviving freezing temperatures if the temperature drops gradually over time rather than suddenly.
Ethnobotany, history of ethnobotany, aims and objective of ethnobotany, scope...halamobeen
in this presentation a brief note is given about what is ethnobotany. history of ethnobotany. what is the scope of ethnobotany. which are the aims and objective of ethnobotany. and also uses of ethnobotany.
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Artificial seeds, also known as synthetic seeds, involve the encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates to propagate plants in vitro or ex vivo. They were first introduced in the 1970s and provide advantages like large-scale and low-cost propagation while maintaining genetic uniformity. Successful artificial seeds require an embryo-protective coating containing nutrients to support germination and growth. The coating material, embryo maturity, and encapsulation process can produce either desiccated or hydrated synthetic seeds. Common steps in artificial seed production involve establishing embryogenesis, encapsulating mature embryos, and field planting.
“Micropropagation Studies On Bambusa Tulda, Dendrocalamus Longipathus And Che...jayatisharma
The term biotechnology represents a fusion or an alliance between biology and technology. Biotechnology is as old as human civilization and is an integral part of human life. There are records that wine and beer were prepared in as early as 600 B.C. bread and curd in 4000 B.C. The term biotechnology was introduced in 1917 by Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky.
It concerns with the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products / services. The area covered under biotechnology is very vast and the techniques involved are highly divergent.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
Plant tissue culture involves culturing small plant pieces (explants) in sterile nutrient medium. The history of plant tissue culture began in 1902 with Haberlandt's experiments culturing single plant cells. Basic facilities for plant tissue culture include sterile equipment, media preparation and storage, aseptic manipulation of plant material, and controlled growth conditions. Sterilization of all materials, including glassware, media, instruments, and plant tissues, is essential to maintain aseptic conditions and prevent microbial contamination. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, chemicals, and surface sterilization of plant tissues.
Role of mutation breding in crop improvement Sanjay Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on the role of mutation breeding in crop improvement. It discusses types of mutations, mutagens used, procedures for mutation breeding including choice of material and mutagen dose, screening and selection of mutants, achievements and major varieties developed through mutation breeding in India. Key advantages are that mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method to develop new varieties and induce novel alleles. Limitations include the low frequency of desirable mutants and difficulties identifying micro-mutations. Mutation breeding has significantly contributed to global food security by developing new crop varieties.
The document summarizes four important timber yielding plants - Sal, Teak, Shisham, and Pine. Sal yields resin used for incense, paints, varnishes and medicine. Teak is a very durable wood used widely in construction, furniture, boats and ships. Shisham is a strong, durable wood used for furniture, construction and aircraft. Pine is also used for construction and wood products.
The document discusses the thermal properties of wood, including:
1. Thermal expansion, where wood expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The coefficients of thermal expansion are positive in all directions for dry wood.
2. Specific heat, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of wood by 1°C. Wood has a higher specific heat than metal.
3. Thermal conductivity, which is the ability of wood to conduct heat. Heat is transferred through wood due to differences in temperature.
4. Thermal properties are affected by moisture content, with dry wood exhibiting the most change upon heating and cooling. Thermal expansion coefficients have been measured for various wood species.
Plant tissue culture is a trending and a promising area due to its applications. hence knowledge of its basics and history would be helpful for the pioneers. ans this presentation also discusses about the structure and establishment of a commercial tissue culture laboratory.
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
Tissue culture is a technique used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It has various applications in horticulture including micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue and synthetic seed production. The process involves selecting an explant from a mother plant, inducing callus formation, initiating shoot and root development, and acclimatizing the plantlets. Factors like the growth medium, environmental conditions and explant source influence the outcome. Tissue culture has advantages like rapid mass propagation of disease-free clones and conservation of endangered species, but also risks of genetic variation and infection if not performed carefully.
The document discusses the mechanical tissues in plants and their properties and significance. It explains that plants have developed different types of specialized tissues to withstand environmental forces and stresses. These mechanical tissues include sclerenchyma fibers, sclereids, and collenchyma cells. Their distribution in plants follows engineering principles of strength and stability. Inflexible organs contain tissues arranged like I-beams to resist bending, while inextensible organs have a dense central bundle to resist pulling. Incompressible trunks utilize concentric rings of tissues like concrete pillars. These tissues allow plants to survive in varied habitats through rigidity, elasticity, and efficient material use.
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
Forests play an important role in maintaining the balance of our environment. They absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, prevent soil erosion, and increase rainfall. Forests provide many products for direct use such as timber, bamboo, spices, and medicinal plants. Bamboo has a wide variety of uses including building materials, fabrics, cooking utensils, and musical instruments due to its strength, light weight, and growth rate. Spices are crucial ingredients that provide flavor and health benefits to foods. Wood is one of the most versatile materials and has innumerable uses from construction to paper products.
NBPGR-National Bureau of plant genetic Resources. nishakataria10
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India in response to the effects of the Green Revolution on agrobiodiversity. It plays a pivotal role in improving crops and facilitating crop diversification through germplasm collection and conservation. NBPGR has its headquarters in New Delhi and 10 regional stations located across India's phyto-geographical zones to support its work in exploration, evaluation, and maintenance of plant genetic resources. It draws guidelines from various committees and works to effectively manage plant genetic resources in harmony with international agreements.
plant Biotechnology: The application of Plant Biotechnology by use of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses (manipulation and transfer of genetic material).
Germplasm conservation refers to maintaining plant genetic material, such as seeds or living plants, in a way that minimizes the risk of loss. This allows the material to be used in the future if needed. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation keeps germplasm in its natural habitat through methods like biosphere reserves and national parks, while ex-situ conservation stores germplasm outside its natural habitat using techniques like seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens. The goal of both is to preserve genetic diversity and protect endangered plant species and economically important varieties.
Delonix regia, commonly known as the royal poinciana or flame tree, is a large, spreading tree native to Madagascar. It has fern-like leaves and showy red-orange blooms. It is widely grown as an ornamental tree in tropical regions. The flowers appear when the new leaves emerge and are followed by long, woody pods containing seeds. It is distinguished from the jacaranda tree by its larger, more finely divided leaves that have rounded leaflets.
This document lists the names of various fruits in English and several Indian languages including Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam. It provides translations for apples, avocados, bananas, bread fruit, cashew fruit, cranberries, custard apples, figs, grapes, gooseberries, guavas, Indian blackberries, Indian jujubes, jackfruits, lemons, mangoes, musk melons, oranges, palmyra fruit, papayas, pears, peaches, pineapples, pomegranates, plums, sapodillas, sweet limes, watermelons, and wood apples.
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Artificial seeds, also known as synthetic seeds, involve the encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates to propagate plants in vitro or ex vivo. They were first introduced in the 1970s and provide advantages like large-scale and low-cost propagation while maintaining genetic uniformity. Successful artificial seeds require an embryo-protective coating containing nutrients to support germination and growth. The coating material, embryo maturity, and encapsulation process can produce either desiccated or hydrated synthetic seeds. Common steps in artificial seed production involve establishing embryogenesis, encapsulating mature embryos, and field planting.
“Micropropagation Studies On Bambusa Tulda, Dendrocalamus Longipathus And Che...jayatisharma
The term biotechnology represents a fusion or an alliance between biology and technology. Biotechnology is as old as human civilization and is an integral part of human life. There are records that wine and beer were prepared in as early as 600 B.C. bread and curd in 4000 B.C. The term biotechnology was introduced in 1917 by Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky.
It concerns with the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products / services. The area covered under biotechnology is very vast and the techniques involved are highly divergent.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
Plant tissue culture involves culturing small plant pieces (explants) in sterile nutrient medium. The history of plant tissue culture began in 1902 with Haberlandt's experiments culturing single plant cells. Basic facilities for plant tissue culture include sterile equipment, media preparation and storage, aseptic manipulation of plant material, and controlled growth conditions. Sterilization of all materials, including glassware, media, instruments, and plant tissues, is essential to maintain aseptic conditions and prevent microbial contamination. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, chemicals, and surface sterilization of plant tissues.
Role of mutation breding in crop improvement Sanjay Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on the role of mutation breeding in crop improvement. It discusses types of mutations, mutagens used, procedures for mutation breeding including choice of material and mutagen dose, screening and selection of mutants, achievements and major varieties developed through mutation breeding in India. Key advantages are that mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method to develop new varieties and induce novel alleles. Limitations include the low frequency of desirable mutants and difficulties identifying micro-mutations. Mutation breeding has significantly contributed to global food security by developing new crop varieties.
The document summarizes four important timber yielding plants - Sal, Teak, Shisham, and Pine. Sal yields resin used for incense, paints, varnishes and medicine. Teak is a very durable wood used widely in construction, furniture, boats and ships. Shisham is a strong, durable wood used for furniture, construction and aircraft. Pine is also used for construction and wood products.
The document discusses the thermal properties of wood, including:
1. Thermal expansion, where wood expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The coefficients of thermal expansion are positive in all directions for dry wood.
2. Specific heat, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of wood by 1°C. Wood has a higher specific heat than metal.
3. Thermal conductivity, which is the ability of wood to conduct heat. Heat is transferred through wood due to differences in temperature.
4. Thermal properties are affected by moisture content, with dry wood exhibiting the most change upon heating and cooling. Thermal expansion coefficients have been measured for various wood species.
Plant tissue culture is a trending and a promising area due to its applications. hence knowledge of its basics and history would be helpful for the pioneers. ans this presentation also discusses about the structure and establishment of a commercial tissue culture laboratory.
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
Tissue culture is a technique used to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It has various applications in horticulture including micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue and synthetic seed production. The process involves selecting an explant from a mother plant, inducing callus formation, initiating shoot and root development, and acclimatizing the plantlets. Factors like the growth medium, environmental conditions and explant source influence the outcome. Tissue culture has advantages like rapid mass propagation of disease-free clones and conservation of endangered species, but also risks of genetic variation and infection if not performed carefully.
The document discusses the mechanical tissues in plants and their properties and significance. It explains that plants have developed different types of specialized tissues to withstand environmental forces and stresses. These mechanical tissues include sclerenchyma fibers, sclereids, and collenchyma cells. Their distribution in plants follows engineering principles of strength and stability. Inflexible organs contain tissues arranged like I-beams to resist bending, while inextensible organs have a dense central bundle to resist pulling. Incompressible trunks utilize concentric rings of tissues like concrete pillars. These tissues allow plants to survive in varied habitats through rigidity, elasticity, and efficient material use.
Reaction wood forms in trees in response to gravitational stimuli that cause stems or branches to bend or lean. There are two types of reaction wood - tension wood in angiosperms and compression wood in gymnosperms. Tension wood forms on the upper side of leaning branches and stems and has high cellulose content, helping pull the branch upwards. Compression wood forms on the lower side and has high lignin, helping straighten and compress the leaning area. The formation of reaction wood helps maintain the angle of bent or leaning parts of trees through its differing mechanical properties compared to normal wood.
Forests play an important role in maintaining the balance of our environment. They absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, prevent soil erosion, and increase rainfall. Forests provide many products for direct use such as timber, bamboo, spices, and medicinal plants. Bamboo has a wide variety of uses including building materials, fabrics, cooking utensils, and musical instruments due to its strength, light weight, and growth rate. Spices are crucial ingredients that provide flavor and health benefits to foods. Wood is one of the most versatile materials and has innumerable uses from construction to paper products.
NBPGR-National Bureau of plant genetic Resources. nishakataria10
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India in response to the effects of the Green Revolution on agrobiodiversity. It plays a pivotal role in improving crops and facilitating crop diversification through germplasm collection and conservation. NBPGR has its headquarters in New Delhi and 10 regional stations located across India's phyto-geographical zones to support its work in exploration, evaluation, and maintenance of plant genetic resources. It draws guidelines from various committees and works to effectively manage plant genetic resources in harmony with international agreements.
plant Biotechnology: The application of Plant Biotechnology by use of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses (manipulation and transfer of genetic material).
Germplasm conservation refers to maintaining plant genetic material, such as seeds or living plants, in a way that minimizes the risk of loss. This allows the material to be used in the future if needed. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation keeps germplasm in its natural habitat through methods like biosphere reserves and national parks, while ex-situ conservation stores germplasm outside its natural habitat using techniques like seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens. The goal of both is to preserve genetic diversity and protect endangered plant species and economically important varieties.
Delonix regia, commonly known as the royal poinciana or flame tree, is a large, spreading tree native to Madagascar. It has fern-like leaves and showy red-orange blooms. It is widely grown as an ornamental tree in tropical regions. The flowers appear when the new leaves emerge and are followed by long, woody pods containing seeds. It is distinguished from the jacaranda tree by its larger, more finely divided leaves that have rounded leaflets.
This document lists the names of various fruits in English and several Indian languages including Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam. It provides translations for apples, avocados, bananas, bread fruit, cashew fruit, cranberries, custard apples, figs, grapes, gooseberries, guavas, Indian blackberries, Indian jujubes, jackfruits, lemons, mangoes, musk melons, oranges, palmyra fruit, papayas, pears, peaches, pineapples, pomegranates, plums, sapodillas, sweet limes, watermelons, and wood apples.
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
The document provides information on several trees including:
1) Alstonia scholaris, a medium sized evergreen tree that grows up to 15 meters tall and has whorls of leaves and small white flowers.
2) Frangipani, a flowering shrub or small tree that can reach 30-40 feet tall and produces fragrant white, yellow, pink or red flowers.
3) Plumeria, including Plumeria obtusa and Plumeria rubra, which are flowering shrubs known for their fragrant blooms and tolerance of drought and heat.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang tanaman duwet (Syzygiumcumini) yang merupakan pohon yang bisa mencapai tinggi 20 meter. Dokumen menjelaskan klasifikasi, nama daerah, deskripsi morfologi tanaman seperti akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah dan biji. Juga disebutkan manfaat duwet sebagai obat diare, obat sakit gula, dan obat nyeri ginjal karena mengandung zat aktif seperti tanin, minyak terbang
Trees are important to humans not only economically, industrially, environmentally but also spiritually, historically and aesthetically, for they sustain human life through numerable tangible and intangible benefits. This ebook is a result of the culmination of a life long fascination with trees. The contents will be continuously updated in future.
The e-book is published by www.greencleanguide.com
EcoPlanet Bamboo wins 1st place in the popular voting category and becomes a top 5 finalist globally for best for-profit enterprises with a positive impact on tropical forests. EcoPlanet Bamboo is also the first bamboo company ever to receive VSC carbon certification and FSC certification for tropical clumping bamboo.
Applying the Principles of Sustainable FarmingElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses the principles of environmental, economic, and social sustainability as they relate to farming. It provides three key points:
1. Sustainable farming aims to meet environmental, economic, and social objectives simultaneously through a whole-systems approach that mimics natural ecosystems. This is contrasted with conventional industrial agriculture.
2. The key principles of environmental sustainability for farms include imitating natural ecosystem processes like energy flows, water and mineral cycles, and biodiversity. Practices like diversification, minimal tillage, and groundcover management help farms function like natural ecosystems.
3. Economic and social sustainability depend on selecting profitable enterprises, comprehensive financial planning, proactive marketing, risk management, and making decisions that benefit
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and its principles. It defines sustainable agriculture as producing food without depleting resources or polluting the environment, following natural principles. Conventional agriculture followed an industrial model that increased yields but degraded soil and water quality. In response, sustainable farmers developed ecological approaches like organic farming. Key principles of sustainable agriculture include building soil health, protecting water quality, managing pests ecologically, and maximizing biodiversity. Transitioning to sustainable practices benefits farms and rural communities.
The document is a report from WWF published in September 2012 that provides criteria for responsible investment in agricultural, forest, and seafood commodities. It identifies key environmental and social risks posed by these commodity sectors and establishes performance criteria for companies. The foreword notes that while demand is growing for these soft commodities, their production can significantly impact the environment and communities. It argues that investors need to properly understand these impacts and that the report provides a framework to evaluate companies' sustainability performance. The foreword emphasizes that responsible production in these sectors offers opportunities for mainstream investment through competitive advantages like cost reductions and market access.
The document provides an overview and summary of WWF's 2050 Criteria guide for responsible investment in key agricultural, forest, and seafood commodities. It identifies 10 major commodity sectors and outlines the primary environmental and social risks for each sector. It also provides key performance criteria to identify best practices and help reduce impacts on the environment and society. The guide is intended to help banks, investors, and financial analysts promote sustainability in these critical commodity markets and manage risks in the long term.
Community Gardening Success Factors: Growing Vibrant And Viable Community Gar...GeoAnitia
The document provides guidance on establishing and maintaining successful community gardens. It discusses 9 key factors (the 9Ps) to focus on: plants, people, planning, process, partnerships, place, physical maintenance, patience, and pleasure. Engaging the community and developing a shared vision through planning processes are important to create a vibrant garden that meets community needs and interests. Inducting new members properly and maintaining the garden are also essential.
Project Profiles for Small Enterprises (NPCS Newsletter - Issue 02 2017) Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The only way to determine if your ideas can potentially be profitable as a business and is worth pursuing further is to conduct feasibility studies. The purpose each entrepreneur should conduct a detailed feasibility assessment or study is to test if that business idea makes: Personal Sense, Business Sense, Market Sense, and Financial Sense. Without looking at the personal aspect, business concept, the market, and the financials, as well as analyzing the data and information, an entrepreneur is likely not to be successful or not as successful as s/he would like to be. A business plan is an essential roadmap for business success.
We believe that preparing a business plan is important for any business regardless of its size or nature. To make it easier here are few project profiles for planning a business:
Project report, profile covered in this Issue:
Virgin Coconut Oil
Insulator (HT & LT)
Desiccated Coconut Powder
Toothpaste
Cold Storage for Fruits and Vegetables
Tomato Products - Tomato Ketchup, Sauce and Soup
High Rise Apartments, Villas, Shopping Mall with Multiplex, International School and Convention Centre
Disposable Plastic Syringes
Maize Starch & It’s By Products
Atta, Maida, Suji & Wheat Bran (Roller Flour Mill)
NPK Complex Organic Fertilizer Plant
Humic Acid
Fulvic Acid
Adhesive Based on Epoxy Resin (2 Pack)
Aluminium Wire& Cables
Namkeen (Dalmotth, Bhujia, Chana Chur, Khatta Meetha)
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Best business ideas to make money, Most successful small business ideas, Small business ideas list, Best business ideas with low investment, Creative small business ideas, Small business ideas from home, Best business to start with little money, Best business ideas in India, Small scale business list, Small scale manufacturing business ideas, Small scale business ideas for men, Great ideas for home business, Small scale business projects, List of small scale industries in India, Small scale business home, Most profitable small scale business in India, MSME project profile, Project profile, Small scale business project report, Project profiles for small scale industries, Small scale industries project profiles, Project profile for bank loan, Small business project report format, Project profiles for small industries, Best New Small Business Ideas and Opportunities to Start, best small and cottage scale industries, Business Opportunities in India (With Low Investment, Highest Rate Of return), Business Startup Investors, Catch The Opportunity - Start your business today, Detailed Project Report, Download free project profiles, Feasibility report, Free Project Profiles, Good Small Business Ideas with Low Investment,
Best Industries for Starting Your Own Business. Profitable Manufacturing Busi...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Projects Covered in this issue:
• School (CBSE Pattern)
• Milk Processing (Milk, Paneer, Butter and Ghee)
• Surgical Cotton
• E-Waste Recycling Plant
• Sanitary Napkins
• Protein Bar
• Medical College with Hospital (750 Bedded)
• Button Mushroom Cultivation
• Curcumin Extraction Unit
• Bicycle Manufacturing
• Baker’s Yeast
• PVC Pipes
• Pipe Bond (PVC, UPVC & CPVC) with Thinner, Rosin & Phenyl Manufacturing
• Organic Dragon Fruit Farming
• Aluminium Collapsible Tubes
• Power Transformer
• Gypsum Plaster Board
See more
http://goo.gl/MwYpVf
https://goo.gl/P10f1y
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Near Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website :
http://www.niir.org
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
How to Open School (CBSE Pattern), Milk Processing (Milk, Paneer, Butter and Ghee), Production of Surgical Cotton, E-Waste Recycling Plant, Sanitary Napkins Manufacturing Plant, Protein Bar Manufacturing Business, Medical College with Hospital (750 Bedded), Button Mushroom Cultivation, Curcumin Extraction Unit, Bicycle Manufacturing Plant, Production of Baker’s Yeast, Production of PVC Pipes, Pipe Bond (PVC, UPVC & CPVC) with Thinner, Rosin & Phenyl Manufacturing, Organic Dragon Fruit Farming, Manufacturing Business of Aluminium Collapsible Tubes, Power Transformer, Production of Gypsum Plaster Board, Business Guidance to Clients, Business Guidance for Startup, Npcs, India, Detailed Pre-Feasibility Report, Preparation of DPR, Project Selection, Project Financial, Techno Economic Feasibility Report, Detailed Project Reports, Feasibility Report, Market Demand, Market Survey, Business Idea's Under:- 1 Lakh, 5 Lakh, 10 Lakh, 50 Lakh, Business Ideas with Very Low Investment India, Business Opportunities in India (With Low Investment, Highest Rate of Return), Highly Profitable Business Ideas, How to Start Project?, How to Start Small Business, How to Start Successful Business, How to Start Your Business, Industrial Project Report, Low Cost Business Ideas, Manufacturing Business Ideas with Low Investment, Manufacturing Business: Profitable Small Scale Industry, Modern Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Most Profitable Business in India, Start Your Own Business, Most Profitable Manufacturing Business to Start, Startup Business Plan, Start-Up Ideas that have Earned Lakhs & Crores, Top Small Manufacturing Business Ideas In India to Start, What are High Profitable Low Risk Factory Manufacturing Business, What Business Should I Start with an Initial Investment of 25 Lakhs, What is Best Manufacturing Business to Start in India?, Which is Best Business to Start and Grow in India, Which Small Scale Industry is Best to Start in India Now ?, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business,
BENEFICIAL AND EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRO...Ayda.N Mazlan
This document introduces the concept of Effective Microorganisms (EM) as developed by Dr. Teruo Higa for sustainable agriculture and environment protection. EM consists of naturally occurring beneficial microbes that improve soil quality, enhance crop growth and yields, and provide an alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document discusses how EM technology can help farmers transition to more sustainable systems by improving soil, optimizing crop and livestock production, and controlling soil microflora.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
The document discusses a sustainable organic vertical farming program for children with special needs. The program would teach farming skills like composting, seeding, planting, growing and harvesting crops. It would help the children learn skills to pursue careers in farming or entrepreneurship. The facilities would include small glasshouses, plastic domes, barns, classrooms and vertical growing units to cultivate crops like dandelions, which have medicinal value when cultivated properly. The goal is for the children to experience success through hands-on learning and eventually market and sell their harvested foods locally.
Principles of Organic Farming: Renewing the Earth’s Harvestx3G9
The document provides information about organic farming principles and practices. It discusses the principles of organic farming, including how organic agriculture nurtures soil biodiversity. It also summarizes the negative impacts of chemical farming, such as damage to the environment, health, and the economic problems it creates for farmers. Additionally, it describes methods for rebuilding soil health organically, such as composting, green manuring, and crop rotations.
The document provides information about organic farming principles and practices. It discusses the problems with chemical-intensive farming, including damage to the environment, health, and farmer suicides. It then outlines the principles and methods of organic farming, which build healthy soil through composting and other ecological practices. Key topics covered include soil health, pest management, seed saving, and case studies of Navdanya's organic farms. The overall message is that organic farming is more sustainable and protects farmers' livelihoods.
How to Start Recycling Business. Waste to Wealth- Value Recovery from Municip...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Waste management is a global problem that continues to increase with rapid industrialization, population growth, and economic development. As the world hurtles towards the urban future, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is growing very fast. Waste includes any solid material or material that is suspended dissolved or transported in water or deposited on land. Wastes are generally classified into solid, liquid, & gaseous and are broadly classified as household waste; municipal waste; commercial and non-hazardous industrial wastes; e- waste, hazardous (toxic) industrial wastes; construction and demolition waste; health care wastes – waste generated in health care facilities (e.g. hospitals, medical research facilities); human and animal wastes; and incinerator wastes.
See more
https://goo.gl/HwACy7
https://goo.gl/6eAubV
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Waste management in India, Industrial Waste, How to Start a Recycling Business, Starting a Small Recycling Business, Recycling Business Ideas, Starting a Profitable Recycling Business, Start a Recycling Business, How to Start Recycling Company, Profitable Recycling Business Ideas & Opportunities, Which is the Best Recycling Business to Start in India?, Most Profitable Recycling Business Ideas & Opportunities, Low Investment Recycling Business Ideas, Waste collection & recycling, Business Plan on Recycling business, Recycling Business Ideas, How can I Start Recycling Business With Small Capital in India?, Recycling for Profit, Waste collection, Waste Management, Waste Collection and Management, Waste Collection & Disposal, Waste Disposal and Collection, Commercial Waste Management, Industrial Waste Management in India, Treatment of Biomedical Waste in India, Management of Biomedical Waste in India, Biomedical Waste Management, Municipal and Bio-Medical Waste Management in India, E-Waste Management in India, Managing India's Electronic Waste, E-Waste Management, Recycling and Disposal, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, e-Waste Disposal, Management and Recycling of Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Management and Recycling Process, E-Waste Management and Handling, e-Waste Processing & Disposal, Electronic Waste Recycling & Collection, E-waste Collection, Collection and Recycling of E-waste, Electronic Waste Recycling, Wastewater Treatment, Water & Waste Management, Industrial Water & Waste Management, Wastewater Treatment & Management, Municipal Water and Waste Management, Water & Waste Disposal, Municipal Waste Management, Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Waste
Therapeutic Garden Design: Environmental Sources and Wellbeing
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides guidelines for designing therapeutic gardens for children. It discusses the benefits of nature for children's well-being and development, arguing that all children need daily contact with nature. The guidelines cover site planning considerations like orientation, shelter, and conservation of natural features. It recommends locating gardens where they can be viewed and accessed from indoor spaces for children. Specific garden designs are presented that include features appropriate for different age groups, like protective fencing and a variety of plantings, surfaces, and natural elements to engage children. The purpose is to help designers create outdoor spaces that support children's healthy growth and learning through play.
2. project on air pollution in the context of ethiopiaberhanu taye
The kerosene torch struggling to kindle through the darkness during the night was kind of funny to me as I just came from city, till I realized it gave me a smoked spit in the morning.
BreathingRoots is a Mumbai-based company founded in 2017 to conserve biodiversity and native seeds through horticultural and ecological landscaping projects. Their team of over 11 years of experience includes experts in plants, wildlife, and landscaping. Their mission is to help restore balance between humans and the environment by retrieving lost native flora and fauna and creating awareness about nature conservation. They undertake various projects such as butterfly gardens, sacred groves, herbal gardens, plantation drives, and educational activities to promote biodiversity.
Similar to Economic importance of popular tree species (20)
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
1. 1 | P a g e
Economic Importance
of Tree SpeciesFor educational use only
Compiled by - Puskar Pande
Edited by - Pranali Telang
Technical Editor- Shailesh Telang
2. 2 | www.greencleanguide.com
Green is a buzz word of the world today. College students, business persons and many others are always in need of latest
information in the fields of Environment, Forestry, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and Green technologies. However, all this
information is rarely available on single platform. This requires professionals and students to invest considerable time in
searching it. Green Clean Guide aims to be an easy to use approach created to make available such information in a single
place. Our aim is to make things simple for our readers.
E-mail us at contact@greencleanguide.com
Visit us at www.greencleanguide.com
3. 3 | www.greencleanguide.com
PREFACE
Trees are important to humans not only economically, industrially, environmentally but also spiritually,
historically and aesthetically, for they sustain human life through numerable tangible and intangible
benefits. But it is not always easy to define a “tree.”
A tree is a large, long-lived (i.e., perennial) woody plant that attains a height of at least 6 m (20 ft) at
maturity in a given locality and usually—but not always—has a single main self-supporting stem
called a “trunk” or a “bole,” which gives off spreading branches, twigs and foliage to make a crown
(Venkatesh, 1976; Panshin & de Zeeuw,1980; Hawkins, 1986).
Trees can be classified in several ways: Depending upon their utility or end products, they may be
called “avenue,” “ornamental,” “shade bearing,” “fragrant,” “fruit bearing,” “medicinal” or “drug
yielding,” “timber yielding,” “fodder yielding,” “nitrogen fixing,” “venerated,”“fuel yielding,” “fibre
yielding,” “multipurpose trees,” etc.
Because trees meet many human requirements, planting of trees is a good exercise in meeting its
needs and also serving purposes of afforestation and restoration.
This ebook is a result of the culmination of a life long fascination with trees. The contents will be
continuously updated in future. If you have purchased this ebook, you are entitled to free updates for
life. Please register with your working email ID‟s for receiving latest information.
-Authors
New Delhi, 2012
Disclaimer: Greencleanguide.com cannot and does not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants
either medicinally or otherwise. Always seek advice from a professional medical expert before using a plant medicinally.
4. 4 | www.greencleanguide.com
CONTENTS
Economic importance of Acacia auriculiformis ......................................................................................8
Economic Importance of Acer oblongum ...............................................................................................9
Economic importance of Adenanthera microsperma...........................................................................10
Economic importance of Aegle marmelos............................................................................................11
Economic importance of Agathis robusta ............................................................................................12
Economic importance of Alstonia scholaris..........................................................................................13
Economic importance of Anogeissus pendula......................................................................................14
Economic Importance of Anthocephalus chinensis ..............................................................................15
Economic Importance of Araucaria angustifolia..................................................................................16
Economic Importance of Azadirachta indica........................................................................................17
Economic Importance of Bombax ceiba ...............................................................................................18
Economic Importance of Bauhinia purpurea........................................................................................19
Economic Importance of Canarium spp................................................................................................20
Economic Importance of Cassia spp. ....................................................................................................21
Economic Importance of Castanospermum australe ...........................................................................22
Economic Importance of Cedrus deodara ............................................................................................23
Economic Importance of Cinnamomum camphora..............................................................................24
Economic importance of Citrus grandis................................................................................................25
Economic Importance of Cupressus spp. ..............................................................................................26
Economic importance of Delonix regia.................................................................................................27
Economic Importance of Dillenia indica ...............................................................................................28
Economic importance of Dysoxylum binectariferum ...........................................................................29
Economic Importance of Eucalyptus spp..............................................................................................30
Economic importance of Ficus spp. ......................................................................................................31
Economic importance of Ginkgo biloba................................................................................................32
Economic Importance of Grevillea robusta ..........................................................................................33
Economic Importance of Psidium guajava ...........................................................................................34
Economic Importance of Jacaranda mimosaefolia...............................................................................35
Economic importance Lagerstroemia spp. ...........................................................................................36
Economic importance of Litchi chinensis..............................................................................................37
Economic Importance of Madhuca indica ............................................................................................38
Economic importance of Mallotus philippensis....................................................................................39
5. 5 | www.greencleanguide.com
Economic importance of Mangifera indica ..........................................................................................40
Economic importance of Mesua ferrea ................................................................................................41
Economic importance of Pandanus furcatus........................................................................................42
Economic Importance of Peltophorum africanum................................................................................43
Economic Importance of Phoenix spp...................................................................................................44
Economic importance of Plumeria acutifolia........................................................................................45
Economic importance of Polyalthia longifolia......................................................................................46
Economic importance OF Milletia pinnata...........................................................................................47
Economic Importance of Santalum album ...........................................................................................48
Economic importance of Sapindus mukorossi......................................................................................49
Economic importance of Saraca asoca.................................................................................................50
Economic importance of Semecarpus anacardium ..............................................................................51
Economic importance of Shorea robusta .............................................................................................52
Economic Importance of Sterculia spp. ................................................................................................53
Economic importance of Taxodium mucronatum ................................................................................54
Economic importance of Tectona grandis............................................................................................55
Economic importance of Terminalia spp. .............................................................................................56
Economic Importance of Thuja orientalis.............................................................................................57
Economic Importance of Toona spp. ....................................................................................................58
Economic Importance of Xylia xylocarpa..............................................................................................59
Information References........................................................................................................................60
Picture references.................................................................................................................................60
6. 6 | www.greencleanguide.com
Pictures
Picture 1: Flowers of A. auriculiformis....................................................................................................8
Picture 2: Seeds of A. oblongum...........................................................................................................9
Picture 3: Tree - Adenanthera microsperma........................................................................................10
Picture 4: Tree-Aegle marmelos ...........................................................................................................11
Picture 5: Tree-Agathis robusta............................................................................................................12
Picture 6: Flower of Alstonia scholaris..................................................................................................13
Picture 7: Tree-Anogeissus pendula......................................................................................................14
Picture 8: Fruit of Anthocephalus chinensis..........................................................................................15
Picture 9: Tree-Araucaria angustifolia..................................................................................................16
Picture 10: Fruit of Azadirachta indica.................................................................................................17
Picture 11: Bombax ceiba .....................................................................................................................18
Picture 12: Flowers of B. purpurea .......................................................................................................19
Picture 13: Tree- Canarium spp ............................................................................................................20
Picture 14: Flowers of Cassia spp..........................................................................................................21
Picture 15: Tree- C. australe .................................................................................................................22
Picture 16: Tree- C. deodara .................................................................................................................23
Picture 17: Tree- Cinnamomum camphora...........................................................................................24
Picture 18: Fruit of Citrus grandis .........................................................................................................25
Picture 19: Tree- Cupressus spp............................................................................................................26
Picture 20: Flowers of D. regia..............................................................................................................27
Picture 21: Fruit of D. indica .................................................................................................................28
Picture 22: Tree- Dysoxylum binectariferum ........................................................................................29
Picture 23: Tree- Eucalyptus spp...........................................................................................................30
Picture 24: Tree- Ficus spp....................................................................................................................31
Picture 25: Tree/Flower of G. biloba.....................................................................................................32
Picture 26: Flowers of Grevillea robusta...............................................................................................33
Picture 27: Tree- P. guajava..................................................................................................................34
Picture 28: Leaves of J. mimosaefolia...................................................................................................35
Picture 29: Tree- Lagerstroemia spp.....................................................................................................36
Picture 30: Fruits of L. chinensis............................................................................................................37
Picture 31: Tree- M. longifolia ..............................................................................................................38
Picture 32: Flowers of M. philippensis..................................................................................................39
Picture 33: Tree- M. indica....................................................................................................................40
Picture 34: Tree- M. ferrea....................................................................................................................41
Picture 35: Tree- P. furcatus .................................................................................................................42
Picture 36: Tree- Peltophorum africanum ............................................................................................43
Picture 37: Tree- Phoenix spp. ..............................................................................................................44
Picture 38: Tree- P. acutifolia................................................................................................................45
Picture 39: Tree- P. longifolia................................................................................................................46
Picture 40: Tree- M. pinnata.................................................................................................................47
Picture 41: Tree- S. album.....................................................................................................................48
Picture 42: Tree- S. mukorossi ..............................................................................................................49
Picture 43: Tree- S. asoca......................................................................................................................50
8. 8 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Acacia
Species: A. Auriculiformis
Common name: Australian wattle
Origin: Australia
Description: Moderate sized ,evergreen tree, bark
smooth, leaf stalks are modified into flattened blade
called phyllode, which is narrowly oblong, slightly
curved or sickle shaped, flower tiny, yellow,
fragrant, crowded in axillary spikes. Pods are wide,
flat, hard almost woody and much twisted in
irregular coils. Initially green but turn brown on
ripening.
Economic Importance:
The primary use of the species is for fuel wood. Except this, the species does not
have much economic value. The use of species for fuel is favoured because of the
high calorific value being 4800 to 4900 kcal/kg. It also gives excellent charcoal that
glows well and burns without smoke and sparks.
The wood is used for making pulp. The pulp has high strength properties and is used
in the pulp and paper industry.
Timber is used for local furniture but only locally and not on a large scale.
13% of water soluble tannin is present in the bark which produces good quality
leather.
Because of its ability to survive inhospitable sites, it is much used in reclaiming
wasteland areas, in conserving soil and water.
Leaves may be utilised for the production of biogas as they are easily degradable.
Picture 1: Flowers of A. auriculiformis
9. 9 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ACER OBLONGUM
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Acer
Species: A. oblongum
Common name: Himalayan maple,
mangoi
Origin: India
Description: A middle sized tree, leaves
oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
pentamerous terminal or leaf bearing
lateral corymbose, panicles pedicel and
calyx hairy .
Economic Importance:
Fine texture wood which is soft and moderate. Used for minor construction purposes,
and for making plywood, boxes and planks.
Sometimes also used for making ladles, drinking cups and agricultural implements.
Suitable for making commercial and moisture proof plywood, gun and rifle parts, and
furniture.
The timber is durable under cover but not when left in the open.
Picture 2: Seeds of A. oblongum
10. 10 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ADENANTHERA MICROSPERMA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Adenanthera
Species: Adenanthera microsperma
Common name: Black bean, moreton-bay
chestnut
Origin: Indonesia (Java)
Description: A medium- to large-size
deciduous tree. The tree is generally erect,
having dark brown to greyish bark, and a
spreading crown. Multiple stems are common,
as are slightly buttressed trunks in older trees.
The leaves are bipinnate. The alternate
leaflets, are oval-oblong with an asymmetric
base and a blunt apex.The leaves yellow with
age. Flowers are borne in narrow spike-like
racemes, at branch ends. They are small,
creamy-yellow in colour, and fragrant. The
leathery pods curve and twist upon on dehiscence.
Economic Importance:
Wood is insect resistant and decay resistant. It is therefore used for house- building,
use in furniture, bridges etc.
The seeds are attractive and are used for ornamental purposes such as for making
beads in jewellery and rosaries. They were also used in ancient India for weighing
gold. The seeds are curiously similar in weight. Four seeds make up about one
gramme. In fact the name "saga" is traced to the Arabic term for "goldsmith". In India,
it is believed that a person may have as many wishes as elephants found in a saga
seed.
The ground seeds can produce an oil which was used as an industrial lubricant.
Wood is also employed for making cabinets. Also used as firewood because it burns
well. Red dye is obtained from the wood.
Trees are also planted for shade in coffee plantations.
Picture 3: Tree - Adenanthera microsperma
11. 11 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AEGLE MARMELOS
Common name: Bel
Family: Rutaceae
Origin: India
Description: The leaves are compound,
trifoliate and with a peculiar fragrance. The
leaflets are oval or lancet shaped. The lateral
leaflets are without petiole and the terminal one
has a long one. The flowers are greenish white
and fragrant. The fruit is both edible and
medicinal. It is spherical or oval. The seeds are
small, hard. Multiple seeds are covered in a
viscid material in the pulp.
Economic Importance:
The Unripe fruits are astringent, digestive and are useful in providing relief in
diarrhoea and dysentery.
The pulp is aromatic and cooling and is frequently used for making a cooling drink-
sherbet.
The gum like substance around seeds serves as an adhesive. It is also used as a
varnish for pictures and adds brilliancy to water- colour paints.
Pill boxes are made after emptying the fruits.
Gum is obtained from the stem.
Essential oil is obtained from leaves.
Picture 4: Tree-Aegle marmelos
12. 12 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AGATHIS ROBUSTA
Common name: Australian dammar pine,
kauri pine
Family: Araucariaceae
Origin: Australia
Description: Monoecious tree, trunk clear for
over half its length; crown dense. Bark is
orange-brown, brown or grey-brown; smooth to
slightly flaky. Bark exudates a clear or
somewhat milky. Leaves spirally arranged on
primary shoots, opposite to sub-opposite on
lateral shoots; leaves entire on petioles, linear
to elliptic, veins fine, longitudinal, more or less
parallel. Juvenile leaves similar but oblong-
lanceolate, acute, glabrous, green, shiny above
and dull beneath, venation faint and
longitudinal.
Economic Importance:
Excellent source of timber for general joinery purposes.
Wood is easy to work upon and gives a glossy surface. Used for making plywood,
cabinet works, furniture, indoor fittings and building boats.
Wood is also used for manufacture of writing, printing, and wrapping papers.
Yields an oleoresin which is used in adhesives, paints, polishes, inks, and lacquers.
Picture 5: Tree-Agathis robusta
13. 13 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS
Common name: Satwin, chattin
Family: Apocynaceae
Origin: India
Description: It is a medium sized to a large
evergreen tree with tall, straight often
buttressed and fluted stem. Whorled
branches and dark – grey shining leaves
also in whorls. Bark is blackish grey, rough
with shallow cracks. Leaves 4-10 in a whorl,
obovate & obtuse, gradually narrowed into
the petiole, dark green above, pale beneath.
Flowers greenish white, in panicles of cymes
on stout peduncles. Follicular fruit.
Economic Importance:
The wood is used for manufacturing packing cases and boxes for packing tea, writing
boards and lamina boards. Wood charcoal is used for gun powder.
Can be peeled easily and accepted as suitable for 3rd
class commercial plywood after
necessary treatment.
It is good enough for making both match boxes and splints, also fairly suitable for
second grade pencil and paper industry.
Bark which is bitter in taste is used as an astringent, tonic and useful for diarrhoea
and dysentery. The milky juice of bark is applied to sores and ulcers. Bark also yields
a fibre.
Flowers yield an essential oil and the alkaloid picrinine which acts as a depressant.
Picture 6: Flower of Alstonia scholaris
14. 14 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ANOGEISSUS PENDULA
Common name: Chakwa
Family: Combretaceae
Origin: India
Description: It is a small tree,
Bark is smooth grey, sliver white
often with shallow fissures when
old. Leaves elliptic, acute and
narrow at the base, silky on both
surface. Fruit small, one seeded
with two wings, and a short beak
at the apex.
Economic Importance:
The wood has a lot of mechanical strength and very tough. It is regarded as the 3rd
toughest timber in the world. The timber is used for furniture, agricultural implements,
tool handles of all kinds, poles, rafters, for carts, spokes of wheels, toys, shuttles and
bobbins, tool handles etc.
At present, it is extensively used as fuel wood, calorific value of sap-wood being 4837
kcal and hardwood 4739 kcal/kg.
The leaves are used as fodder.
Bark yields a gum called gatti or Indian gum.
The main value of the tree lies in its afforestation purposes for afforesting the semi-
rocky and rocky terrains of arid regions.
Picture 7: Tree-Anogeissus pendula
15. 15 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ANTHOCEPHALUS CHINENSIS
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Anthocephalus
Species: A.chinensis
Origin: India
Common name: „Kadam‟ in India, Bur
flower tree in English
Description: Kadam is a large, tall tree, with
a straight cylindrical bole. Foliage consists of
elliptic-oblong, shining, opposite, simple
leaves. Flowers are small, orange-coloured in
dense terminal globose heads. The fruit is a
pseudocarp of closely packed capsules each
containing minute, singular seeds.
Economic Importance:
The wood is moderately strong and can be seasoned easily. The timber when treated
is quite durable. It saws readily and works easily under tools.
Wood is extensively used for ceiling boards, light construction work, packing cases,
planking, carving, and turnery. The wood makes good veneers and plywood suitable
for the manufacture of Grade 4 commercial plywood and tea- chest plywood. It is
also suitable for making both match boxes and splints. Brown wrapping paper can
also be made by sulphate process.
Fruits are edible. Bark and leaves are used for medicinal purposes. It is used as an
Ayurvedic medicine for uterine disorders, blood diseases and leprosy.
Juice prepared from the bark of Anthocephalus chinensis is given orally to lower
body temperature.
Picture 8: Fruit of Anthocephalus chinensis
16. 16 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA
Common name: Candelabra tree
Family: Araucariaceae
Genus: Araucaria
Species: A. angustifolia
Origin: Brazil
Description: It is an evergreen tree .The
leaves are thick, tough and scale like,
triangular, and with razor-sharp edges and
tip. They persist for 10-15 years, so cover
most of the tree except for the trunk and
older branches. It is usually dioecious, with
the male and female cones on separate
trees. The male (pollen) cones are oblong.
The female (seed) cones, are globose, and
hold about 100-150 seeds. The cones
disintegrate at maturity to release the nut-like
seeds.
Economic Importance:
The wood is easy to saw and season. In Australia, the wood is used for indoor finishings
of houses, furniture, general house fittings, kitchen table, for carving and box wood.
It is planted mainly for its ornamental appearance. The tree looks majestic and beautiful
and is frequently planted in gardens and homes for aesthetic value.
The seeds are consumed as food in come parts of the world.
The flower buds have medicinal value.
Picture 9: Tree-Araucaria angustifolia
17. 17 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA
Common name: Neem
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Azadirachta
Species: Azadirachta. indica
Description: Azadirachta indica is native
to India and Pakistan growing intropical and
semi-tropical regions. It is medium to large
sized tree with rounded crown of bright green
dense foliage. Leaves are imparipinnate,
crowded towards the end of branches.
Economic Importance:
The wood peels well and is found useful for making shuttering grade plywood. Tree is
grown for fuel wood purposes in India and Africa.
Seeds yield a oil having strong disagreeable garlic like odour and known as
“margosa “ oil, heals bleeding gums and cures pyrrohoea when it is used in mouth
was and toothpaste. The same compound is also found effective in various skin
diseases, burns and scabies. Neem seed cake, a residue after extraction of the oil is
valued as a fertilizer and repellent for insects. It contains more sulphur than any other
cake.
Neem has emerged as an ideal source of pesticides and insecticides. About 350
species of insect pests, 18 species of nematodes and equal number of fungi have
already been found to be susceptible to “neem effect”. A real breakthrough was
made by Pradhan who first reported the extraordinary antifeedant properties of
neem seed kernel against desert locust Schistocera gregaria. Later Ketkar, Mitra and
Prasad have highlighted the pesticide potential of neem seed extracts due to
“azadirachtin”, a biologically active compound. Neem . Neem extracts have been
found to influence the insect activity and behavioural ecology such as feeding
deterrent, growth disruptor, repellent, ovipositional deterrent and as insecticide.
These extracts are also reported to influence or impair egg production and
hatchability in insects.
Neem is also regarded as a good fodder tree and heavily lopped for goats and
sometimes for cattle also, the cattle relish only in the absence of other fodders.
Picture 10: Fruit of Azadirachta indica
18. 18 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BOMBAX CEIBA
Family: Bombacaceae
Genus: Bombax
Species: Bombax ceiba
Origin: India
Common name: Semul
Description: This tree has a straight
tall trunk and its leaves are deciduous
in winter. Red flowers with 5 petals
appear in the spring before the new
foliage. It produces a capsule which,
when ripe, contains white fibres like
cotton. Its trunk bears spikes to deter
attacks by animals.
Economic Importance:
The heartwood is dark-brown, strong, hard easy to polish and work. But it is not a
durable timber and is readily attacked by wood borers, white ants and decay. Used
mainly for heavy packing cases, agricultural implements, posts, scantlings, rafters
and inferior construction, besides it is used for fuel.
The leaves give a fodder of medium quality. Flowers are cooked as vegetable and
pickles. The bark is used as a cheap tan, dye and in indigenous medicine. The tree
has ornamental value because of its gorgeous flowers.
Picture 11: Bombax ceiba
19. 19 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BAUHINIA PURPUREA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Bauhinia
Species: B. purpurea
Origin: India
Common name: Purple bauhinia,
camel‟s foot tree, khairwal
(Angiosperms)
Description: Moderate sized evergreen
tree. Young parts are covered with
brown pubescence. Leaves cordate,
nerved, the twin leaflets fold at night.
Flowers large, showy, fragrant, rosy
purple or lilac, in short peduncled
terminal panicles. Seeds oblong, dark-
brown, smooth and compressed.
Economic Importance:
The heartwood is dark-brown, strong, hard easy to polish and work. But it is not a
durable timber and is readily attacked by wood borers, white ants and decay. Used
mainly for heavy packing cases, agricultural implements, posts, scantlings, rafters
and inferior construction, besides it is used for fuel.
The leaves give a fodder of medium quality. Flowers are cooked as vegetable and
pickles. The bark is used as a cheap tan, dye and in indigenous medicine. The tree
has ornamental value because of its gorgeous flowers.
Picture 12: Flowers of B. purpurea
20. 20 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CANARIUM SPP.
Family: Burseraceae
Genus: Canarium
Species: 1. C. strictum
2. C. bengalense
Origin: India
Common name: 1. C. strictum – Kala dammar
2. C. bengalense- East Indian copal
Description: Lofty, evergreen tree. Leaflets elliptic -
oblong to lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Flower white. Disc
crenate, hairy. Fruit drupaceous elliptic.
Economic Importance:
C. strictum- yields a resin known as black
dammar or Artiba resin, used in the manufacture of varnishes and as a substitute for
Burgundy pitch in plasters. Wood has a good glue holding capacity and plywood tea- boxes
made from it proved to be amongst the strongest.
C. bengalense- source of a resin which is used as incense. Wood does not warp and can be
used for planks, shingles and tea- boxes.
Picture 13: Tree- Canarium spp
21. 21 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CASSIA SPP.
Botanical name;
C. fistula
C. javanica
C. nodosa
Family: Cesalpinioideae
Description: Middle sized to large deciduous
tree. Leaves with leaflets in opposite pairs,
ovate. Flowers bright yellow, in drooping, long
racemes. Pods indehiscent, cylindric, smooth,
pendulous, dark- brownish when ripe.
Economic Importance:
The wood is very hard and very heavy. The timber is difficult to season, and liable to
severe surface seasoning defects. The trees can best be girdled to reduce these
defects. The heartwood is highly durable both in open and under cover. It takes a
good and lasting polish.
It yields a durable timber considered to be better than sal and is used everywhere for
house posts, bridge posts, agricultural implements, shafts of carts etc. It makes
excellent tool furniture, turnery and boat building. It is an excellent fuel wood and
yields excellent charcoal.
The bark is known as sumari and is used for tanning in admixture with Cassia
auriculata bark. The average tannin content of the commercial is 10 to 12 %. It
produces smooth grained leather. It makes well with babul bark.
The pulp of ripe pods is a very strong purgative and is eaten and made into a drink,
rich in protein and carbohydrates, given to patients of diabetes and blood poisoning.
Picture 14: Flowers of Cassia spp.
22. 22 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CASTANOSPERMUM AUSTRALE
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Castanospermum
Species: C. australe
Common name: Black bean, moreton-bay
chestnut
Origin: Australia
Description: It is a large evergreen tree growing
to 40 m tall, though commonly much smaller. The
leaves are pinnate, with 11-15 leaflets. The
flowers are bicoloured red and yellow, produced
in racemes. The fruit is a cylindrical pod, the
interior divided by a spongy substance into three
to five cells, each of which contains a large
chestnut-like seed.
Economic Importance:
Seeds are edible after roasting, rich
source of starch.
Wood used for panelling, furniture, cabinets, and other decorative work. Suitable for
switchboards and other electric fittings, exceptionally high insulation. The timber,
which somewhat resembles walnut, is soft, fine-grained, and takes a good polish, but
is not very durable.
Castanospermine is reported to have anti- cancer potential. It inhibits platelet
aggregation in metastatic H- Ras- transformed fibroblasts, inhibits tyrosinase activity
in human melanoma cell and also biosynthesis, maturation and transport of alpha
anti-trypsin in human leptoma cell line. Castanospermine is a useful tool in co-
relating glycoprotein composition in cell development in mouse cerebellum in probing
T-cell function and proliferation and in biosynthesis of vasopressin V2 receptor in
renal epithelial cell.
Picture 15: Tree- C. australe
23. 23 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CEDRUS DEODARA
Family: Coniferae
Genus: Cedrus
Species: C. deodara
Common name: Deodar
Description: Tall, evergreen tree dark-green
foliage, forming a typical conical crown. Branches
two types, long shoots bear spirally arranged
leaves, dwarf shoots bear cluster of leaves in
pseudowhorls. The dwarf shoots elongate lightly,
adding a new whorl of leaves each year. Flowers
monoecious, male and female cones occurring
on separate branches.
Economic Importance:
Deodar is widely regarded as one of the strongest woods in India and is as important
as Teak. Timber is easy to saw. It is unsuitable for polish or print work as the oil in
the wood (especially near the knots) always oozes through when exposed to direct
sunlight and discolours the coating.
It is easy to air-season but shows a little tendency to surface- cracking and end-
splitting if dried too quickly, for this reason it should be air-seasoned under cover. It
can also be kiln-seasoned easily without degrade. Seasoned heartwood of deodar is
very durable and classified as durable class 1. The durability of deodar may be due
to the presence of terpenes/resin acids present in the heartwood.
Used primarily in buildings for beams, door and window frames and shutters and
classified under group 1 timbers. Also used for furniture making and cabinet making
to a limited extent. The thinning poles of deodar are suitable for overhead power and
telecommunication lines. It is also used for making cases and donnage pallets. Also
found suitable for manufacture of high class pencils, cooling towers, drawing
equipments, jute and textile mill accessories, wooden shingles, railway carriages,
model and pattern making, keys of stairs etc.
Picture 16: Tree- C. deodara
24. 24 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Cinnamomum
Species: Cinnamomum camphora
Common name: Camphor tree, Kapur, Karpura
Origin: China
Description: Middle sized evergreen tree with
yellow brown branches. Leaves sub-coriaceous ,
ovate or broadly so or elliptic, abruptly acuminate,
lustrous above. Flowers bisexual, membranous,
linear, soft- pubescent.
Economic Importance:
The wood has a strong scent of camphor. It seasons without difficulty and is
workable well under tools. The wood is moderately hard and moderately hard. Used
for cheaper grade of furniture, chests, tea-boxes and rafters, scantlings and planking
for lighter forms of construction.
The tree yields camphor which is distilled from leaves and wood and finds uses in
pharmaceutical and perfumery industry. The yield of camphor from leaves in India
ranges below 2% making it uneconomical for cultivation. Camphor oil of commerce is
the oil of C. camphora from which the camphor is removed. Camphor is extensively
applied in external applications as a counter irritant in muscular strains,
inflammations and rheumatic conditions.
Picture 17: Tree- Cinnamomum camphora
25. 25 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CITRUS GRANDIS
Common name: Pummelo, Chakotra
Family: Rutaceae
Origin: Malaysia
Description: Fruit is usually a pale green
to yellow when ripe (but also pink or red),
with sweet flesh and thick spongy rind. It is
the largest citrus fruit.
Economic Importance:
The peel is sometimes used to make marmalade, or candied then dipped in
chocolate. Also used in Chinese cooking or candied. In general, citrus peel is often
used in southern Chinese cuisine for flavouring, especially in sweet soup desserts.
Fruits are esteemed for deserts, made into jams and considered nutritive and
refrigerant.
Leaves used in epilepsy, chorea, and convulsive coughs.
Picture 18: Fruit of Citrus grandis
26. 26 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CUPRESSUS SPP.
Botanical name;
C cashmeriana
C. torulosa
Family: Cupressaceae
Description: It is an evergreen tree with
pyramidal shaped crown, ascending branches,
pendulous branchlets and fan-shaped foliage
with a bluish tinge. Cones greenish yellow.
Seeds winged.
Economic Importance:
The wood is suitable for the production of Kraft, writing and printing papers and
mechanical pulp for newsprint pulp for newsprint grade of paper, at fairly high yield.
The tree is cultivated as an ornamental in FRI, Dehradun.
A very useful tree for avenues and gardens.
Heartwood is light brown with darker streaks, moderately hard, suitable for making
furniture and building material. It is an excellent timber for making railway sleepers. It
is considered durable.
It is one of the most durable coniferous woods requiring no antiseptic treatment.
Preferable to deodar wood for making window frames, ceilings, panels of doors, and
flooring. Also suitable for pen- holders and inferior grade pencil.
Leaves yield an essential oil.
Picture 19: Tree- Cupressus spp.
27. 27 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF DELONIX REGIA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Delonix
Species: D. regia
Common name: Gulmohar
Origin: Madagascar
Description: Moderate sized fast growing,
deciduous tree and light feathery foliage. Leaves
bipinnate, at base of leaflet two stipules occur.
Flowers appear in corymbs along and at the ends
of branches. Pods are green and flaccid when
young and turn dark-brown and woody.
Economic Importance:
The wood is employed locally for agricultural implements; handles for carpentry tools,
combs etc. Principle use is as fuel, the calorific value of wood being 4600 kcal/kg.
The tree is mainly valued for its seeds , leaves, shade and ornamental value.
The seeds yield 18 to 27.5 % fatty oil known as the “ pangam” or “karanga” oil of
commerce. Its main use is in tanning industry. The oil and its “karjan” possess
insecticidal and anti- bacterial properties. The oil also finds use in soap- making,
illuminating and pharmaceutical preparations. The oil cake is good fertiliser. The
seed cake can also be used in poultry ration to substitute black “til” component of
ration.
The seed is carminative, purifies and enriches the blood and is used in cases of
inflammation, “ear ache” and chest complaint.
The tree is mainly grown for its shade and ornamental value. Because of its hardy
nature and aggressive root system, it is a good tree to control soil erosion in the arid
and semi- arid areas.
It is host for lac- insect also.
Picture 20: Flowers of D. regia
28. 28 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF DILLENIA INDICA
Family: Dilleniaceae
Genus: Dillenia
Species: D. indica
Common name: Elephant apple, chalta
Origin: India
Description: Middle sized to evergreen tree.
Leaves fascicled at the end of the branches,
oblong lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate,
lateral nerves. Flowers large, white, fragrant.
Petals obovate, delicate. Fruit always green, hard
and enclosed by five thickened sepals.
Economic Importance:
1. The timber is moderately refractory to seasoning. It is very durable though the sap-
wood is subject to attack by borers. It takes a good polish but requires initial grain
filling.
2. The sapwood is considered valuable now. Poles are used for posts, rafters, shafts
and for agricultural implements. Sapwood is the best Indian timber so far tested for
textile shuttles. The poles can be used for mine work and pit- props. The ebon
heartwood is used for carving, picture frames, scales, toys, combs.
3. The fruit is edible. The fruit, leaves and bark are useful for many cures. Leaves are
reported to be lopped for fodder in U.P. Leaves have a great importance in the
cottage industry for wrapping bidis, because of its certain special quality such as
flavour, colour, leathery texture, easy workability on drying, resistance to decay, good
smoking and burning qualities and mainly because of its availability in the larger parts
of India.
Picture 21: Fruit of D. indica
29. 29 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF DYSOXYLUM BINECTARIFERUM
Family: Meliaceae
Common name: Lassuni amari
Origin: India
Description: Evergreen tree, leaves with leaflets
cuneate at the base, entirely or obscurely dentate
along the margins, acuminate at the apex. Flowers
shortly pedicellate. Calyx cup- shaped, entirely or
obscurely 5-lobed, about half as long as petals.
Petals 4, velvety.
Economic Importance:
Wood can be sawn and machined well and worked to a smoothed surface. Timber
used for building construction, boxes, canoes, and turnery; also suitable for match
boxes and splints, cigar- boxes, and ply board.
These trees are regarded as essential components of the native rainforest of their
ecosystems such as the Australian temperate rainforest.
Wood was widely used in furniture trade.
Bark contains tannin.
Picture 22: Tree- Dysoxylum binectariferum
30. 30 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF EUCALYPTUS SPP.
E. alba
E. citriodora
E. paniculata
E. resinifera
Family: Myrtaceae
Origin: Australia
Description: Tall evergreen tree with smooth
and greyish bark, bark exfoliates in plates or
strips. Leaves alternate, narrowly lanceolate,
pale coloured, thin, petiolate with conspicuous
venation.
Economic Importance:
In the Nilgiris, timber is used for temporary construction, as it splits very badly. It can be
used for electric transmission poles after putting iron bends at the top and bottom of the
posts. It gives a good fuel wood having calorific value of 4962 kcal/kg. The charcoal maybe
used for producer gas plants, in pigments, fireworks, gun-powder, rubber-production, animal
feeds, and some other chemical industries.
The wood yields a brownish pulp useful in manufacture of wrapping paper and card-board.
White pulp of good quality can be obtained from the wood by sulphite and soda process.
Mixed with spruce and other long fibred pulp, blue-gum pulp may be used for producing high
grade pulp. High alpha cellulose pulp can be prepared by sulphite process which in turn is
prepared into viscose rayon, an important synthetic fibre.
The oil is useful in many pharmaceutical preparations, flavouring of cough lozenges, mouth
gargles, tooth-pastes, perfumes, repellents against mosquitoes, vermins, germicides etc.
Picture 23: Tree- Eucalyptus spp.
31. 31 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FICUS SPP.
Botanical name:
1. F. krishnae
2. F. glomerata
3. F. ben jamina
Family: Moraceae
Origin: India
Description: The tree has gracefully drooping
branchlets and glossy leaves, oval with an
acuminate tip. The fruit is distinct. The fruit is in
fact an enclosed inflorescence, sometimes
referred to as a syconium, an urn-like structure
lined on the inside with the fig's tiny flowers.
Possess a white to yellowish sap (latex).
Economic Importance:
1. F. benjamina wood is suitable for making match- boxes. Bark is used for making
ropes. Decoction of leaves is mixed with oil and applied to ulcers.
2. F. glomerata powder from roasted fruits is used as breakfast food. Leaves used as
fodder. Leaves used also in bilious affections. Bark given in diarrhoea and diabetes.
Fruits considered stomachic and carminative, used in hemoptysis. Latex used in piles
and diarrhoea; also used for bird- lime. Wood lasts well under water and used for
well- curbs, cheap furniture, and fuse box fittings; also suitable for match- boxes.
Bark yields tannin. Decoction of bark used as a vulnerary.
Picture 24: Tree- Ficus spp.
32. 32 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GINKGO BILOBA
Family: Ginkgoaceae
Genus: Ginkgo
Species: G. biloba
Common name: Maidenhair tree, bal
kunwari
Origin: Japan
Description: The tree has an angular
crown. The leaves are unique among seed
plants, being fan-shaped with veins
radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes
bifurcating. The old popular name
"Maidenhair tree" is because the leaves
resemble some of the pinnae of the
Maidenhair fern. Ginkgos are dioecious.
Male plants produce small pollen cones
with sporophylls each bearing two micro
sporangia spirally arranged around a
central axis. Female plants do not produce
cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of
a stalk, and after pollination, one or both
develop into seeds.
Economic Importance:
The kernels are eaten roasted or cooked; toxic if eaten raw. Seeds are used in the
preparation of a detergent and are also employed as expectorant and sedative. Fruit
contains a volatile oil.
Wood is used for manufacturing chessboards and toys in Japan and China.
The nut-like gametophytes is consumed as food in China.
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids
(ginkgolides, bilobalides) and has been used pharmaceutically.
Picture 25: Tree/Flower of G. biloba
33. 33 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GREVILLEA ROBUSTA
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Grevillea
Species: Grevillea robusta
Common name: Silver-oak, silky- oak
Origin: Australia
Description: It is a fast growing evergreen
tree with dark green delicately dented
bipinnatifid leaves reminiscent of a fern frond.
These leaves are greyish white or rusty
undersides. Its flowers are golden-orange
bottlebrush-like blooms. The fruits are with
one or two flat, winged seeds.
Economic Importance:
Source of green manure.
Wood used for ornamental panelling, parquet floors, furniture, veneering, and
plywood.
Bark contains a gum and tannin.
It is used in musical instrument making, as a top for the guitar.
Before the advent of aluminium, the timber from this tree was widely used for
external window joinery as it is resistant to rotting. It was also popular for making
furniture.
It is the best tree which can be used for fencing and it is one of the fastest growing
trees.
Picture 26: Flowers of Grevillea robusta
34. 34 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Psidium
Species: P. guajava
Common name: Guava, Amrud
Origin: Mexico
Description: A small tree with spreading
branches, the guava is easy to recognize
because of its smooth, thin, copper-colour bark
that flakes off. The leaves, aromatic when
crushed, are evergreen, opposite, short- petiole,
oval or oblong-elliptic, leathery, with conspicuous
parallel veins. Faintly fragrant, the white flowers,
borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils.
The fruit, exuding a strong, sweet, musky odour
when ripe, may be round, ovoid, or pear-shaped,
and thin, light-yellow skin, frequently blushed
with pink.
Economic Importance:
Fruits are eaten as such or canned, preserved spiced or made into jam, butter,
marmalade, pies, ketchups and chutneys. Are one of the richest source of Vitamin C.
Dehydrated guavas may be reduced to a powder which can be used to flavour ice
cream, confections and fruit juices, or boiled with sugar to make jelly, or utilized as
pectin to make jelly of low-pectin fruits. Seeds yield a fatty oil. Leaves contain an
essential oil which is used as flavouring.
In Malaysia, the leaves are used with other plant materials to make a black dye for
silk. In South East Asia, the leaves are employed to give a black colour to cotton; and
in Indonesia, they serve to dye matting.
Leaves are used as an astringent for bowel troubles; also used for tanning.
Decoction of bark given in diarrhoea. Fruits tonic, cooling, and laxative, useful in colic
and bleeding gums. The leaf decoction is taken as a remedy for coughs, throat and
chest ailments, gargled to relieve oral ulcers and inflamed gums; and also taken as a
vermifuge, and treatment for leucorrhoea. It has been effective in halting vomiting
and diarrhoea in cholera patients. It is also applied on skin diseases. A decoction of
the new shoots is taken as a febrifuge. The leaf infusion is prescribed in India in
cerebral ailments and nephritis. A combined decoction of leaves and bark is given to
expel the placenta after childbirth.
Picture 27: Tree- P. guajava
35. 35 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF JACARANDA MIMOSAEFOLIA
Family: Bigoniaceae
Genus: Jacaranda
Species: J. mimosaefolia
Common name: Nili gulmohar
Origin: Brazil
Description: Blue jacaranda is a small to
medium sized tree and feathery foliage with
light irregular crown. Leaves are borne at the
ends of branches, bipinnate, symmetrical like a
fern. Flower has a 5 toothed calyx, a curved
tubular 2-5 lobed corolla and four stamens,
hairy at the tip. Fruit is a capsule, broadly
ovate or sub-orbicular ion shape with many
compressed seeds.
Economic Importance:
Jacaranda is mainly planted as an avenue plant but the fragrant wood is locally used
for tool–handles. The wood is light and slightly fragrant. There are purple to greyish
streaks in its tissues, which make the grain attractive. The tree is generally not felled
for its wood or timber. The branches and stem of the dead and dry trees are utilised,
generally as firewood. The trees, putting up good stature, if no longer required on the
avenues, are converted into timber and used for cheap furniture, ceiling and floor
planking, etc.
The dried leaves of Jacaranda are used in an ointment for healing wounds. Leaves
also used as a vulnerary, their infusion given as a pectoral.
An infusion of the bark is used as a lotion for washing ulcers. The bark and leaves
are also used for treating syphilis and gonorrhoea. Bark and leaves are used for
treatment in syphilis and blennorrhagia.
Picture 28: Leaves of J. mimosaefolia
36. 36 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE LAGERSTROEMIA SPP.
Botanical name:
1. L. indica Linn.
2. L. speciosa Pers.
3. L. tomentosa Presl.
Family: Lythraceae
Description: Small to medium sized
deciduous tree. Leaves opposite, narrowly
elliptic; young leaves pubescent beneath;
mature leaves glabrous on both sides.
Flowers white, fragrant in terminal panicles,
calyx tube copular, capsules ovoid, each filled
with 20- 30 seeds.
Economic Importance:
The timber is used for building construction such as posts, beams, rafters, etc.
Locally used for agricultural implements, carts, furniture, oars, canoes and
cooperage. It is suitable for boxes, tool- handles, picker arms, golf-stick shafts, bent
wood furniture etc. Selected timber with short wavy grain can make decorative
furniture. It is found suitable for making plywood of various grades meeting the
general requirements of general purpose plywood, preservative treated plywood, fire
retardant plywood, concrete shuttering plywood and marine plywood.
It is good for use as charcoal and fuel wood.
Bark and leaves contain of tannin which is used for making skins.
Tree is lopped for fodder. Tusser silkworms are also fed on the tree.
Picture 29: Tree- Lagerstroemia spp.
37. 37 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LITCHI CHINENSIS
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Litchi
Species: L. chinensis
Common name: Litchi
Origin: China
Description: It is a medium-sized
evergreen tree, with alternate pinnate
leaves, with 2-8 lateral leaflets; the
terminal leaflet is absent. The newly
emerging young leaves are a bright
coppery red at first, before turning green
as they expand to full size. The flowers
are small, greenish-white or yellowish-
white, produced in panicles. The fruit is a
drupe. The edible flesh consists of a
highly developed aril enveloping the seed.
The centre contains a single glossy
brown nut-like seed.
Economic Importance:
Fleshy, sweet arils covering the seeds are delicious; they are eaten as such or
canned. Dried fruits, Litchi nuts are exported from China. The flesh of dried litchis is
eaten like raisins. Chinese people enjoy using the dried flesh in their tea as a
sweetener in place of sugar. To a small extent, litchis are also spiced or pickled, or
made into sauce, preserves or wine. Litchi seeds are used as anodyne in neuralgic
disorders and orchitis.
Ingested in moderate amounts, the litchi is said to relieve coughing and to have a
beneficial effect on tumours and enlargements of the glands. A tea of the fruit peel is
taken to overcome smallpox eruptions and diarrhoea. In India, the seeds are
powdered and, because of their astringency, administered in intestinal troubles, and
they have the reputation there, as in China, of relieving neuralgic pains. Decoctions
of the root, bark and flowers are gargled to alleviate ailments of the throat.
Bark contains tannin.
Picture 30: Fruits of L. chinensis
38. 38 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MADHUCA INDICA
Family: Sapotaceae
Genus: Madhuca
Species: M. Longifolia
Common name: Mahua, Mohua
Origin: India
Description: Medium to large sized deciduous
tree, spreading branches and a large rounded
crown. Leaves are clustered at the end of
branches, elliptic, obovate. Flowers are small;
cream- coloured and produced in clusters at end
of branches. Fruit a green egg- shaped fleshy
berry. Seeds are either double convex or
flattened on one or two sides.
Economic Importance:
The timber can be put to a variety of uses such as building purposes as beams, door
and window frames, posts etc. It is suitable for heavy work such as bridges, pile,
sugar presses, cart wheels, ships, boats, sport goods, furniture etc. When seasoned
it is suitable for agricultural implements, drum and carving. It is a good fuel wood.
The tree is of multiple use to the local inhabitants for its leaves, flowers, fruits and
bark furnish forest produce of commercial importance. The fleshy corollas are edible
as they are a rich source of sugars, vitamins, calcium and essential oil. Flowers are
largely used for preparation of country made distilled liquor. The flowers can also be
fed to the livestock. The outer part of the fruit is eaten raw or cooked and the inner
part is made into flour for cakes. The seed kernel yields 5.1% of fatty oil which
constitutes “mahua oil or butter of commerce”. The oil is used in cooking, for burning
in lamps, in the manufacture of margarine and soap and many other minor uses. The
oil cake is used as a fertilizer, fish poison and a s a cheap substitute for shikakai for
washing hair. There is a great scope for expanding industrial units to tap non-edible
of this species.
The leaves yield fodder of medium quality and are lopped in M.P. Maharashtra,
Orissa and U.P. at the times of scarcity.
Picture 31: Tree- M. longifolia
39. 39 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Mallotus
Species: M. philippensis
Common name: Kamala, Kamela
Origin: India
Description: It is an evergreen
tree.Leaves alternate, borne on long
stalks. Female flowers in erect, long
spikes: male flowers are yellow in colour.
Fruits are roundish, -3lobed and
densely covered with reddish brown,
powdery substance and minute hair
which are easily rubbed out.
Economic Importance:
A dye called kamela powder is obtained from the glandular hairs of the fruits. Also
employed as an anti- oxidant for ghee, as an anthelminitic, and for cutaneous
affections. Kamela is chiefly for destroying tapeworms. The kamela powder is taken
with milk. “Kamela” is purgative. It‟s also useful in the treatment of skin diseases, like
ringworm and scabies. Kamela powder is used by women as sendur (vermillion).
Seeds yield a fatty oil which forms a good substitute for tung oil in the formulation of
rapid drying paints and varnishes, and hair fixers and ointments; cake used as
manure and, in combination with sawdust for making insulating boards, and cork
substitutes. Due to the good drying properties the oil is much valued in the painting
works.
Wood suitable for rafters, tool handles, match boxes, and small turnery articles.
Leaves used for fodder. Bark contains tannin.
Picture 32: Flowers of M. philippensis
40. 40 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MANGIFERA INDICA
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: M. indica
Common name: Mango, Aam
Origin: India
Description: Large evergreen tree with a
dense dome-shaped crown. Leaves bluntly
acuminate, dark glossy green, pinkish when
young, and base acute. Panicles conical,
flowers small, greenish yellow, scented, male
and bisexual on the same panicle. Fruit a
fleshy drupe, generally yellow when young
and contains one seed.
Economic Importance:
Wood is extensively used for low-cost
furniture, floor, ceiling boards, window
frames, heavy packing cases, match
splints, brush backs, oar blades,
agricultural implements etc. Also
suitable for tea chest plywood. A hard charcoal of high calorific value is obtained from
mango wood. After preservative treatment, it can be used as a substitute for teak as
beams, rafters, trusses, and door and window frames. Suitable for slate frames,
ammunition boxes, bobbins, carving and turnery work.
The bark possesses 16% to 20% tannin and has been employed for tanning hides. It
yields a yellow dye, or, with turmeric and lime, a bright rose-pink. The bark contains
mangiferine and is astringent and employed against rheumatism and diphtheria in
India. The resinous gum from the trunk is applied on cracks in the skin of the feet and
on scabies, and is believed helpful in cases of syphilis.
Mango kernel decoction and powder (not tannin-free) are used as vermifuges and as
astringents in diarrhoea, hemorrhages and bleeding hemorrhoids. The fat is
administered in cases of stomatitis. Extracts of unripe fruits and of bark, stems and
leaves have shown antibiotic activity
A somewhat resinous, red-brown gum from the trunk is used for mending crockery in
tropical Africa. In India, it is sold as a substitute for gum arabic.
Dried flowers are of medicinal value and used for curing dysentery and cattarah of
bladder. It is a cure for wasp sting, rubbed between hands and left to dry.
Mango fruit is one of the delicious fruit of India exported to many countries. The
green unripe fruits are used in curries, sharbats and pickles.
Picture 33: Tree- M. indica
41. 41 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MESUA FERREA
Family: Calophyllaceae
Genus: Mesua
Species: M. ferrea
Common name: Nahor, Nag kesar
Origin: India
Description: Evergreen tree, leaves opposite,
decussate, very variable, linear, lanceolate,
oblong lanceolate, elliptic oblong, obtuse or
acute at the base. Leaves crimson red turning
pink and ultimately becoming dark green.
Flowers white; sweet scented axillary and
terminal on short and stout peduncles usually
solitary.
Economic Importance:
Much planted as an ornamental around the temples and as avenue tree etc.
A good ornamental tree with almost all its parts very useful. The timber is very
durable and used for various purposes.
The seed oil, dried flowers are very fragrant, stamens stuffed in pillows for their
pleasant scent in Madura, (Indonesia).The fruits and seeds are sometimes eaten.
The oleo-resin from the bark, roots and immature fruits sometimes used as a
substitute for Canada balsam.
The parts used in various medicines include root, bark, leaves, a paste and a syrup
of the flowers and seed oil, etc.
Picture 34: Tree- M. ferrea
42. 42 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PANDANUS FURCATUS
Family: Pandanaceae
Genus: Pandanus
Species: P. furcatus
Common name: Ran-keura
Origin: India
Description: Plants vary in size from
small shrubs , up to medium-sized
trees. The leaves are strap-shaped.
They are dioecious, with male and
female flowers produced on different
plants. The female tree produces
flowers with round fruits that are also
bract-surrounded. The fruits are
globose, and have many prism-like
sections, resembling the fruit of the
pineapple.
Economic Importance:
Used for handicrafts. Craftswomen collect the pandan leaves from plants in the wild.
Only the young leaves are cut so the plant will naturally regenerate. The young
leaves are sliced in fine strips and sorted for further processing. Later, the weavers
will produce basic pandan mats of standard size or roll the leaves into pandan ropes
for other designs. This is followed by the colouring process, in which the pandan
mats are placed in drums with water-based colours. After drying, the coloured mats
are shaped into the final product, for instance a place mat or a jewellery box.
"Kewra" is extract distilled from the Pandanus flower, used to flavor drinks and
desserts in Indian cuisine.
Leaves are used in Southeast Asian cooking to add a distinct aroma to rice and curry
dishes such as nasi lemak, kaya ('jam') preserves, and desserts such as pandan
cake. Pandan leaf can be used as a complement to chocolate in many dishes, such
as ice cream. Fresh leaves are typically torn into strips, tied in a knot to facilitate
removal, placed in the cooking liquid, and then removed at the end of cooking. Dried
leaves and bottled extract may be bought in some places.
Picture 35: Tree- P. furcatus
43. 43 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PELTOPHORUM AFRICANUM
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Peltophorum
Species: Peltophorum africanum
Origin: Uganda
Description: Semi-deciduous to deciduous trees
with a spreading, untidy canopy. The leaves are
acacia-like and silver-grey covered with fine hair.
The leaves are twice compound with a pair of
leaflets at the tip; alternate; up to nine pairs of
pinnate each with 10-20 pairs of leaflets. Flowers
form upright, showy sprays of bright yellow flowers
with crinkled petals on the ends of branches.
Economic Importance:
The wood is used to make furniture, axe
handles, buckets and ornaments; it is also used as fuel.
Young leaves and pods are eaten by livestock.
Flowers provide a high yield of nectar and pollen for bee-keeping. The timber can be
used for furniture.
The wood is good for fuel. It makes a good shade tree for both livestock and humans.
Roots are used to heal wounds, toothache and throat sores; root, leaves and bark
used to clear intestinal parasites and relieve stomach problems; bark relieves colic;
stem and root used for diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also used to treat eyes.
Picture 36: Tree- Peltophorum africanum
44. 44 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PHOENIX SPP.
Botanical name:
1. P. dactylifera Linn.
2. P. sylvestris Roxb.
Family: Arecaceae
Origin:
1. P. dactylifera - India
2. P.sylvestris – India
Description: It is a medium-sized tree. The leaves
are pinnate, with spines on the petiole and about
150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30 cm long and 2 cm
broad. The full span of the crown ranges from 6–
10 m.
Economic Importance:
P. dactylifera dates are rich in sugars and eaten fresh dried; also used in bakery and
confectionery and made into jams and jellies and preserves. They are demulcent,
expectorant, and laxative, also used in respiratory diseases and fever. Brandy of
good quality is prepared from dates. Seeds (stones) when ground or softened by
soaking in water are used for feeding goats, camels, and horses and have been
successfully substituted as poultry feed. Sap is sweet and nutritive and laxative; used
for preparation of jaggery and ugar. Leaves used for thatching and for making mats,
fans, baskets, ropes etc. Petioles make light walking- sticks, also used for fishing
floats; also yields a fibre which together with other suitable material is used for
insulating boards. Fibre from green spathes used for ropes. Terminal leaf- bud
consumed as a vegetable. Wood used for house construction, bridges, water
conduits. Pruning of leaves used as manure. Tree yields a gum used in diarrhoea.
Pollens exhibit gonadotropic activity in rats, an oestrogenic substance isolated from
the fatty oil of dried pollen.
P. sylvestris tree is trapped for its sap used for making jiggery and sugar sap, called
“Nira” is a refreshing drink; after fermentation it forms toddy. Nira is a good source of
vitamin B and also contains vitamin C. Palm gur is said to be more nutritious than
cane gur. Fruits edible, considered restorative; maybe preserved as such or in the
form of jams and jellies. Leaves used for thatching and for making mats, fans,
baskets, bags, brooms, fishing-nets, etc.; also yields a soft fibre. Leaves lopped for
fodder. Wood used for temporary construction, bridges and piers, and tent pegs.
Trunks freed from pith used as water conduits. Roots used for toothache.
Picture 37: Tree- Phoenix spp.
45. 45 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PLUMERIA ACUTIFOLIA
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Plumeria
Species: P. acutifolia
Common name: Pagoda tree
Origin: Mexico
Description: A small tree, planted as an
ornamental. Trunk is usually leaning and
often branched. Leaves are long, narrow,
clustered near the end of branches.
Branches have many scars showing
where leaves have fallen off. White latex
drips out where a leaf is broken off, or
from any cut in bark or stems.
Economic Importance:
Bark is used as a stimulant, in decoction used as a purgative, febrifuge, and
emmenagogue; also used in dropsical and venereal affections and said to be a
powerful anti-herpatic.
Latex rubefacient and purgative; useful in treatments for itch, rheumatism, and
gum troubles.
Root cathartic.
Wood used for making drums and other musical instruments supposed to be free
from termites.
Picture 38: Tree- P. acutifolia
46. 46 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Polyalthia
Species: P. longifolia
Common name: Devdaru
Origin: India
Description: Tall, evergreen tree with a
conical crown. Short but numerous
branches and long; tapering; narrow
and drooping leaves with wavy margins.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, quite
glabrous, faintly gland dotted with wavy
margins. Flowers yellowish green, long
in fascicles or very short umbles.
Economic Importance:
The wood is tough and flexible, moderately hard but not very durable. In south India,
it is used for making drums. In china, it is used for matches.
The tree is planted for its dense shade and elegant appearance.
Bark is used medicinally as a febrifuge.
The fruits in times of scarcity are eaten by humans and all times by birds or monkeys.
Leaves are used for ornamental decoration in festivals. The tree is a main attraction
in gardens throughout India. The tree can be cut into various shapes and maintained
in required sizes.
Picture 39: Tree- P. longifolia
47. 47 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MILLETIA PINNATA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Millettia
Species: M. pinnata
Origin: India
Common name: Karanj
Description: Deciduous tree. The leaves are
a soft, shiny burgundy in early summer and
mature to a glossy, deep green as the
season progresses. Small clusters of white,
purple, and pink flowers blossom on their
branches throughout the year, maturing into
brown seed pods. Milletia pinnata is often
known by the synonym Pongamia pinnata as
it was moved to the genus Millettia only
recently.
Economic Importance:
Seeds yield fatty oil, Pongam oil that is used in tanning industry for dressing E.I.
leathers; it also finds use in the preparation of washing soaps, and candles, and as a
lubricant for heavy lathes, chains, enclosed gears and heavy engines, and bearings
of small gas engines.
Medicinally, it is applied in herpes, scabies, leucoderma, and other cutaneous
diseases. Internally it is used is dyspepsia with sluggish liver. Karanjin is the active
principle. Juice of leaves prescribed in flatulence, dyspepsia, diarrhoea and for
cough; also used in leprosy and gonorrhoea. Juice of roots used for cleansing foul
ulcers and fistulous sours and for cleaning teeth and strengthening gums.
Seed cakes used as manure.
Wood used for yokes of bullock- carts, ploughs, cart- wheels, rafters, thatched
cottages, oil mills, furniture, and small turnery articles. Its use as pattern wood and
for veneering has also been suggested.
Leaves lopped for fodder, act as a galactagogue. Roots and leaves used as fish
poison.
Bark yields fibre, used for cordage. Fresh bark given for piles. Decoction of bark used
in beri- beri.
Picture 40: Tree- M. pinnata
48. 48 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SANTALUM ALBUM
Family: Santalaceae
Genus: Santalum
Species: S. album
Common name: Chandan
Origin: India
Description: Small to medium sized
tree evergreen, with slender drooping
branches.Leaves thin, opposite,
ovate lanceolate, blade entire,
axillary or terminal panicled cymes.
Perianth campanulate, stamens four
alternating with four rounded obtuse
scales (lobes). Drupe globose with
hard- ribbed endocarp.
Economic Importance:
The fragrant heartwood found in the stem and the root is the most economically
important part of the tree. The wood is converted into chips and steam- distilled to
produce oil.
The sapwood which is used for producing „‟agarbattis‟‟. Fragrance of sandal is due to
Santanol, a polythenol.
Both the wood and oil are used in medicine. Sandal wood is known to dissipate the
effect of hot sun or fever, satiate thirst and leaves a cool but refreshing feeling. The
wood ground into paste, gives relief if applied on local inflammation, on boils on
forehead in fever and on skin diseases. Sandal wood decoction is given to cure
defects of genitourinary tract. In migraine, sandal paste or oil (in dilute form) maybe
applied in nostrils for relief and cure. Sandal paste is beauty-aid too.
Sandalwood chips are generally used for making agarbattis. Seasoned sapwood
maybe carved into curios, toys, carom coins and lacquerware.
The perfumery preparations called attars are also prepared by hydrodistillating the
volatile essence of flowers onto sandal oil. In medicine, it finds use as an antiseptic,
antipyretic, antiscabietic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and for treatment of
bronchitis, dysuria, gonorrhoea and urinary infections.
Picture 41: Tree- S. album
49. 49 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Sapindus
Species: S. mukorossi
Common name: Ritha
Origin: China
Description: The leaves are alternate, pinnate,
with 14-30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often
absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each
flower small, creamy white. The fruit, called a
soap nut, is a small leathery, yellow ripening
blackish, containing one to three seeds.
Economic Importance:
The soap nuts are used as a detergent;
also utilized for polishing jewellery and
for washing and bleaching cardamoms.
Soap nuts contain saponin, a natural detergent which is used to clean clothes. Soap
nuts have become popular as an environmentally friendly alternative to
manufactured, chemical detergents . A few nuts can be placed in a cotton drawstring
bag in with a washload and reused several times. Soap nuts are safe for washing
silk, woollens and other delicate fabrics. Saponin finds application as a textile
auxillary and also as an emulsifier in insecticides.
Fruits emetic and expectorant, used in excessive salivation, epilepsy, and chlorosis.
Soap nuts, especially are used medically as an expectorant, emetic, contraceptive,
and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, chlorosis, and migraines. Studies
show that saponin from soap nuts inhibits tumor cell growth. Soap nuts are among
the list of herbs and minerals in Ayurveda. They are a popular ingredient in Ayurvedic
shampoos and cleansers. Soap nuts have gentle insecticidal properties and are
traditionally used for removing lice from the scalp. Soap nuts are antimicrobial and
are beneficial for septic systems and greywater. Soap nuts are used in the
remediation of contaminated soil. They act as fish poison; powdered seeds
considered insecticidal. Fruit contains saponins which can be extracted by boiling the
powdered fruits.
Kernels contain a fixed oil which can be used for soap manufacture, and the
exhausted cake as a filler and fertilizer.
Wood finds use in charcoal- making.
Picture 42: Tree- S. mukorossi
50. 50 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SARACA ASOCA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Saraca
Species: S. asoca
Common name: Ashok
Origin: India
Description: It is small evergreen tree.
Leaves paripinnate, stipules intra-petioler,
united, and leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong,
lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers orange to
scarlet, in dense corymbose panicles; Calyx
yellowish orange to scarlet, petaloid, cylindric,
four lobed. Petals absent. Pods tapering at
both ends.
Economic Importance:
Bark astringent used in uterus infections. It has a stimulating effect on endometrium
and ovarian tissue and in useful in menorrhagia due to uterine fibroids, in
leucorrhoea and internal bleeding haemorrhoids, and hemorrhagic dysentery. Bark
also contains an oxytoxic principle. Flowers are also used as a uterine tonic; used
also in biliousness, hemorrhagic dysentery, and diabetes.
In general, it is considered as the best female tonic.
Fruits chewed as a substitute for areoa nuts. Pods make good forage.
The seeds are strengthening and the ash of plant is good for external application in
rheum-arthritis.
Wood used for plough and shafts.
Picture 43: Tree- S. asoca
51. 51 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Semecarpus
Species: S. anacardium
Common name: Bhilawa
Origin: India
Description: Semecarpus anacardium is a
deciduous tree. Its leaves are 7-24 inches long
and 2-12 inches wide mostly rounded a t the tip. It
has rounded, heart-shaped or narrowed leaf base
with leathery in texture. Flowers are small and
shorter than the leaves. Fruit is an inch long and
shining. It turns black when ripe. The nut is about
2.5 cm long, ovoid and smooth lustrous black
Economic Importance:
Fleshy, orange cup of the fruit eaten when ripe, significantly astringent. Pericarp
abounds in a black, oily, bitter, and highly vesicant juice, which has been traditionally
used for marking linen. Vesicant juice which is known in the trade as Bhilawan Shell
Liquid (BSL) is a rich source of phenols. A number of processes have been
developed and patented for converting BSL into non- vesicating semi- solid or solid
resins, which are utilised as bases for manufacture of varnishes, lacquers, enamels,
paints, moulding compositions, and water proofing and insulating electrical materials.
In the processes employed for extraction of shell liquid and subsequent treatment of
the liquid for conversion into resins, catechol, an essential oil, and a high boiling
phenolic constituent are obtained as by-products.
Kernels edible; yield a semi- drying oil used as a wood preservative and as a
lubricant for wooden axles of carts.
Wood suitable for cheap and light furniture, packing boxes, and splints.
Tree exudes a gum –resin used in leprosy and nervous debility.
Juice from the pericarp is an ingredient of marking inks.
Fruits used for ascites, rheumatism, asthma, epilepsy, and psoriasis, and also for
warts and tumours. Biological tests have shown that extract of the fruit is effective
against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx in tissue culture; extract
also shows hypoglycaemic action.
Picture 44: Tree- S. anacardium
52. 52 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SHOREA ROBUSTA
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Species: S. robusta
Common name: Sal
Origin: India
Description: The bark of the young
tree is smooth with a few long deep
and vertical furrows. Leaves are
ovate-oblong in shape. The flowers
are whitish in colour. These come out
in auxiliary racemose panicles
covered with white pubescence.
Economic Importance:
Sal wood ranks with teak and
deodar as one of the best
sleeper woods in India; and in
great demand in the form of
bellies and poles. After
treatment, the poles are
suitable for overhead electric,
telegraph, and telephone lines.
As domestic timber it is used
for beams, scantlings, rafters,
and floors, also used for piles,
mine work and pit-props , bridges, dug- out boats, carriage and wagon buildings,
spokes, fellows, and hubs of wheels, agricultural implements, tool handles, tent pegs,
liquid storage vats, and beer and oil casks. Spent bark is suitable for the production
of boards and isolation of cellulose.
Tree yields an oleoresin called Sal Dammar or Bengal Dammar (Laldhuna ral, dhup,
guggal) used as incense and also employed in paints and varnishes, and for caulking
boats. It has been employed for hardening softer waxes for use in shoe-polishes, and
for carbon papers and ribbons. Medicinally used as an astringent in diarrhoea and
dysentery. Sal resin yields an essential oil called Chua oil, used as a fixative, and for
flavouring chewing as well as smoking tobacco; also employed for ear troubles and
cutaneous diseases.
Seeds eaten after roasting; yield fatty oil, Sal butter, used locally for cooking and
lighting and as an adulterant of ghee; also suitable as a substitute for cocoa butter in
the manufacture of chocolates. Cake can be used as a feed for cattle and poultry.
Picture 45: Tree- S. robusta
53. 53 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF STERCULIA SPP.
Botanical name:
S. rupestris
S. villosa
Family: Sterculiaceae
Origin:
S. rupestris – Australia
S. villosa- India
Description: A moderate sized deciduous
tree with few spreading branches. Leaves
long and broad crowded at the ends of
branches, cordate, deeply palmately lobed,
flowers yellow, polygamous, mostly male.
Fruit follicle, each follicle sessile,
spreading. Seeds several in each follicle.
Economic Importance:
The wood of S. villosa is used
mainly for manufacturing tea-boxes and light packing cases.
Also used in ship-building, inferior match-boxes and splints, three –ply work.
It gives good fuel wood.
Bark yields a coarse but strong fibre that is used for cordage and for making rough
bags. It is used for breast bands of elephants for dragging timber and also for tying
cattle.
Seeds can be eaten after roasting or cooking.
A dye is obtained from the pericarp.
Bark also yields a gum used in veterinary medicine.
Picture 46: Tree- Sterculia spp.
54. 54 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TAXODIUM MUCRONATUM
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Taxodium
Species: T. mucronatum
Common name: Mexican
marsh- cypress, Montezuma
marsh cypress
Origin: Mexico
Description: It is a large
evergreen or semi-evergreen
tree. The leaves are spirally
arranged but twisted at the base
to lie in two horizontal ranks.
Leaves are alternate, simple,
lanceolate, linear. The pale
green, needle-like leaves are only
deciduous in the colder sections
of its range, remaining evergreen
elsewhere. The cones are ovoid.
Economic Importance:
The wood is used mainly in cases where resistance against decay is necessary
rather than for any real strength. Mai uses comprise planks, furniture, railway ties,
fence posts, and general construction work.
The Wood is durable in contact with soil and other conditions favourable to decay.
Also used for cooperage, piling, shingles, ships, and boats, coffins, sash, doors, and
fence posts, caskets and general milling work.
Can also be used for sulphate pulp suitable for writing and printing papers. The roots,
bark and leaves are astringent and are used in the treatment of diarrhoea and
bronchial troubles. Acrid resin used on wounds and ulcers.
Picture 47: Tree- T. mucronatum
55. 55 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TECTONA GRANDIS
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Tectona
Species: T. grandis
Common name: Teak
Origin: India
Description: Tectona grandis is a large,
deciduous tree. The very large leaves are shiny
above, hairy below. Flowers small, mauve to
white and arranged in large, flowering heads.
Fruit is a drupe and round, hard and woody,
enclosed in an inflated, bladder-like covering;
pale green at first, then brown at maturity. Each
fruit may contain 0 to 4 seeds.
Economic Importance:
Wood very durable, resistant to fungi.
Used for poles, beams, trusses, columns,
roofs, doors, window frames, flooring,
planking, panelling, and staircases, and other constructional work. One of the best
timbers for furniture and cabinet-making, wagon and railway carriages. Due to its
better shape-retention ability, teak is popular in marine constructions and is a class
by itself for boat- and ship building, particularly for decking. On account of its
resistance to chemicals, teak articles are used in chemical laboratories; suitable for
casks and vats for shipping corrosive liquids and for storing vegetable oils, fruit
syrups, chutneys etc.
Teak is employed for sound – boards of musical instruments, keys etc. and for
different grades of plywood.
Wood waste in the form of wood- shavings and sawdust is used for chip-boards,
fibreboards, and plastic boards.
Leaves contain about 6% tannin and a dye; also used for thatching. Oily product
obtained by distillation of wood chips applied to eczema.
Kernels yield fatty oil which is used in scabies and to promote the growth of hair.
Flowers used in biliousness, bronchitis, and urinary discharges. Both flowers and
seeds considered diuretic.
Bark astringent, used in bronchitis. Root bark used for colouring matting.
Picture 48: Tree- T. grandis
56. 56 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TERMINALIA SPP.
Botanical name:
1. T. arjuna
2. T. bellerica
Family: Combretaceae
Origin: India
Description: Large, evergreen tree with generally
fluted stem, spreading crown and drooping
branches. Leaves sub-opposite, oblong on elliptic,
hard, coriaceous, acute at the apex, base
rounded. Flowers in panicled spikes, with hairy
growth, small. Fruits ovoid or ovoid oblong, with
raised woody wings, single-seeded, hard pericarp.
Economic Importance:
T. arjuna: The timber is used for carts,
agricultural purposes, boat building, mine
props etc. It can also be used for general
structural purposes such as house building, water traps, oars, masts, transmission
poles. It is suitable for making of plywood of second grade and for tea chests. The
wood has high calorific value, makes excellent firewood, and produces good quality
charcoal for producer gas plants.
T. bellerica : Wood in mixture with other hardwood species has been found suitable
for manufacture of chemical pulps for writing, printing and wrapping papers. The
kernels yield non-edible oil used in manufacture of soaps after blending with other
oils. Leaves are highly valued as fodder for milch cattle. Leaves are also fed to tasar
silkworm. The tree yields a copious gum.
Picture 49: Tree- Terminalia spp.
57. 57 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THUJA ORIENTALIS
Common name: Chinese
arborvitae, Morpankhi
Family: Cupressaceae
Origin: China
Description: An evergreen
Tree. It is in leaf all year. The
flowers are monoecious
(individual flowers are either
male or female, but both
sexes can be found on the
same plant) and are
pollinated by Wind.
Economic Importance:
This plant is of high significance in Chinese herbalism where it is considered to be
one of the 50 fundamental herbs. Both the leaves and the seeds contain an essential
oil consisting of borneol, bornyl acetate, thujone, camphor and sesquiterpenes. The
leaves also contain rhodoxanthin, amentoflavone, quercetin, myricetin, carotene,
xanthophyll and ascorbic acid. The leaves are antibacterial, antipyretic, antitussive,
astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic,
refrigerant and stomachic. Their use is said to improve the growth of hair. They are
used internally in the treatment of coughs, haemorrhages, excessive menstruation,
bronchitis, asthma, skin infections, mumps, bacterial dysentery, arthritic pain and
premature baldness. The leaves are harvested for use as required and can be used
fresh or dried. It is used internally in the treatment of palpitations, insomnia, nervous
disorders and constipation in the elderly. The root bark is used in the treatment of
burns and scalds. The stems are used in the treatment of coughs, colds, dysentery,
rheumatism and parasitic skin diseases. Fruits and roots yield essential oils, and
seeds fatty oil. Leaves also yield an essential oil used as a tonic, diuretic, and
antipyretic.
Twigs and leaves are a good source of tannin.
A yellow dye is obtained from the young branches. Wood used for construction,
cabinet making, cooperage, furniture, house- building, fence- posts, barrels and
casks.
Picture 50: Tree- Thuja orientalis
58. 58 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOONA SPP.
Botanical name:
1. T. ciliata
2. T. serrata
Family: Meliaceae
Origin: India
Description: Large deciduous tree, with a
spreading crown. Leaves are long, usually
imparipinnate: leaflets opposite or
alternate, lanceolate, entire or wavy,
acuminate, base oblique. Flowers honey
scented, small, yellowish white, appear in
drooping, terminal panicles. Fruit is a dark
brown oblong capsule. Seeds are pale
brown, small, winged at both ends.
Economic Importance:
The timber is suitable for grade 1 commercial -plywood and grade 1 moisture –proof
plywood. It is also accepted as suitable for tea-chest plywood. It is suitable for
making match boxes but is unsuitable for splints on account of its reddish colour. It is
also used for making low grade pencils. Toon is also one of the woods suitable for
making racquets.
Toon is also used for making furniture, house construction, floors, boarding, panels of
doors and windows and also for making boats, oars, carvings, musical instruments,
masts etc.
A red colouring matter is obtained from the flowers known as “gunar” which is used
as a dye for woollen and cotton fibres with mordants; with safflower and turmeric, it
produces sulphur-yellow colour. Bark is bitter, astringent, antiperiodic and used for
infant dysentery.
Picture 51: Tree- Toona spp.
59. 59 | www.greencleanguide.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF XYLIA XYLOCARPA
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Xylia
Species: X. xylocarpa
Common name: Jambu, irul, pyinkado
Origin: India
Description: Medium to large deciduous
tree. Leaves with one pair of pinnae at the
end of common petioles, leaflets2-6 pair,
oblong acuminate. Flowers pale- yellow
wetly scented in long pedunculate globose
heads. Seeds ovoid, compressed, brown,
smooth and polished.
Economic Importance:
The wood is difficult to season and
is prone to surface cracking,
splitting and warping. It is an
extremely durable wood. It is a heavy constructional timber for railway sleepers,
bridges, piles, girders, and decking, mine work and pit- props, wagon floor boards
and general utility work. It is also used for making agricultural implements, boat-
building and tool handles. Locally, it is used in house construction work for posts,
beams and rafters, fence posts etc.
A good substitute for sal and Teak for beams, house construction.
Wood lasts well under water, it yields material for pulp.
It is largely used for fuel and manufacture of charcoal.
Decoction of bark given in gonorrhoea and diarrhoea; also used to stop vomiting and
as a vermifuge. Fruits yield fatty oil. Leaves used as manure.
Picture 52: Tree- X. xylocarpa
60. 60 | www.greencleanguide.com
INFORMATION REFERENCES
The useful plants of India, Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR
Wealth of India
Plantation Trees by R.K. Luna , International Book Distributers
Forest Flora of the Chakrata, Dehra Dun and Saharanpur Forest Divisions by U. N. Kanjilal,
Natraj Publishers
http://www.elgar.ca/
http://www.turningtools.co.uk/trees/trees2.html
PICTURE REFERENCES
Acacia auriculiformis - J.M.Garg, Secondary source on Wikipedia
Alstonia scholaris J.M.Garg, Secondary source on Wikipedia
Anogeissus pendula - National research centre for Agro-forestry
Anthocephalus chinensis Dinesh_valke on Flickr
Bombax ceiba Forstbirdo, Secondary source on Wikipedia
Delonix regia KenWalker, Secondary source on Wikipedia
Grevillea robusta Alvesgaspar, Secondary source on Wikipedia
Albert Einstein Official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph, Secondary source on
Wikimedia (Read copyright related information on Wikimedia)
Last page picture Böhringer Friedrich Secondary source on Wikimedia
Note: Remaining pictures were clicked by the Author. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of
copyrights and credit them duly but this has not been possible in all cases. Any oversight brought to our notice
will be remedied in future editions.
61. 61 | www.greencleanguide.com
The life of the individual has meaning only in so far as it aids
in making the life of every living thing nobler and more
beautiful.
Albert Einstein (The World As I See It, p. 104)