17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
Sonographic evaluation of fetal face is a part of anatomic survey in mid pregnancy
However , little is required; b/c according to american institute of ultrasound in modern practice guidelines, only visualization of fetal upper lip is mandatory during anatomy survey.
3D & 4D images are more informatory in cases where fetal face is hard to evaluate in 2D scan due to fetal position.
13-umblical cord imaging Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
13 umblical cord imaging dr ahmed esawy
single umblical artery
two vessels cords
four vessels cords
Two veins & two arteries
One vein & 3 arteries
One vein, two arteries and a duct
five and more vessels cords
Cords with unequal numbers of vessels at
the fetal and placental ends
Velamentous insertion of the cord
vasa previa
Ductus venosus agenesis
Replaced umbilical artery to the superior mesenteric
artery
Coronary sinus drainage to the umbilical portion of
the left portal vein
Persistent right umbilical vein
Arteriovenous fistula
Hypoplastic umbilical artery
Umbilical artery stenosis
Thrombosis
Segmental thinning of umbilical cord vessels
Umbilical cord constriction
Nuchal cord loops
Type A - nuchal loop that encircles the neck in a freely sliding pattern
Type B - nuchal loop that encircles the neck in a locked pattern
Other locations are also frequent, such as the abdomen or the lower limbs.
Multiple cord loops are also a frequent event. This is a rare case of quintuple
nuchal cord entanglement.
Some cords seem entangled but they are not, and they are called
draped around the neck.
Cord-to-cord entanglement in twin gestations
Umbilical vein varix
Abnormal cord coiling
Non-coiled cords and poorly coiled cords
Hyper-coiled cords
Abnormal cord length.
Short cords (Defined as total length of 40 cm or less
)
Long cords (defined as total length over 70 cm)
Abnormal cord width
In this presentation we will discuss role of high resolution in characterizing normal variant and pathologies of spinal pathologies.
This is a pictoral review.
Describes ultrasound appearance of uterus through different ages, basic transvaginal ultrasound and ultrasound of the cervix. It talks of how to do transvaginal ultrasound.
Sonographic evaluation of fetal face is a part of anatomic survey in mid pregnancy
However , little is required; b/c according to american institute of ultrasound in modern practice guidelines, only visualization of fetal upper lip is mandatory during anatomy survey.
3D & 4D images are more informatory in cases where fetal face is hard to evaluate in 2D scan due to fetal position.
13-umblical cord imaging Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
13 umblical cord imaging dr ahmed esawy
single umblical artery
two vessels cords
four vessels cords
Two veins & two arteries
One vein & 3 arteries
One vein, two arteries and a duct
five and more vessels cords
Cords with unequal numbers of vessels at
the fetal and placental ends
Velamentous insertion of the cord
vasa previa
Ductus venosus agenesis
Replaced umbilical artery to the superior mesenteric
artery
Coronary sinus drainage to the umbilical portion of
the left portal vein
Persistent right umbilical vein
Arteriovenous fistula
Hypoplastic umbilical artery
Umbilical artery stenosis
Thrombosis
Segmental thinning of umbilical cord vessels
Umbilical cord constriction
Nuchal cord loops
Type A - nuchal loop that encircles the neck in a freely sliding pattern
Type B - nuchal loop that encircles the neck in a locked pattern
Other locations are also frequent, such as the abdomen or the lower limbs.
Multiple cord loops are also a frequent event. This is a rare case of quintuple
nuchal cord entanglement.
Some cords seem entangled but they are not, and they are called
draped around the neck.
Cord-to-cord entanglement in twin gestations
Umbilical vein varix
Abnormal cord coiling
Non-coiled cords and poorly coiled cords
Hyper-coiled cords
Abnormal cord length.
Short cords (Defined as total length of 40 cm or less
)
Long cords (defined as total length over 70 cm)
Abnormal cord width
In this presentation we will discuss role of high resolution in characterizing normal variant and pathologies of spinal pathologies.
This is a pictoral review.
Describes ultrasound appearance of uterus through different ages, basic transvaginal ultrasound and ultrasound of the cervix. It talks of how to do transvaginal ultrasound.
En esta presentación nos permitirá abordar los principales detalles morfológicos y algunas características fisiopatológicas acerca del hígado y las vías biliares humanas.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 012 Fourth week development A embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
During the fourth week of embryonic development, neurulation and somite formation are critical processes that contribute to the formation of the nervous system and musculoskeletal structures.
These processes are intricately connected and occur concurrently during the fourth week of embryonic development. Neurulation sets the stage for the formation of the nervous system, while somite formation contributes to the development of the musculoskeletal system.
Congenital anomalies of head,neck and face(Radiology) including USG and fetal...Shaurya Agarwal
Congenital anomalies of head,neck and face(Radiology) including USG ,fetal mri including conditions of cleft lip ,palate, branchial cleft abn ormalities,nasofrontal masses ,down syndrome,turner syndrome,
By dr Rabab Hashem, MRCPCH, pediatrician at El Nasr hospital Port said.
Cranial sonography is the most widely used neuroimaging procedure in premature infants. US helps in assessing the neurologic status of the child, since clinical examination and symptoms are often nonspecific. It gives information about immediate and long term prognosis.
FETAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ANAOMALIES PRESENTATIONkumarramalakshmi
various fetal cns anamolies described with ante nantal and postnatal imaging features of ultrasound, barium study CT and MRI in each entity with representative iamges
ultrasonography in obstetrics, usg in obstetrics, ultrasound in obstetrics, doppler in obstetrics, usg doppler in obstetrics, signs in ultrasound, anomaly scan, pregnancy scan, ultrasound in pregnancy,
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
4. The gestational sac in 2D ultrasound at 4–6 weeks' gestation
Legend:The gestational sac in 2D ultrasound at 4–6 weeks' gestation
5. The gestational sac in 3D ultrasound at 4–7 weeks' gestation
Legend:The gestational sac in 3D ultrasound at 4–7 weeks' gestation
6. A close look at the gestational sac at 7 weeks' gestation
Legend:A close look at the gestational sac at 7 weeks' gestation
7. Embryo at 7–10 weeks' gestation
Legend:Sonography of the embryonic period with 3D (top) and 2D ultrasound.
The developing cerebral vesicles are well seen
8. Brain vesicles at 8 weeks' gestation
Legend:Brain vesicles at 8 weeks' gestation
9. Brain vesicles at 8 weeks' gestation: the unfolded embryo
Legend:Brain vesicles at 8 weeks' gestation: the unfolded embryo
10. Casts of the cerebral vesicles at 7–10 weeks' gestation
Legend:Casts of the cerebral vesicles at 7–10 weeks' gestation
11. End of embryogenesis and beginning of fetal period: 11 weeks' gestation
Legend:End of embryogenesis and beginning of fetal period: 11 weeks' gestation
24. Desprendimiento prematuro de placenta normoinserta
(D.P.P.N.), abruptio placentae o accidente de Baudelocque |
Legend:Abruptio placentae
25. Legend:A combination of sagittal and coronal sections allows a detailed
evaluation of the fetal face from early gestation
The fetal face 2D sonography of the fetal face
CRESTA ALVEOLAR
POSTERIOR PALADAR DURO
VELO DEL PALADAR
UVULA
LABIO SUPERIOR
26. 3D sonography of fetal face
Legend:3D ultrasound is an ideal tool for the evaluation of the fetal face
28. 3D ultrasound of the fetal skull
Legend:The bones that form the fetal skull and the interposed sutures and fontanelles
are visualized using an application of 3D ultrasound
37. Binder syndrome
Legend:Binder syndrome or maxillo-nasal dysplasia can be diagnosed in early gestation.
The prominent feature is the small nose with flattening of the fronto-nasal angle.
It is frequently associated with other anomalies affecting mostly the fetal skeleton,
malformations of the cervical spine, chondrodysplasia punctata and warfarin embryopathy
39. Trigonocephaly
Legend:An abnormal shape of the skull with a triangular forehead and a premature
closure of the metopic suture is suggestive of trigonocephaly, a rare form of
craniostenosis that is frequently associated with other anomalies
41. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
Legend:Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized
by overgrowth and different patterns of anomalies including mostly omphalocele,
macrosomia, macroglossia and placental dysplasia
42. The fetal brain Normal fetal
brain at midgestation: basic
survey
Legend:Normal fetal brain at
midgestation: basic survey
43. Normal fetal brain at midgestation: advanced examination
Legend:Normal fetal brain at midgestation: advanced examination
44. Fetal spine and neural canal
Legend:Fetal spine and neural canal
51. Facial anomalies with holoprosencephaly
Legend:Facial anomalies with holoprosencephaly
52. Agenesis of the septum pellucidum
Legend:With agenesis of the septum pellucidum there is a central communication
between the cavities of the frontal horns
53. Complete agenesis of the corpus callosum
Legend:Complete agenesis of the corpus callosum: in most fetuses with complete
agenesis of the corpus callosum there is a wide interhemispheric fissure and lateral
separation of frontal horns
54. Partial agenesis of the corpus callosum
Legend:With partial agenesis of the corpus callosum only the most anterior portion
is present
55. Megacisterna magna
Legend:With megacisterna magna the depth of the cisterna magna is increased but
the cerebellum has a normal appearance and the fourth ventricle appears normally
closed by the posterior vermis
56. Dandy-Walker malformation
Legend:Dandy-Walker malformation is a distortion of the anatomy of the posterior fossa
characterized by the following elements: the cisterna magna is expanded and the
tentorium is displaced superiorly, the cerebellar vermis is rotated superiorly and this
results in a posterior opening of the fourth ventricle; the vermis may be normal,
hypoplastic or absent; the cerebellar hemispheres may be normal or hypoplastic;
ventriculomegaly and other anomalies are frequent
57. Blake’s pouch cyst
Legend:This anomaly is similar to the Dandy-Walker malformation but for the tentorium
that is in a normal position and the vermis that is by definition intact; frequently it is a
normal variant without clinical implications
58. Vermian hypoplasia
Legend:This anomaly is similar to Blake’s pouch cyst but for the hypoplasia of the vermis
that is small and dysmorphic. It was once referred to as ‘Dandy-Walker variant’ and is
frequently associated with other anomalies
60. Types of cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly
Legend:Types of cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly
61. Intracranial hemorrhage
Legend:A large blood clot within the distended lateral ventricles and a cystic cavity in
the periventricular cortex suggestive of a parenchymal infarction: this is a grade IV
65. Intracranial hemorrhage
Legend:A large blood clot within the distended lateral ventricles and a cystic cavity in the
periventricular cortex suggestive of a parenchymal infarction: this is a grade IV hemorrhage
66. Brain findings with fetal cytomegalovirus infection
Legend:(a) and (b) Periventricular echogenic halo similar to that described for
periventricular leukomalacia, mild ventriculomegaly, irregular choroid plexus; (c) a
more severe case; echogenicities within the cortex are associated with an excessive
size of the subarachnoid space suggesting microencephaly.
67. Brain findings with fetal toxoplasmosis
Legend:Mild ventriculomegaly, multiple echogenicities into the cortex
70. Vein of Galen aneurysm
Legend:Vein of Galen aneurysm
71. Lissencephaly
Legend:The surface of the brain is unusually smooth for a fetus at 28 weeks’ gestation
(the Sylvian fossa is shallow and there is no sign of the cingulate and precentral gyrus;
the texture of the cortex is more irregular and echogenic than usual
73. Intracranial tumors
Legend:Teratoma results in complex masses that cannot be clearly differentiated from
the surrounding normal brain tissue; craniopharyngioma is a well defined echogenic
mass
81. Two-dimensional gray scale imaging of ventricular
septal defects
Legend:Two-dimensional gray scale imaging of ventricular septal defects
82. Color and pulsed Doppler of blood shunting across a
muscular ventricular septal defect
Legend:Color and pulsed Doppler of blood shunting across a muscular ventricular
septal defect
85. Outlet ventricular septal defect
Legend:Outlet ventricular septal defect: the arrow indicates a large defect of the
outlet portion of the ventricular septum associated with malalignment of the great
vessels
89. Partial atrioventricular canal
Legend:Partial atrioventricular canal: two separate atrioventricular valves insert at the
same level on the ventricular septum, and there is a defect of the atrial septum
91. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Legend:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: there is a small left ventricle with an internal
echogenic lining suggestive of endocardial fibroelastosis, there is no flow across the
mitral valve and the aortic arch is perfused in a retrograde manner
92. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Legend:Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: the right ventricle is small,
there is significant tricuspid regurgitation, there is no flow across the pulmonary vale,
and there is streaming of flow into the pulmonary artery as a consequence of
retrograde perfusion through the ductus arteriosus
93. Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve
Legend:Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve: the leaflets of the tricuspid valve
are displaced apically compared to the atrioventricular junction and there is massive
tricuspid regurgitation
95. Tetralogy of Fallot
Legend:Tetralogy of Fallot: a large aorta overrides the ventricular septum, the
pulmonary artery patent but significantly reduced in size and the right outflow tract is
restricted
96. Complete transposition of great arteries
Legend:Complete transposition of great arteries: two great vessels arise in parallel
fashion from the base of the heart without crossing; the posterior vessel connected to
the left ventricle bifurcates and can therefore be positively identified as the pulmonary
artery; the anterior vessel arising from the right ventricle has a long upward course
and is the aortic arch
97. Double outlet right ventricle
Legend:Double outlet right ventricle: there is large outlet septal defect and the two
great arteries arise side by side predominantly from the right ventricle
98. Truncus arteriosus communis
Legend:Truncus arteriosus communis: a single large vessel with a thickened valve
arises from the base the heart and give rise to the aortic arch and main pulmonary
artery
100. Coarctation/tubular hypoplasia of aortic arch
Legend:Coarctation/tubular
hypoplasia of aortic arch:
ventricular disproportion with
dominance of the right cavities,
small aortic arch compared to
the ductal arch in the transverse
view, small and tortuous aortic
with the impression of a shelf in
the longitudinal views
101. Aortic stenosis
Legend:Aortic stenosis: hypertrophic left ventricle, thickened aortic valve, slightly
enlarged aortic root with high velocity turbulent flow and mitral regurgitation
102. Pulmonic stenosis
Legend:Pulmonic stenosis: severe hypertrophy
of right ventricle with little anterograde flow
and regurgitation across the tricuspid valve;
thickened and poorly opening pulmonary valve;
streaming of flow into the pulmonary artery
due to the combination of anterograde high
velocity flow across the stenotic pulmonic valve
and retrograde flow from the ductus venosus
103. Cardiac anomalies associated with isomerism
Legend:Cardiac anomalies associated with isomerism: common atrium (CA),
atrioventricular canal (AV canal) with abnormal connections of the pulmonary veins,
parallel great vessels
