This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing. 6/2014.
This document discusses current transformer (CT) testing theory and practice. It covers the differences between self-contained and transformer-rated meters, and describes the functions and terminology used for CTs, including ratio, thermal rating factor, accuracy classifications, and burden. It explains how to test CTs for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens through both analog and digital methods. Testing involves measuring the secondary current with no burden applied and comparing it to the current reading when various burden levels are applied to ensure accurate performance within specifications.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing.
This presentation discusses self-contained vs. transformer rated CTs, functions and terminology, CT testing, ratio testing, burden testing, and more. 06/26/2019
This application note is part 2 and deals with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on dye solar cells. The effect of various parameters is shown by means of experiments. Different EIS models are discussed which can be used to analyze impedance spectra.
This document discusses surge testing and the Error Area Ratio (EAR) method for evaluating surge test results. It describes how EAR provides an objective measurement to determine if differences between waveforms are acceptable by calculating the ratio of the error area to the reference area. Specifically, it outlines:
- How EAR analyzes the area between two waveforms to quantify differences and normalize the result for comparison.
- The two main applications of EAR - Pulse-to-Pulse (P-P EAR) which compares waveforms at different voltages, and Line-to-Line (L-L EAR) which compares different windings.
- While EAR removes subjectivity, manufacturers don't provide
Current transformers (CTs) are tested for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens. Ratio testing involves measuring the primary and secondary currents to calculate the ratio. Burden testing applies varying levels of burden to the secondary loop to ensure the CT maintains accuracy within 0.3% up to 0.5 ohms of burden, as specified by ANSI standards. Admittance testing uses an audio frequency signal to measure the "health" of the secondary loop. CTs can become magnetized over time and may need to be demagnetized by slowly increasing and decreasing the secondary resistance to saturate and remove residual magnetism.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing. 6/2014.
This document discusses current transformer (CT) testing theory and practice. It covers the differences between self-contained and transformer-rated meters, and describes the functions and terminology used for CTs, including ratio, thermal rating factor, accuracy classifications, and burden. It explains how to test CTs for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens through both analog and digital methods. Testing involves measuring the secondary current with no burden applied and comparing it to the current reading when various burden levels are applied to ensure accurate performance within specifications.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing.
This presentation discusses self-contained vs. transformer rated CTs, functions and terminology, CT testing, ratio testing, burden testing, and more. 06/26/2019
This application note is part 2 and deals with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on dye solar cells. The effect of various parameters is shown by means of experiments. Different EIS models are discussed which can be used to analyze impedance spectra.
This document discusses surge testing and the Error Area Ratio (EAR) method for evaluating surge test results. It describes how EAR provides an objective measurement to determine if differences between waveforms are acceptable by calculating the ratio of the error area to the reference area. Specifically, it outlines:
- How EAR analyzes the area between two waveforms to quantify differences and normalize the result for comparison.
- The two main applications of EAR - Pulse-to-Pulse (P-P EAR) which compares waveforms at different voltages, and Line-to-Line (L-L EAR) which compares different windings.
- While EAR removes subjectivity, manufacturers don't provide
Current transformers (CTs) are tested for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens. Ratio testing involves measuring the primary and secondary currents to calculate the ratio. Burden testing applies varying levels of burden to the secondary loop to ensure the CT maintains accuracy within 0.3% up to 0.5 ohms of burden, as specified by ANSI standards. Admittance testing uses an audio frequency signal to measure the "health" of the secondary loop. CTs can become magnetized over time and may need to be demagnetized by slowly increasing and decreasing the secondary resistance to saturate and remove residual magnetism.
Basics of Electrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyGamryInstruments
An introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) theory and has been kept as free from mathematics and electrical theory as possible. If you still find the material presented here difficult to understand, don't stop reading. You will get useful information from this application note, even if you don't follow all of the discussions.
This presentation goes over the varying types of meter forms, self-contained vs. transformer-rated, as well as Blondel's Theorem. This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School.
This document provides information on different electrical concepts including:
- Voltage, current, and resistance definitions.
- Electric power formula using voltage, current, energy, and time.
- Active and passive electronic components and their definitions.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance.
- Current and voltage division rules for circuits with parallel and series resistors.
- Ideal and non-ideal voltage and current sources and their characteristics.
- Examples of calculations using the concepts covered.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM AND WHEATSTONE BRIDGE experiment 4Karimi LordRamza
1) The document describes an experiment to analyze DC resistive circuits using Thevenin's Theorem and analyze an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge.
2) Key aspects of the experiment include using Thevenin's Theorem to determine equivalent resistance (Rth) and voltage (Vth) for circuits, and analyzing how these values change when measuring a Wheatstone bridge circuit with an unknown resistance.
3) Results showed differences between estimated and measured values for currents and voltages due to experimental errors like resistance in connecting wires. Thevenin's Theorem was useful for simplifying complex circuits into equivalent components.
This document provides an overview and agenda for an advanced training session on field CT testing. It discusses the key topics of ratio, burden, and admittance testing to evaluate the functionality and health of current transformers (CTs). The summary discusses:
- Ratio testing measures the proportional relationship between primary and secondary currents.
- Burden testing checks that CTs maintain accurate ratios with varying levels of burden on the secondary loop, up to specified limits.
- Admittance testing uses injected audio signals to evaluate the overall "health" of the CT's secondary loop in millisiemens values. Interpreting the results requires analysis to understand implications.
- Demagnetization procedures are also covered to address issues like
This document discusses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measures the impedance of electrical circuits and electrochemical cells. Impedance refers to the frequency-dependent resistance to current flow. EIS applies a small alternating current signal of varying frequency to measure impedance. Impedance includes resistances from electron transfer reactions and transport of electroactive materials. EIS can be used to study faradic impedance at electrode surfaces and determine different contributions to overall cell impedance. It has also been used to study changes in electrical impedance of biological materials and tissues after applying high voltage pulses.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing
This document discusses transformer-rated metering fundamentals, including:
- Transformer-rated meters measure current through current transformers and sometimes voltage transformers, unlike self-contained meters which connect directly to the load.
- Blondel's theorem states that total power in a polyphase system can be measured using N-1 meters connected between each line and a common point.
- Meeting Blondel's theorem ensures accurate power measurements under all conditions, while violations may cause errors if voltage and current are not balanced.
- Examples show how to apply Blondel's theorem correctly for 3-phase 4-wire systems.
The document discusses resistance in series and parallel circuits. For series circuits, the total resistance (Rs) is calculated by adding the individual resistances. For parallel circuits, the total resistance (Rp) is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. An example is provided showing how to calculate the equivalent resistance of two light bulbs connected in parallel.
1) The document discusses the concept of lumped circuit abstraction, which treats electrical elements like resistors and batteries as "black boxes" defined by their terminals and key electrical properties.
2) A key aspect of lumped circuit abstraction is that it allows engineers to ignore complicated internal details and analyze elements independently, as long as three constraints of the lumped matter discipline are met.
3) The document provides an example of using Kirchhoff's laws to analyze a circuit with multiple resistors and determine the current flowing in one element.
Case Study: Cyclic Voltametric MeasurementHasnain Ali
The design of an ac Cyclic Voltammetric Measurement System for the in –situ measurement of dissolved oxygen in sediment on the seabed. The measurement strategy should be based on linear ramp cyclic voltammetry
The document discusses various circuit theorems including:
1. Linearity property and superposition principle which allow complex circuits to be simplified by treating sources individually.
2. Source transformations allow replacing voltage sources in series with resistances by current sources in parallel with resistances.
3. Thevenin's theorem states any linear two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistance.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these theorems to solve for unknown voltages and currents.
This presentation summarizes key concepts in electrical circuits including Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), mesh analysis, current divider rule, equivalent resistance, series and parallel circuits, and superposition theorem. It introduces electrical circuits as paths for electron flow from a voltage or current source. Specific topics covered include KCL, mesh analysis techniques and examples, using the current divider rule to determine current flow in parallel branches, calculating equivalent resistance, distinguishing series and parallel components, and applying the superposition theorem by considering one source at a time in linear circuits.
This document summarizes an experiment to verify Ohm's law and analyze resistive circuits. The experiment has two parts: 1) Develop a voltage-current characteristic curve for a resistor to verify Ohm's law. Measure voltage and current at increasing voltage levels and plot the relationship. 2) Determine voltages and currents in series and parallel resistor circuits using voltage and current divider rules. Measure voltages across individual resistors in series to verify calculations match measurements.
This document discusses the superposition theorem for electrical circuits. The superposition theorem states that the response in any branch of a linear circuit with multiple independent sources is equal to the sum of the responses from each source acting alone. It works by replacing all other sources with their internal impedances (short circuits for voltage sources, open circuits for current sources) and calculating the contribution of each source individually. The superposition theorem is important for circuit analysis and is used to convert circuits into equivalent Norton or Thevenin circuits. It applies to linear networks containing independent sources, linear dependent sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
This document discusses and provides examples of applying network theorems, including Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and the superposition theorem, to calculate currents in branches of circuits. These theorems allow complex networks to be reduced to simpler equivalent circuits. Thevenin's theorem replaces a network with a voltage source in series with a resistance, while Norton's theorem uses a current source in parallel with a resistance. The superposition theorem allows calculating the total current as the sum of the currents from individual voltage sources. Examples are provided to calculate a current using each theorem and nodal analysis, and the results are shown to be the same, demonstrating the utility of network theorems in circuit analysis.
This document describes an electrical circuits lab experiment on potentiometers, voltage dividers, and current dividers. The objectives are to identify how a potentiometer works and explain voltage and current distribution using the voltage and current divider rules. The experiment involves using a potentiometer, DC circuit board, multimeter, and software to simulate circuits and measure voltages and currents in series and parallel circuits. Key conclusions are that voltage is proportionally divided in series circuits based on resistances, current through a resistor in parallel is proportional to the total current times the resistance ratio, and a potentiometer can be used as an adjustable voltage divider by varying the wiper connection point.
The document provides information about various collaboration and file storage tools including Google Drive, Google Photos, Docs, Sheets, and Slides. It discusses how Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud, synchronize across devices, and share files. It also mentions the storage space is shared across Google services and describes getting additional free storage with Chromebooks or Android phones. Finally, it shows the speaker's LinkedIn profile and provides information on what LinkedIn is and its features for connecting professionally and finding jobs or answers from industry experts.
Basics of Electrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyGamryInstruments
An introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) theory and has been kept as free from mathematics and electrical theory as possible. If you still find the material presented here difficult to understand, don't stop reading. You will get useful information from this application note, even if you don't follow all of the discussions.
This presentation goes over the varying types of meter forms, self-contained vs. transformer-rated, as well as Blondel's Theorem. This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School.
This document provides information on different electrical concepts including:
- Voltage, current, and resistance definitions.
- Electric power formula using voltage, current, energy, and time.
- Active and passive electronic components and their definitions.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance.
- Current and voltage division rules for circuits with parallel and series resistors.
- Ideal and non-ideal voltage and current sources and their characteristics.
- Examples of calculations using the concepts covered.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM AND WHEATSTONE BRIDGE experiment 4Karimi LordRamza
1) The document describes an experiment to analyze DC resistive circuits using Thevenin's Theorem and analyze an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge.
2) Key aspects of the experiment include using Thevenin's Theorem to determine equivalent resistance (Rth) and voltage (Vth) for circuits, and analyzing how these values change when measuring a Wheatstone bridge circuit with an unknown resistance.
3) Results showed differences between estimated and measured values for currents and voltages due to experimental errors like resistance in connecting wires. Thevenin's Theorem was useful for simplifying complex circuits into equivalent components.
This document provides an overview and agenda for an advanced training session on field CT testing. It discusses the key topics of ratio, burden, and admittance testing to evaluate the functionality and health of current transformers (CTs). The summary discusses:
- Ratio testing measures the proportional relationship between primary and secondary currents.
- Burden testing checks that CTs maintain accurate ratios with varying levels of burden on the secondary loop, up to specified limits.
- Admittance testing uses injected audio signals to evaluate the overall "health" of the CT's secondary loop in millisiemens values. Interpreting the results requires analysis to understand implications.
- Demagnetization procedures are also covered to address issues like
This document discusses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measures the impedance of electrical circuits and electrochemical cells. Impedance refers to the frequency-dependent resistance to current flow. EIS applies a small alternating current signal of varying frequency to measure impedance. Impedance includes resistances from electron transfer reactions and transport of electroactive materials. EIS can be used to study faradic impedance at electrode surfaces and determine different contributions to overall cell impedance. It has also been used to study changes in electrical impedance of biological materials and tissues after applying high voltage pulses.
This presentation will give you an understanding of self contained and transformer rated current transformers. You will also discuss meter testing, CT testing, ratio & burden testing
This document discusses transformer-rated metering fundamentals, including:
- Transformer-rated meters measure current through current transformers and sometimes voltage transformers, unlike self-contained meters which connect directly to the load.
- Blondel's theorem states that total power in a polyphase system can be measured using N-1 meters connected between each line and a common point.
- Meeting Blondel's theorem ensures accurate power measurements under all conditions, while violations may cause errors if voltage and current are not balanced.
- Examples show how to apply Blondel's theorem correctly for 3-phase 4-wire systems.
The document discusses resistance in series and parallel circuits. For series circuits, the total resistance (Rs) is calculated by adding the individual resistances. For parallel circuits, the total resistance (Rp) is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. An example is provided showing how to calculate the equivalent resistance of two light bulbs connected in parallel.
1) The document discusses the concept of lumped circuit abstraction, which treats electrical elements like resistors and batteries as "black boxes" defined by their terminals and key electrical properties.
2) A key aspect of lumped circuit abstraction is that it allows engineers to ignore complicated internal details and analyze elements independently, as long as three constraints of the lumped matter discipline are met.
3) The document provides an example of using Kirchhoff's laws to analyze a circuit with multiple resistors and determine the current flowing in one element.
Case Study: Cyclic Voltametric MeasurementHasnain Ali
The design of an ac Cyclic Voltammetric Measurement System for the in –situ measurement of dissolved oxygen in sediment on the seabed. The measurement strategy should be based on linear ramp cyclic voltammetry
The document discusses various circuit theorems including:
1. Linearity property and superposition principle which allow complex circuits to be simplified by treating sources individually.
2. Source transformations allow replacing voltage sources in series with resistances by current sources in parallel with resistances.
3. Thevenin's theorem states any linear two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistance.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these theorems to solve for unknown voltages and currents.
This presentation summarizes key concepts in electrical circuits including Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), mesh analysis, current divider rule, equivalent resistance, series and parallel circuits, and superposition theorem. It introduces electrical circuits as paths for electron flow from a voltage or current source. Specific topics covered include KCL, mesh analysis techniques and examples, using the current divider rule to determine current flow in parallel branches, calculating equivalent resistance, distinguishing series and parallel components, and applying the superposition theorem by considering one source at a time in linear circuits.
This document summarizes an experiment to verify Ohm's law and analyze resistive circuits. The experiment has two parts: 1) Develop a voltage-current characteristic curve for a resistor to verify Ohm's law. Measure voltage and current at increasing voltage levels and plot the relationship. 2) Determine voltages and currents in series and parallel resistor circuits using voltage and current divider rules. Measure voltages across individual resistors in series to verify calculations match measurements.
This document discusses the superposition theorem for electrical circuits. The superposition theorem states that the response in any branch of a linear circuit with multiple independent sources is equal to the sum of the responses from each source acting alone. It works by replacing all other sources with their internal impedances (short circuits for voltage sources, open circuits for current sources) and calculating the contribution of each source individually. The superposition theorem is important for circuit analysis and is used to convert circuits into equivalent Norton or Thevenin circuits. It applies to linear networks containing independent sources, linear dependent sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
This document discusses and provides examples of applying network theorems, including Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and the superposition theorem, to calculate currents in branches of circuits. These theorems allow complex networks to be reduced to simpler equivalent circuits. Thevenin's theorem replaces a network with a voltage source in series with a resistance, while Norton's theorem uses a current source in parallel with a resistance. The superposition theorem allows calculating the total current as the sum of the currents from individual voltage sources. Examples are provided to calculate a current using each theorem and nodal analysis, and the results are shown to be the same, demonstrating the utility of network theorems in circuit analysis.
This document describes an electrical circuits lab experiment on potentiometers, voltage dividers, and current dividers. The objectives are to identify how a potentiometer works and explain voltage and current distribution using the voltage and current divider rules. The experiment involves using a potentiometer, DC circuit board, multimeter, and software to simulate circuits and measure voltages and currents in series and parallel circuits. Key conclusions are that voltage is proportionally divided in series circuits based on resistances, current through a resistor in parallel is proportional to the total current times the resistance ratio, and a potentiometer can be used as an adjustable voltage divider by varying the wiper connection point.
The document provides information about various collaboration and file storage tools including Google Drive, Google Photos, Docs, Sheets, and Slides. It discusses how Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud, synchronize across devices, and share files. It also mentions the storage space is shared across Google services and describes getting additional free storage with Chromebooks or Android phones. Finally, it shows the speaker's LinkedIn profile and provides information on what LinkedIn is and its features for connecting professionally and finding jobs or answers from industry experts.
El documento describe las características del software propietario, el cual no permite el acceso libre a su código fuente ni su modificación por terceros. Aunque las empresas suelen ofrecer soporte técnico, la principal desventaja es la ausencia de las cuatro libertades básicas del software libre. El software propietario limita la flexibilidad y no permite analizarlo ni mejorarlo para adaptarlo a las necesidades del usuario.
The document discusses the use of various tools in Final Cut Pro X during the editing and construction of a music video. It highlights select tools, such as trimming clips, cutting clips, moving clips, zooming tracks, adding markers, adding effects like black and white, adding transitions, adding text, and using slow motion/overcranking. The document provides examples of how these tools were used to edit footage, synchronize audio and video, create different scenes and moods, and construct the final music video project.
Este documento contiene varios pasajes bíblicos del Cantar de los Cantares que describen el cortejo y la intimidad entre esposos. También incluye información sobre las cuatro fases del deseo sexual y consejos para alcanzar una intimidad perfecta basada en amar el alma del cónyuge.
Muestra los antecedentes que dieron origen a la teoría de la tectónica de placas y la forma en que se mueven cada uno de los límites o bordes de placas tectónicas.
Edwin Locke put forward the goal-setting theory of motivation in the 1960s, stating that specific and difficult goals with feedback lead to higher task performance. The theory emphasizes that goals need to be specific, difficult but attainable, accepted, used to evaluate performance, and linked to timely, credible feedback. Setting goals improves performance by increasing motivation, effort, and feedback quality. Research supports predictions that the most effective performance results from specific, challenging goals that create commitment and acceptance.
Historia de la arquitectura Luis Torreslucho torres
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial. Muchos países experimentaron fuertes caídas en el PIB y aumentos en el desempleo debido a los cierres generalizados y las restricciones a los viajes. Aunque las vacunas han permitido la reapertura de muchas economías, los efectos a largo plazo en sectores como el turismo y los viajes aún no están claros. Se espera que la recuperación económica mundial tarde varios años en completarse.
Optimización compras y devoluciones de la Empresa Ventas por CatálogoMonica Agudelo Mejia
Teniendo en cuenta que el Lean Manufacturing, es un modelo de gestión enfocado a la creación de flujo para poder entregar el máximo valor para los clientes, con el mínimo de recursos necesarios, en la presente se hará un enfoque en la reducción de “desperdicios” que para este caso es el de tiempo de espera para las asesoras, y en el presente análisis se traduce en pérdida de tiempo, en la tramitología de cambios y devoluciones en la empresa de venta por catálogo.
El documento describe las dificultades de aprendizaje, también conocidas como trastornos del aprendizaje. Explica que estas dificultades pueden deberse a alteraciones en el sujeto o en su ambiente que afectan su proceso de aprendizaje. Además, revisa investigaciones que han estudiado las características psicológicas, neurológicas y pedagógicas de los niños con dificultades de aprendizaje y los enfoques para su diagnóstico y atención.
This presentation was for an Advanced Session at North Carolina Meter School and discussed CT functionality Basics, Terminology and Specifications, Ratio Testing, Burden Testing, Admittance Testing, and Demag Functions.
This presentation goes over CT functionality basics, ratio testing, burden testing, admittance testing, and demag functions. Presented at NC Meter School 2022.
This presentation discusses self-contained vs. transformer-rated CTs, functions and terminology, CT testing, ratio testing, burden testing, and more. Presented at NC Meter School 2022.
This document summarizes a thesis on modeling metal oxide surge arresters using ATP-EMTP. It discusses two common models for metal oxide surge arresters: the IEEE model and the Pinceti model. It presents the modeling results for two arresters using each model and compares the percentage errors between the modeled and actual arrester performance data. The conclusion is that both models can predict arrester behavior with less than 10-14% error depending on the impulse current waveform. The IEEE model has higher errors than the Pinceti model for standard waves, while the Pinceti model has higher errors for steep waves.
The best way to be sure you are getting the correct revenue from a site is to test the entire site. Learn how to find any diversions, corrosion, broken or frayed wiring as well as all the tests you can perform while at a site.
The best way to be sure you are getting the correct revenue from a site is to test the entire site. Learn how to find any diversions, corrosion, broken or frayed wiring as well as all the tests you can perform while at a site.
Next Generation Researchers in Power Systems_Tao Yang_UCD EITao Yang
This document discusses solid state transformers (SSTs) and their potential applications in future distribution systems. It provides background on SSTs, explaining how they use power electronics to convert AC power to high frequency AC or DC before converting it back to the desired output. The document outlines research objectives to modularly design and optimize an SST for a distribution system. Simulation results show the modular SST has higher efficiency and lower weight than a traditional low frequency transformer under daily loading profiles. The document also explores how SSTs can address issues like imbalanced loads by independently controlling positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
This document discusses power system protection components like current transformers (CT), potential transformers (PT), fuses, and directional relays. It provides details on how CTs and PTs work to step down high voltages and currents in power lines to safer levels for instruments and relays. It also notes some issues with circulating current differential protection due to non-identical CT characteristics that can cause unwanted relay operation, and how biased differential protection helps overcome this.
Designing and testing of metal oxide surge arrester for EHV lineRohit Khare
Surge arresters constitute an indispensable aid to insulation coordination in electrical power systems. There the voltages which may appear in an electrical power system are given in per-unit of the peak value of the highest continuous line-to-earth voltage, depending on the duration of their appearance. The voltage or overvoltage which can be reached without the use of arresters is a value of several p.u. If instead, one considers the curve of the withstand voltage of equipment insulation (here equipment means electrical devices such as power transformers) one notices that starting in the range of switching overvoltages, and especially for lightning over voltages, the equipment insulation cannot withstand the occurring dielectric stresses. At this point, the arresters intervene. When in operation, it is certain that the voltage that occurs at the terminal of the device - while maintaining an adequate safety margin - will stay below the withstand voltage. Arresters’ effect, therefore, involves lightning and switching over voltages.
The time axis is roughly divided into the range of lightning overvoltage (microseconds), switching overvoltages (milliseconds), temporary overvoltages (seconds) – which are commonly cited by the abbreviation "TOV" – and finally the temporally unlimited highest continuous system operation voltage.
This document presents Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. It explains that Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit with voltage and current sources and resistors can be simplified to an equivalent circuit with a voltage source in series with a resistor. The document outlines the steps to use Thevenin's theorem to simplify a circuit. It also discusses Norton's theorem and how to convert a circuit into an equivalent Norton circuit using Norton's current and resistance. The limitations of Thevenin's theorem are provided.
Substations are facilities that receive power from generating stations and transmit it to consumers at varying voltage levels using transformers and other equipment. They allow for control of voltage, frequency, and power flow. Major substation equipment includes transformers, current and potential transformers, isolators, bus bars, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. Substations are classified by their application as generation, transmission, distribution, etc. Maintaining a high power factor is important for efficient power transmission, and capacitor banks can be used in substations for power factor correction.
This document describes laboratory experiments performed on a single-phase transformer to analyze its performance under open circuit, short circuit, and loaded conditions. In the open circuit test, no load current and iron losses were measured at various supply voltages. The short circuit test involved measuring current and power when the secondary was shorted with a low voltage supply. Finally, the load test analyzed voltage regulation for resistive and capacitive loads by measuring supply voltage, current, and power output. Graphs of the results were plotted to characterize the transformer's performance under different conditions.
Current transformers are used to measure high alternating currents and provide safety isolation. They work by inducing a current in the secondary winding that is proportional to the primary current passing through the transformer core. Current transformers scale down large primary currents to safer secondary currents used for instrumentation and protection devices. They are used extensively in power generation, transmission and distribution systems to monitor operations and protect equipment.
Part II also includes admittance and demag testing and uses more advanced equipment to test the meter. See live results from today’s newest test equipment.
The document summarizes an electrical engineering lab experiment on Norton's theorem and delta-star transformations. Key results include:
1) Measurements of a circuit verified Norton's theorem by matching the calculated and measured values of IL and VAB between the actual circuit and Norton's equivalent circuit.
2) Delta-star transformations allowed simplification of a resistor network between equivalent delta and star configurations, with calculations matching measurements of voltages and currents.
3) Analysis showed Norton and Thevenin circuits are related by source transformations, and delta-star networks impact equivalent resistance and thus power dissipation between configurations.
The document summarizes an experiment on verifying Norton's theorem and delta-star transformations. Key steps include:
1) Measuring resistance values of circuit components and calculating Norton parameters like internal resistance RN and current IN.
2) Constructing equivalent Norton circuits and comparing measured and calculated values of load current IL and voltage VAB.
3) Connecting resistor circuits in delta and star configurations, measuring voltages and currents, and calculating power to verify delta-star transformations.
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
Effect of Switching angle on Magnetizing flux and Inrush current of a Transfo...IOSR Journals
This document investigates the effect of switching angle on magnetizing flux and inrush current in transformers. It finds that increasing the switching angle decreases both the amplitude of the magnetizing flux waveform and the inrush current amplitude. The highest inrush current occurs when switching occurs at a voltage zero crossing with a switching angle of 0 degrees. Increasing the switching angle reduces the dc offset of the flux waveform and lowers the peak inrush current. Switching angle variation is thus an effective way to control transformer inrush current.
Similar to ECNE - Spring 2017 CT Theory and Practice (20)
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
GlobalLogic Java Community Webinar #18 “How to Improve Web Application Perfor...GlobalLogic Ukraine
Під час доповіді відповімо на питання, навіщо потрібно підвищувати продуктивність аплікації і які є найефективніші способи для цього. А також поговоримо про те, що таке кеш, які його види бувають та, основне — як знайти performance bottleneck?
Відео та деталі заходу: https://bit.ly/45tILxj
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Introducing BoxLang : A new JVM language for productivity and modularity!Ortus Solutions, Corp
Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
Experience the fusion of modern features inspired by CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure, combined with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation, making BoxLang a language of choice for forward-thinking developers.
Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
Transitioning from CFML to BoxLang is seamless with our JIT transpiler, facilitating smooth migration and preserving existing code investments.
Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
Unleash your creativity with powerful IDE tools tailored for BoxLang, providing an intuitive development experience and streamlining your workflow. Join us as we embark on a journey to redefine JVM development. Welcome to the era of BoxLang.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
ECNE - Spring 2017 CT Theory and Practice
1. 1
10/02/2012 Slide 1
CT Theory & Practice
Prepared by Tom Lawton,
TESCO – The Eastern Specialty Company
for the ECNE Spring 2017 – Wednesday, March 8, 2017
2. 2
Self Contained vs. Transformer Rated
1S, 2S, 3S, 4S, 9S, 12S, 16S, 45S, etc., etc.
What’s the Difference?
Different Forms for Different Services and
Applications
7. 7
CT’s – Functions and Terminology
Ratio
Equivalent Circuit w/ losses
Conceptual Picture of a CT
As current is applied in the primary, it produces a
magnetic flux in the core. This flux flows through the
core and induces a current in the secondary
windings and circuit that is proportional to the
number of turns.
8. 8
CT’s – Functions and Terminology
Ratio
For instance, a CT with a 400:5 ratio will produce
5A on the secondary, when 400A are applied
to the primary.
9. 9
CT’s – Functions and Terminology
Thermal Rating Factor
A value representing the amount by which the
primary current can be increased without
exceeding the allowable temperature rise.
For instance, a RF of 4.0 at 30° ambient on a
400:5 ratio CT would allow for a primary current
up to 1600A.
10. 10
CT’s – Functions and Terminology
Accuracy Classifications and Burden
All CT’s fall within an accuracy class.
IEEE Standards have defined accuracy classes.
11. 11
CT’s – Functions and Terminology
Accuracy Classifications and Burden
Example: 0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
15. 15
Meter Testing
9S Meter Installation
5A
PHASE A
SOURCE
PHASE C
PHASE B
LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
Isolate the Meter
from the Service
16. 16
Meter Testing
9S Meter Installation
5A
PHASE A
SOURCE
PHASE C
PHASE B
LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
? ? ?
17. 17
Meter Testing
9S Meter Installation
5A
PHASE A
SOURCE
PHASE C
PHASE B
LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
What if?
355:5
405:5
200:5
Shorted
etc.
18. 18
CT Testing
CT Testing is Important!
1) Test for correct ratio
2) Test for functionality at
rated burdens
19. 19
Ratio Testing
Ratio of Primary Current to Secondary Current
5A
PHASE A
SOURCE LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
Calculate
Ratio
20. 20
Burden Testing
Functionality with Burden Present on the
Secondary Loop
PHASE A
Some burden will always be
present – junctions, meter coils,
test switches, cables, etc.
CT’s must be able to maintain
an accurate ratio with burden on
the secondary.
22. 22
Burden Testing
Functionality with Burden Present on the
Secondary Loop
Example Burden Spec:
0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
or
There should be less than the 0.3%
change in secondary current from initial
(“0” burden) reading, when up to
0.5Ohms of burden is applied
23. 23
Burden Testing
Functionality with Burden Present on the
Secondary Loop
ANSI Burden Values
0.1 Ohms
0.2 Ohms
0.5 Ohms
1 Ohms
2 Ohms
4 Ohms
8 Ohms
27. 27
Digital Testing
Application of Burden and Calculation
Reads the initial current
immediately prior to applying the
selected burden
Applies the selected burden to the
secondary
Reads the current immediately
following current application
Calculates the percentages change
28. 28
Questions and Discussion
Tom Lawton
TESCO – The Eastern Specialty Company
Bristol, PA
1-800-762-8211
This presentation can also be found under Meter Conferences and
Schools on the TESCO web site: www.tesco-advent.com