Echolocation Is A Sensory Ability That Uses The Reflection

Echolocation Is A Sensory Ability That Uses The Reflection
Echolocation is a sensory ability that uses the reflection of sound to locate objects. It works by emitting high frequency sound waves into their
environment and reflecting off objects. The sound waves returns back to the animal for visual guidance. The information perceived from emitting
the sound waves are typically used for distance and direction but are also used in a variety of ways such as finding food or escaping from predators.
There are certain animals that use these traits both in water and in air in similar ways. Prime examples of these animals are bats and whales. More
specifically the kind of bats that use echolocation is known as micro bats. The specific whale that uses echolocation is known as Toothed whales
(example:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These large ears (although stunting maneuverability) allow them to compensate for their lack of eyesight by being able to hear at very high
frequencies. Hearing at an incredible range allows Microbats ears to cooperate with an incredible technique they use called echolocation. Now there
are two major groups bats are divided into, Megabats and Microbats. Only Microbats use echolocation and as mentioned before, echolocation is the use
of emitting high frequency sound waves to their environment giving "visual" guidance to the Bat.
Toothed whales are within the cetacean species and consist of all species of dolphin and porpoise. The name itself is self–explanatory given that these
whales have teeth. Whales being born with teeth are naturally aggressive hunters in their species (examples like killer whales and sperm whales).
Majority of toothed whales are considerably small compared to the other species of whales. The varieties of food these marine animals eat vary from
each species of the Toothed whales. They are known to eat about anything in the ocean like fish, squid, octopus, sharks, penguins, and even other
whales. Furthermore, besides having teeth, these whales consist of a technique unique only to their kind called echolocation. This is used in deep dark
depths of the ocean to detect size, direction, density, and distance of their prey as well as their environment. This
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Homologus Traits
1. For your homologus traits provide the following information (25 pts) : a. Briefly describe the two different species that possess the homologous trait.
(5 pts) Certain types of large snakes, in particular boas and pythons, and cetaceans, whales and dolphins, are shown to have homologous hip bones, a
pelvis and femur. These bones have previously been considered vestigial––organ or body part which became redundant through the course of evolution
––, but upon further research, have shown to serve a purpose. b. Describe the homologus trait of each species, focusing on the differences in structure
and function of the trait. Why do these homologus traits exhibit differences between the two species? Make sure your explanation is clear and complete.
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For your analogous traits provide the following information(25pts): a.Briefly describe the two different species that possess the analogous trait.(5 pts)
The two different species that posses the analogous traits for dorsal fins are dolphins (cetaceans) and sharks (vertebrates). Although they share the same
shape, they are more different than similar.
b. Describe the analogous trait of each species, focusing on the similarities in structure and function of the trait. Clearly explain why these analogous
traits exhibit similarities between the two species. (10 pts) The dorsal fins from both of these species are the result of convergent evolution. Since
dolphins and sharks faced similar environmental challenges, opportunities and pressures, they adapted and developed similar traits that were
advantageous to them. Their streamlined bodies allow them to swim swiftly and catch their prey.
c. All pairs of organisms share some common ancestor if you go back far enough in time. Could the common ancestor of these two species have
possessed this analogous trait? How do we know these traits are analogous and not genetically related from common descent? (5

Drive Hunting in the Oceans
Every year tens of thousands of marine mammals are killed all over the world, with over twenty thousand small cetaceans killed in Japanese waters
alone (Butterworth et al., 2013). These small cetaceans include various species of small whales, many dolphin species and some porpoises. They are
killed in various manors, ranging from accidental ship strikes to the more morally controversial yearly drive hunts. As you may know nearly all
cetaceans use some sort of sound production in order to navigate waters, communicate with other individuals and groups of their respective species as
well as capture prey (Brownell et al., 2008). An example of this is the variety sounds produced by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) when
exploring and foraging. These types of noises vary from echolocation, whistles and pops according to Nowacek (2005) which aid in location of prey,
and communication when hunting in groups. Bottlenose dolphins are one of the most well–known cetacean species (Bearzi et al., 2008). They inhabit
various marine habitats across the world including just about any region with a warm–temperate to tropical ocean climate (Reeves et al., 2002). Just
like many other cetaceans they are well known for inhabiting coastal areas, which makes them particularly vulnerable to human interaction and threats
they wouldn't necessarily face on the coast of uninhabited lands (Wilson et al., 2008). This use of sound is an extraordinary adaption for life under the
sea, unless of

Study Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Through Different...
Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals.
Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635
Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals.
ID#:04635
Introduction: – The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves
some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in the organisms. Mitochondria is known as
a power house of the living body cell. They store energy in the cell and release it as needed. Every structure in Mitochondria have their own specific
roles which helps in storing energy (See Figure 1 for details). Evidence shows that mitochondria evolved from primitive bacteria. Is it really evolved
from primary bacteria or were they the new adaptation in the plant and animal body? In this paper we are going to see how Mitochondrion have been
evolved in different species and what methods have been used to prove that evolution. There is still debate between scientists about whether
mitochondrion really evolved from bacteria or if it was present in the cells before bacteria were present. Yung et al. [1] says that Mitochondria's
cytochromes c (which is a mitochondrial intermembrane protein that is loosely attached to the inner membrane of mitochondrial membrane) is
relatively close to the bacterial medium subunit in sequence of cytochrome. However,

Evolution And Evolution Of Evolution
There are many different factors that can lead to the evolution of organisms over time. Evolution is one of the many ways that researchers have found
to help in the understanding of selection. Convergent evolution, which involves different lineages evolving similar traits independently, is just one of
the many ways. This type of evolution is seen in echolocation in mammals. Echolocation is a phenotypic trait that is known to have evolved
independently in two groups of bats (Yangochiroptera and Rhinolophoidea) and in toothed whales such as dolphins. This process involves many
different factors, with the most important being production/amplification, nerve transmission/reception, and signal recoding/processing of ultrasonic
pulses. The species described above both use echolocation for things such as obstacle avoidance, orientation, and hunting/feeding. Hearing in mammals
involves over 50 candidate genes. The hearing process has evolved into a variety of systems over time. In bats, laryngeal echolocation is shared by all
members of the suborder Yangochiroptera, but only some members of the other suborder, the Yinpterochiroptera. In Yinpterochiroptera, the Old World
fruit bats cannot echolocate, demonstrating that echolocation has either evolved separately in the Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera, or that it
was lost in the Old World fruit bats.
Researcher Davies and colleagues (2012) investigated whether adaptive convergence in Prestin is unique, or if similar

Essay On Cetaceans
Unlike others who may be writing on the medical aspects and applications of mammalian genetics, such as specific types of cancer genetics or stem
cell differentiation, my topic will discuss perhaps the not as applicable, but by no means less interesting radiation, biodiversity, and phylogenetic
relationships among cetaceans. This topic is of major interest to me because of my fascination with the origin and evolution of life on earth. When I was
younger I had an ambition to become a paleontologist and study prehistoric life, particularly dinosaurs. I am now a biochemistry and genetics major,
but my interest in paleontology is still very much present. The reason I chose cetaceans rather than some other group or clade of mammal, is because ...
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The ungulate hypothesis had morphological evidence based on cerebral blood circulation that indicated a link between Cetaceans and Artiodactyls
(even–toed ungulates).1 It was also hypothesized that another group of extinct mammals, the mesonychids, were the direct ancestors of modern
whales. Mesonychids were a taxa of large and carnivorous ungulates. The evidence that led to this hypothesis was based on the teeth of mesonychids
being similar to the teeth of early whales, called archaeocetes.1 Phylogenetic analyses done in the mid–2000s as well as the discovery of hind limbs in
archaeocetes that lived around the same time as mesonychids, have since shown this hypothesis to be false; mesonychids, however, are considered still
a sister group to the cetaceans.1,2 As mentioned above, phylogenetic analyses revealed that mesonychids were not the direct ancestors of cetaceans.
Similar phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the closest living sister group to the modern cetaceans are the artiodactyls, which include animals like
the giraffe and hippopotamus. More specifically, a sister–group relationship was proposed between Cetacea and Hippopotamidae by analysis of the
cytochrome b gene sequences that included cetacean and Hippopotamus DNA.3 This analysis showed that there was a relationship between the two
groups, but it would be deemed artifactual due to factors such as convergent evolution due to a

Evolution Chapter 22
Name _______________________ Period _________
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas and understand the reasoning that is being described. In some
places, the text describes a narrative or story of events that led to
Darwin's theory of evolution. Therefore, first read the narrative to absorb the big picture and then return to answer the few questions that accompany
this material.
Overview
1.
Define evolution broadly and then give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview.
Evolution: Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
inheritance of acquired characteristics: This idea states that an organism could pass these modifications of use and disuse to its offspring.
8.
Although Lamarck's mechanism of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to
be the great importance of his ideas? Lamarck recognized that the match of organisms to their environments can be explained by gradual evolutionary
change rather than special creation.
Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
9.
Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give
two examples of adaptations.
Adaptations are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include

the mottled coloration of a fawn that allows it to blend with its environment, or the sharp talons and beaks of birds of prey so well suited for predation.
10.
Explain the process of natural selection.
In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals
because of those traits.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
–2–
11.
Let's try to summarize Darwin's observations that

Marine Biology Research Paper Topics
Taylor Mesa
Algebra
Ms. Marissa Gadia
18, April 2017 Marine Biology Marine biology is the study of organisms in the oceans and other saltwater environments. Including their behavior and
interactions with the environment. All plant and animal life forms are included from the microscopic pico plankton al the way to the majestic blue
whale. Marine biology is a very broad area so most researchers select a particular area of interest and specialize on it. The specializations can be based
off on a particular species, group, behavior, technique, or an ecosystem. Possible careers for those intrigues in marine biology include a teaching
position, being a research scientist, hydrologist, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Captain Cook is most known for his extensive voyages of discovery for the British Navy, mapping much of the world's uncharted waters during that
time. He circumnavigated the world twice during his lifetime, during which he logged descriptions of numerous plants and animals then unknown to
most of mankind. Following Cook's explorations, a number of scientists began a closer study of marine life including Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
who, although he is best known for the Theory of Evolution, contributed significantly to the early study of marine biology. His expeditions as the
resident naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836 were spent collecting and studying specimens from a number of marine organisms
that were sent to the British Museum for cataloguing. His interest in geology gave rise to his study of coral reefs and their formation. His
experience on the HMS Beagle helped Darwin formulate his theories of natural selection and evolution based on the similarities he found in species
specimens and fossils he discovered in the same geographic region. The voyages of the HMS Beagle were followed by a 3–year voyage by the British
ship HMS Challenger led by Sir Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882) to all the oceans of the world during which thousands of marine specimens
were collected and analyzed. This voyage is often referred to as the birth

What Is Darwin's Theory Of Universal Common Ancestry?
1.The objections to evolution by many non–scientists are mostly made without any previous research or investigations. It is argued that Darwin's
theory of evolution by common descent with modification does not support all living things. However, this theory is supported by many observations.
Through geographic distribution, fossil records, morphology, embryology, and genomic analysis,evolution can be traced back to a common ancestry of
living things. The development of phylogenies, relationships among species, and homologies, structural similarities between species, provide even
more evidence to support common ancestry.
One of the biggest advances has come from molecular analysis of common ancestry. Compiling molecular phylogenies that focus ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With a small population and disproportionate male reproductive success, inbreeding was the only method of reproduction. When this inbreeding
population was compared with non–isolated populations of Vipera berus, the inbreeding population smaller litter sizes, a higher number of deformed
and stillborn offspring and a limited amount of heterozygous individuals due to the fixation of alleles. This all led to a much higher amount of genetic
similarity within the population. Once, males from other populations were introduced to the isolated population, the occurrences of deformations and
inviable offspring was greatly reduced. Due to that discovery, the initial results show that the low reproduction rate and viability of Vipera berus in
the isolated population result was a direct result of a persistence of deleterious alleles from inbreeding depression (Madsen et al. 1996). This is just one
of many inbreeding populations that struggle to persist due to inbreeding

A Comparison of Primate and Dolphin Intelligence Essay
A Comparison of Primate and Dolphin Intelligence as a Metaphor for the Validity of Comparative Studies of Intelligence
Primates and cetacean have been considered by some to be extremely intelligent creatures, second only to humans. Their exalted status in the animal
kingdom has lead to their involvement in many experiments which hope to gain a better understanding of the basis of human intelligence. These
experiments coupled with analysis of primate and cetaceans brain structure has lead to many theories as to the development of intelligence as a trait.
Although these theories seem to be sound, there is some controversy over the degree to which non–human studies can be used to infer about the
structure of human intelligence.
By ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This seems to be correlated with dolphins ability to maintain a healthy emotional state while in captivity; humans in analogous situations often don't
fair as well emotionally.
Despite the complex structures discovered in the brains of dolphins, primates have been the main focus of intelligence research. One of the main
reason for the focus on primates is that they seem to be so similar to humans in many ways, the most important being genetically. Besides basic
genetic similarities, or perhaps because them, primates have many advanced brain structures some of which are similar to human brain structures.
Most primates have and EQ the around 2.34 (2) while humans have an EQ around 7. This may seem like are large difference, but when you consider
that very few species have an EQ above 1, the difference is less profound. In addition to similarities in size and structure "primates devote more of their
energy resources to their brains than do most other mammals", which is another important measure of intelligence(3).
Before non–human animals can be seen as intelligent a model must be created which can explain how intelligence would have developed through
evolution. These theories must clearly establish how having a larger more sophisticated brain, could increase and organism's chance of survival. Once

Evolution of Tapetum Lucidum
Human Eye Vs. Animal EyeпїјпїјBy:Andrea Torres
ABSTRACT
The tapetum lucidum is an evolutionary advantage for animals. It enables animals to see in dimmer light than the animal would otherwise be able to
see in. The tapetum lucidum is useful to animals, but it also has a use to humans. Human beings use the tapetum lucidum to scan for reflected eye
–shine, in order to detect and identify the species of animals in the dark and to send trained search dogs and search horses out at night. Historically, its
function was regarded as simply to increase the light intensity of an image on the retina. Using eye shine to identify animals in the dark implies not
only color but, also several other features. The color reciprocates to the type of tapetum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tapetum lucidum, reflects with constructive interference allowing it to increase the quality of light to pass through the retina. For example, on a
cat the tapetum lucidum lowers the minimum threshold of vision 6–fold, empowering the cat to see light that is invisible to the human. пїј
A = optic disk (retina is strongly attached here).
B = tapetum lucidum
C = retina
D = lens
TYPES OF TAPETUM
Tapeta can be classified according to their location in vertebrates and mechanism in invertebrates. Choroidal tapeta are the most common and are
classified as tapetum fibrosum and tapetum cellulosum. The simplest type is the tapetum fibrosum, which is found principally in mammals, including
herbivores (elephants, horses and goats), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), certain marsupials (Tasmanian Devil), and a rodent (Cuniculus pacas). The
tapetum fibrosum consists of extracellular collagen fibrils that are stacked orderly with the majority of the its fibers running horizontally. The number
of layered fibrils varies between species and can be up to several hundred thick. The most studied tapetum fibrosum among mammals is found in the
cow and is located posteriorly and dorsally. The thickness is variable, increasing its thickness posteriorly. In species with a choroidal tapetum, the retinal
epithelium in the area is the tapetum in un–pigmented, it allowing the light to pass subsequently reflected by the tapetum. This contrasts with the
pigmented retinal epithelium

Jap A Dominant Country Conducting Whaling Practices
I.Introduction:
For many decades, Japan is well–known as a dominant country conducting whaling practices for many purposes such as obtaining whale meat and oil
(Facts–about–Japan, n.d.). Whaling has been one of the most important industry in Japan since the WW II post–war that provides huge amount of
protein and helps fed Japanese citizens (Animal Planet, n.d.). It is believed that the coastal villages were where hunting whales was first claimed to
take place in–shore with hand–thrown harpoons, but it was not the main interest of many people (Whalingmuseum, n.d.). It was not until the 17th
century that whaling industry had a dramatic development due to an invention of hunting in groups of boats using net technique (Facts–about–Japan, ...
1.Social:
It is evident that whaling practices can lead to a reduction in the population of whales, ecosystem degradation, and even cause the species to the brink
of extinction (International Whaling Commission, n.d.). The main factors causing the problem are over–exploitation, disturbance from whaling vessels,
entanglement in fishing gears, and environmental factors (International Whaling Commission, n.d.). According to the WDC (n.d.), more than 36,700
whales were killed after the 1986 moratorium in which Japan accounted for nearly 20,000 whales. The International Whaling Commission (n.d.)
reported that the common whales hunted by Japanese, which are Minke, Fin, Sei, Sperm, Bryde's and Humpback whales, were severely exploited and
depleting in terms of population in the Japanese whaling grounds before the 1986 moratorium. In addition, the operation of whaling fleets apparently
causing noise pollution affecting the communication process of whales and other marine species as well (Lian & Lu, n.d.). Whales are one of the
top–level animals in the marine food chain, therefore, a decline in whale population definitely have an impact on the marine ecosystem. Lian and Lu
(n.d.), have said that whale's dead body is a great source of food for the marine animals in a lower depth of the ocean. Thus, the more whales killed by
whaling practices, the less food for others sea creatures and organisms (Lian & Lu, n.d.). Also, nutrients in

Dolphin Vs Whale Research Paper
The brain, the most complex organ that commands the body nervous system.Being present in all vertebrates and most invertebrates animals, but
differing in characteristics between each other. The size and shape of the brain differs between species, humans being the largest when comparing it to
body mass and following with the species of dolphins (delphinus) which brain is the most similar to ours.The biggest brain on earth its the whales
(Orcinus) but when compared to its body mass is actually regular size.Both the dolphin and whale belong to the category "Cetaceans", both mammals
that have the need to breath air, have bone structure and even vestigial limbs which scientific believe that are remains of an ancient land walking
ancestor.This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its tail is called a fluke, it does not contain bone, muscle or cartilage, its dorsal fins are very unique and are used to identify them.They have a four
chambered heart and are warm blooded just like us humans and have two stomach, the first one stores food and the second digest food.They are the only
mammal that gives birth to the tail instead of the head.They have a blowhole on their head and expel bubbles as way of communication with other
dolphins. They use echolocation to travel and fill images visually.(Cozzi,

The Tree Of Life: The Theory Of Natural Selection
In biology, the theory of Evolution doesn't tell us exactly how life began on earth but it helps us understand how life diversified into the many
incredible forms we see now and in the fossil record. It allows us to understand the way that modern creatures continue to adapt and change today. In
biology, evolution can be defined as any changed in the heritable traits within a population across generations. Basically, all healthy things from flowers
to dolphins are capable of reproduction. It duplicates the DNA and passes it onto the future generation. Everyone's DNA contains coded information on
how to build a person. Natural Selection is one of several key concepts contained within the theory of evolution. To understand what natural selection ...
He eventually figured out that selective breeding played a large role in natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which random
evolutionary changes are selected for by nature in a consistent and orderly way. The theory of biological evolution makes two very bold claims
about living creatures. The first one is that all living things on earth are related and that they evolved from a common ancestor. The second one was
the evolution of living things is powered by natural processes, as in things that can be studied and understood. To prove the claims that all living
things on earth are related, I cannot tackle the entire tree of life at once, so instead i'll focus most of your attention on one fairly small but fascinating
branch of the evolutionary tree: Cetaceans. This branch includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. Biologist claim that all these creatures are closely
related, and that the entire group evolved from an ancient 4– legged land mammal. The study of differences and similarities between living things.
Whales live in water and from a distance, they sort of look like giant fish. Whales, just like land mammals but unlike fish have placentas and give live

Verbal And Nonverbal Language Of Whales
Language of Whales
One would not think to compare humans with cetaceans such as whales. The cetacean brain is comparable to the size of the human brain, and is as
complex as the human brain, although its structure is evolved differently (Sato 1).Whales are similar to humans in that they are able to communicate,
have many languages, and learn from one another. "With limited sight and sense of smell in water, marine mammals are more dependent on
sound––which travels four times faster in water than air––to communicate" (Keely 1). This means that whales are mainly dependent on sound for
things such as communication and echolocation. Echolocation is an important tool whales use to navigate their way around the ocean, and without
communication, it is unlikely that whales or any species would survive for long. Whales communicate to find mates, teach their calves, show
aggression, show intimacy, and warn others of predators.
Whales interact with each other through verbal and nonverbal language. When it comes to verbal communication, whale are divided into two
categories, toothed whales and baleen whales. The toothed whale suborder converses through the use of high pitched clicks and whistles, and this is
possible because all species under this suborder have teeth. Baleen whales are equipped with baleen plates that have bristles attached to them which are
used to produce low–frequency sounds. It is deep melodic sounds the baleen whales make that are referred to as
"whale songs".

The International Whaling Regime Essay
The International Whaling Regime
In his article, "Whale Mining, Whale Saving," Sidney Holt states, "saving the whales is for millions of people a crucial test of their political ability to
halt environmental destruction"(Holt 1985). In a world where environmental issues are often so vast that solving them seems impossible, it is rare to
encounter a regime which successfully addresses these problems. If we judge a regime's effectiveness by its ability to change the behavior of its
members and possibly even encourage others to join, then the whaling regime was in fact quite effective. The significant decrease in commercial
whaling brought about by the International Whaling Commission (IWC)'s 1982 moratorium is proof in itself of the ... Show more content on
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This stipulation proved important in the evolution of the IWC over time because as non–whaling nations began to join in the 1960s and 1970s, they
increased the pressure on the IWC to turn its focus from that of market regulation to a preservationist or conservationist standpoint (Andressen in
Implementation and effectiveness... 1998). But why would nations who did not participate in the whaling industry want to join the IWC? One reason
might be that IWC membership was an easy (and cheap) way to improve their reputation as "green–minded" without having to make any significant
changes in policy. Furthermore, the decades between the 1960s and 1980s saw an increase in the number of NGO's taking on the cause of whale
conservation which also drove the IWC to re–evaluate its goals and objectives. As a result, the IWC agreed upon a 10–year moratorium on commercial
whaling in1982 and put it into effect in 1986. The moratorium prohibited all commercial whaling, and granted certain quotas to indigenous peoples
who needed the whales for subsistence, and to scientific research efforts. After the10 year period, it was decided that a Comprehensive Assessment
would be conducted and enough data would be collected in order to reconsider the moratorium.
The moratorium proved largely successful in that many stocks of larger whales such as the Bowhead whale began

Big History : The Big Bang Theory
Big History is an exciting new way to look at our history and understand humans' place in the world that incorporates all of time from the Big Bang
to present day. (Big History Book) Big History demonstrates studying the past and learning from the past, including the origin and structure of
everything, how and why people lived as they did in the world and the changes. We study the past to understand a broader and richer meaning of our
world today and our place in it. The Big Bang Theory is an attempt to understand not only human's evolution but all of the universe's evolution from one
single point to everything around us. There are eight thresholds that integrate with Big History to clarify and mark remarkable increases of
complexity of the entire universe. The topic I chose to relate to Big History would be dolphins. Dolphins are highly intelligent marine animals that
range in shallow areas of tropical and temperate oceans throughout the world. This animal appeals to me because as a young child, dolphins were my
favorite, friendly animal. Dolphins were what I was looking forward to when I went to amusement parks as a little girl – anxiously waiting for the
aquatic shows to start.
Threshold One is the basic understanding of the formation of the universe – energy, matter, space, time (everything)! It's called the Big Bang Theory.
The universe came into existence from a collection of matter of high density and temperatures. After this cooling, 4 types of energy were created:

The Research On Marine Mammal Captivity
Introduction: In recent years, animals in captive environments such as zoos and theme parks have grown more controversial. The literature I have
reviewed focuses on a particular group of animals in captivity, cetaceans. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The literature includes a
range of themes, from their unique level of intelligence to why they may mentally and physically suffer in captive environments. However, it all
connects to how and why these animals live and behave differently in captive environments than their wild counterparts. I had a unique method to
how I researched the literature. Since marine mammal captivity is a personal interest of mine, I have attended educational conferences on the subject
where I have made friends with many scientists such as Dr. Jeff Ventre and Dr. Lori Marino. Since I know them personally, I used their published
research as a starting point because I was already familiar with it and knew exactly where to find it. From there, I mainly used the "related articles"
feature within the database to read through titles and abstracts to find my other six sources.
Intelligence:
Cetacean intelligence has been studied for many years both in captivity and in the wild. A milestone discovery in cetacean intelligence is
self–awareness. An experiment was conducted with two male captive bottlenose dolphins in New York Aquarium. The dolphins were marked on a part
of their body that was not visible without a mirror. After being

Gspm Research Paper
Evolution picks the fittest. All the animals are the results of evolution both in genetic and physical aspects. Squirrels, birds, butterflies, or even
humans are based on some evolutionary change over time. Orcinus Orcas, which are known as killer whales, are one example of evolutionary
selection. Every whale and dolphin evolved from a deer– like animal. Killer whales' and dolphins' ancestors lived between 53 – 56 million years ago.
This ancestor became more fit over time. The ancestor became smarter.
The GSPM gene played an important role in the evolution of Orcinus Orcas. The GSPM gene was positively selected for primates and cetaceans. The
GSPM gene is responsible for having a bigger brain. Cetaceans developed bigger brains because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This difference is based a gene called prestin. The prestin underwent an adaptive change in both bats and toothed whales. Research shows that amino
acid replacements in the evolution of cetaceans have coincided with an increase in the frequency of their vocalizations. This vocalization is associated
with an increase in audio sensitivity at higher frequencies. Molecular adaptation occurred at two point. At first, it happened with the split of the
ancestral branch of all echolocation toothed whales. The second point happened with the split of the ancestral branch of the group of small toothed
whales.
DNA sequencing is the best way to analyze a theory. For instance, a paper last month in March was published with a surprising title: "Killer Whales
Have Mutual Ancestor with Cows." Everybody thought that killer whales and wolves have the same ancestors. This is a problem with science,
because if a researcher wants to punish a hypothesis, he should work hard on every detail.
In conclusion, scientists should gather more information. Orcinus Orcas are obvious evidence for Darwin's theory. Even though Orcinus Orcas evolved
throughout millions of years, scientists are gathering information about them nowadays. Sequencing methods help scientists to figure out not only in
discovering the evolutionary process but also to divide all animals in a precise

Jonathan Sarfati Refuting Evolution Summary
Jonathan D Sarfati is a young earth creationist that grew up in New Zealand. He was the founder of the Wellington Christian Apologetics Society and
holds an interest in Christian apologetics. Particularly, Sarfati defends the Christian view of creation over that of evolution, which is why he wrote
Refuting Evolution in 2002. In Refuting Evolution, Jonathan Sarfati gives astounding controversies to the National Academy of Sciences' (NAS)
Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science. In an amazingly brief negation of the NAS's best arguments for evolution and long ages, Dr.
Sarfati's strong–willed personality exposes the shallowness of the most well–known myth of our time – that everything made itself without a creator.
Sarfati starts by demonstrating that the issue is not by any stretch of the imagination science versus religion, however, the art of one religious
perspective (atheism / materialism) versus the study of another religious perspective (biblical theism). One's religious inclination decides the way to
deal with the confirmation. The "certainties" don't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory of evolution is one of today's most unmistakable themes in science education and public debate. This book helps provide a logical
understanding and critical thinking skills that can be used to see past the lies being taught in public schools today. This book is often known as a
handbook for students, parents, and teachers countering the latest arguments for evolution. In this book, one will find that it does not take a genius to
disprove, or refute even the best arguments against evolution. In fact, it is the simplicity of the logic that makes for the book's

Beluga Whale Research Paper
A whale is a beautiful and simple creature. It belongs to a family known as Cetaceans which include other aquatic mammals like dolphins and
porpoises. While almost everybody knows how elegant whales can be, a lot of people do not know that these unique ocean mammals used to be a
stranger to the deep blue sea and its inhabitants. Over time, Cetaceans were soon able to do magnificent things in the ocean like swim over 30 miles
per hour and make tight turns in fast swimming situations. Most whales in the Cetacean family prefer to roam in the colder waters of the north and
south hemisphere, where they spend their whole life in the water. One of the oldest members of cetaceans is Pakicetus. This animal is about the size
of a wolf. It had legs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The largest original population, in the Antarctic, had dropped significantly to only 360, which is about 0.15% of their initial numbers.
4. Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
The sperm whale is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. When in search of food dives can last more than an hour. They
feed on several species, notably the giant squid, but also the colossal squid, octopuses, but their diet is mainly medium–sized squid. Sperm whales are
not known for bonding with other species, but researches have witnessed a bottlenose dolphin with spinal deformity accepted into a pod of sperm
whales. In literature, Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick is based on a true story about a sperm whale that attacked and sank the whaleship Essex.
5. Humpback Whale (Megaptera

Evolution Of Whales
CSCI 5035–03
Assignment 4
WHALES
Marine biology is the scientific study of aquatic organisms, their characteristics and behaviors [1]. Even though everyone on the planet is aware of
the fact that about 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered with water, it is believed that only 5 to 10 percent of the oceans have been explored
yet [1]. There are hundreds of thousands of marine creatures that can be found underwater with unique features. Ocean life is very diverse and is
categorized into different groups, such as sharks, mammals, reptiles etc. Of them, whales fall into the category of mammals and are considered as one
of the most magnificent and amazing creatures that have ever lived in the sea. In this essay, I am going to sketch the evolution ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most common of these is the blue whale. Being the largest animal on the Earth, blue whale has a length of around 100 feet and weighs around
150 tons [3]. Their tongue alone can weigh as much as an Elephant. They are called blue whales because of having grey–blue color skin and light spots
on it. They usually swim with the speed of 5 miles per hour, but can make it up to 30 miles per hour when required. They sleep while sleeping and
at this time they use only half of their brain [3]. Examples of toothed whales include the sperm whale, killer whale, bottlenose whale, and other
species of dolphins. Of these, the most common is killer whale. Killer whales are considered as the biggest dolphin on the planet as they measure up
to 26 feet. They are highly intelligent and social creatures. They are named as "killer" because they kill other whales, and not because they kill people

Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats
Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats In marine mammal biology a large portion of the study is dedicated towards the study of
adaptations to the marine environment. By comparing the anatomy between marine mammals and terrestrial mammals scientists can better
understand evolutionary history of how these two categories of mammals diverged from one another. The purpose of this lab was to study the
anatomy of different marine and terrestrial mammals and compare their similarities and differences in homologous traits and how adaptations were
made specifically for marine mammals to survive the aquatic environment. To accomplish this bones of different species of animals were studied
since these structures serve as the basis for comparison across species as well as an indicator of each animal's individual morphology and
physiology. A standard measurement protocol for bones of particular regions of the skeleton was established with emphasis on length versus width
ratio as well as it's overall size relative to its more complex features, i.e. humerus length versus hand length. Materials and Methods: Materials for this
laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler, string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones
often times vary in width in certain portions of the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint along
its length for its true width. Measurements

The Evolution of Whales Essay
The Evolution of Whales
The origin of modern day whales, a mystery that has puzzled paleontologists for years, may have just been solved with the discovery of an ankle bone.
This discovery might sound simple and unimportant, but the bones of these ancient animals hold many unanswered questions and provide solid proof
of origin and behavior. The relationship between whales and other animals has proven to be difficult because whales are warm–blooded, like humans,
yet they live in the sea. The fact that they are warm–blooded suggests that they are related to some type of land animal. However, the questions of
exactly which animal, and how whales evolved from land to water, have remained unanswered until now.
In 2000, Dr. Philip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ankle bones and tarsal [foot] bones are the most diagnostic elements of the artiodactyls (Gingerich et al., 2), meaning that these bones are the most
telling bones when distinguishing what group of animals a fossil may have come from. The presence of these two types of bones together in
Gingerich's discovery suggests that this primitive whale indeed could have been related to the hippopotamus. The skeletons of these animals contain
similar bones; therefore both are thought to be artiodactyls. In a recent article in Science, Kenneth D. Rose, of the Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, says, "While ankles from primitive ancient whales have been discovered before, these are the first that are well–preserved enough to provide
clues about whale ancestry" (Braun, 3). Paleontologists strongly believe that the bones of this discovery are all from the same animal. According to
Gingerich, "No other mammalian specimens were found in the vicinity; all (fossils) are similar in size, color, and preservation; and no parts are
duplicated" (3). Since no other animals were found in this same location, there was no chance that the discovered bones could have mixed with another
fossil.
The bones of Rodhocetus are very telling of its behavior. The second and fourth fingers (or "digits") were short and wide; therefore it is thought that
these were the digits

Are Animals Considered Human People?
McQuade Ryan
Philosophy 1000C
Professor Ring
December 7, 14
Are Animals Considered Human People? One of the most controversial topics in modern philosophy revolves around the idea of non–human animals
being considered human people. Controversy over what makes up an actual person has been long debated. However, society deems it as a set of
characteristics. The average person normally does not realize how complicated a question this is, and in fact many scientists, philosophers, and
individuals will side differently on this specific topic. I personally do not believe that animals are capable of being human people, but throughout this
argumentative paper I will address critical views presented from multiple philosophers on why this seems to be the case.
To begin, we will first look at the reasons why someone might believe that these non–human animals deserve to be considered people. To put it most
simply, humans are animals. In the words of Eric Olson, "We are animal organisms start to finish". To look at animals compared to humans, we can
refer to the famous Charles Darwin. The human species did not just happen, we did not appear in a way similar to the big bang theory but however
from evolution. Humans or Homo sapiens are believed to be descendants of the Great Ape. We were once a more primitive species, but nonetheless we
originated from a gorilla. We have evolved from that uneducated, uncivilized being walking on four limbs to a much more educated, civilized

The Contributions Of Evolution : Charles Darwin And...
The history of life on earth extends three billion years ago, over time, life accumulated a significant amount of changes since their introduction. One of
the most important figures exploring this change, also known as evolution, is Charles Darwin. Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist, and
biologist, known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He developed the theory that all organisms in Earth's surface have descended over
time from common ancestors. He also introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted in a process that he called natural
selection. Natural selection further contributes to the mechanism of evolution due to the fact that it explains the differential survival and reproductive
aspects of each species. Furthermore, Darwin established another major concept known as variation. The variation occurs partly because random
mutations arise in the genome of an organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations, this a key concept to understand why the organisms in Earth
evolve. These mutations, depending on the environment, can be beneficial, detrimental or neutral. Whales are species that always raise questions in the
scientific community due to its evolution. In order to understand the evolution of whales necessary to understand the origins of whales, their transition
from land to sea and the function of their limbs.
In 1936, Remington Kellogg, a scientist of that time, studied several fossils of whales,

Delphinoid Brain Size Evolution
The brain of many species of Cetacean, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises, are one of the largest relative brain sizes among extant mammals,
characterized by having different structure and diverse neuronal morphology, which exhibit isometric scaling of cerebral matter with increasing brain
size; this is a fact that violates the evolutionarily conserved cerebral scaling law. The Delphinoidbrain size evolution may be driven by the adaptation to
an obligatory aquatic existence that supports the presence of a collection of high developed sensory, cognitive, and sensorimotor abilities. In general,
global enlargement of the cetacean brain may be associated with a prolonged maternal investment need it for extend the duration of glial and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
orca constitutes 81% of the total brain volume. This characteristic is shared by all mammals and is related to a prolonged maternal investment and
developmental period, cognitive ability, sociality, and sensory specialization. The mammalian brain exhibits hyperscaling of cortical white matter with
increase brain size and has been proposed that this occurs because larger brains require thicker, more abundant, and highly myelinated long–range
axonal connections between different brain regions to minimize conduction delay, resulting in a disproportionate expansion of white matter cortical.
The cranial nerves of delphinoid cetaceans have the largest axon diameter reported for all mammals, especially the presence of giant axons within the
cochlear nerve indicates specialization for rapid transmission of auditory stimuli in cetaceans. Also, the evolutionary adaptation to an obligate aquatic
environment modified the morphology of these species by adapting to echolocation. Moreover, odoncete middle ear bones exhibit that these mammals
were under considerable selection pressure for the preservation of certain auditory structure dimensions that enhanced underwater hearing ability.
Gray and White Matter: Cerebellum The cerebellum of O. orca was large and voluminous, representing 13.80 % of the total brain size. The enlarged
cerebellum of these delphioid cetaceans may indicate the role of the cerebellum as an integration center for acousticomotor processing, sound
production, navigation, echolocation, and potentially higher order cognitive functions such as learning and memory.
Corpus

Essay on Characteristics of Dolphins
Characteristics of Dolphins
The majority of small tooth whales are called dolphins. "Dolphins are mammals of the order Cetacean and the families Plantanistidae and Delphinidae
and include about 50 species" (Internet 1). Most dolphin species are about 6 feet in length, the males averaging 4 to 8 inches longer than females. The
longest dolphin, the bottle–nose dolphin, can reach over nine–feet in length and weight up to 440 pounds. The smallest dolphin species is the buffalo
which is found in the Amazon River. The Buffalo dolphin rarely grows over 3.9 feet or weighs more than 66 pounds. A dolphin's diet consists mainly
of herring, mackerel, and sardines. "Some species however, prefer squid, shrimp and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A dolphin's normal "cruising speed" is about 23 to 25 mph, and if they are bow riding, they have been known to get up to 30mph. Because dolphins are
mammals (warm blooded) their internal temperature is between 97.9o to 99of. They normally come to the surface to breathe about every two minutes.
Each breath consists of a short, almost explosive exhalation, followed by a slightly longer inhalation. Dolphins can hold their breath for up to several
minutes and are capable of rapid and deep dives of more then 1,000 ft. Dolphins once were hunted commercially, for the small quantity of valuable oil
extracted from parts of the head and used to lubricated delicate watch mechanisms. Since cheaper oils have now been found from other sources,
dolphins are no longer hunted for this reason. Many dolphins, however, become accidentally trapped and drowned in tuna nets. "Between the years
1959 and 1972 an estimated 4.8 million dolphins died this way" (www.thedolphinplace.com/facts.html). Because of the pressure from animal rights
activists and United States consumers, both domestic and international tuna canners have refused to accept shipments from fishing fleets that do not
protect dolphins. "The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, amended in 1988 and 1992, was passed to prevent

Study Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Essay
Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals.
Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635
Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals.
ID#:04635
Introduction: – The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves
some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in the organisms. Mitochondria is known as
a power house of the living body cell. They store energy in the cell and release it as needed. Every structure in Mitochondria have their own specific
roles which helps in storing energy (See Figure 1 for details). Evidence shows that mitochondria evolved from primitive bacteria. Did mitochondria
evolve from primary bacteria or were they the new adaptation in the plants and animals? In this paper we are going to see how Mitochondrion have
been evolved in different species and what methods have been used to prove that evolution. There is still debate between scientists about whether
mitochondrion really evolved from bacteria or if it was present in the cells before bacteria were present.
Yang et al. [1] says that Mitochondria's cytochromes c (which is a mitochondrial intermembrane protein that is loosely attached to the inner membrane
of mitochondrial membrane) is relatively close to the bacterial medium subunit in sequence of cytochrome. Cytochrome c is

Reproductive Conflict And The Evolution Of Menopause In...
The ocean is a vast biome that is constantly changing. There is much to learn about the life within, the article "Omura's whales (Balaenoptera omurai)
off northwest Madagascar: ecology, Behavior and conservation needs" showed how our knowledge of the ocean and the life within continues to grow.
Balaenoptera omurai, or Omura's whale was only found as a new species in the year 2003. Their are no dependable population size estimates or
evaluation of conservation facts because there is not enough data collected on these cetaceans. Scientists are able apply what they learn from some of
these organism to humans. In the article "Reproductive Conflict and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales" scientists were able to draw
comparisons between Humans and other species.

Common Bottlenose Dolphin
The Common Bottlenose dolphin is one of many dolphins in our world today. According to marinemammalsceince.org the scientific name for the
common bottlenose dolphin is "Tursiops truncates". Like many other mammals, this dolphin has been classified. According to San Francisco State
University Department of Geography "the kingdom Tursiops truncatus belongs to is Animalia, the phylum to which they are grouped in is Chordata,
and their class is Mammalia. The order in which they belong to is cetacean, the suborder is odontoceti, their family is delphinidae, and the genus is
tursiops." Overtime, everything experiences change, even Tursiops truncates. "The order Cetacean is further divided in two types known as the
Odontoceti, or toothed whales, and the Mysticeti, or baleen whales" (Cadelinia 5). The bottlenose dolphin falls into many categories. According to San
Francisco State University of Department of Geography "the bottlenose dolphin falls into the oceanic family, which is comprised of thirty–four species.
It has been concluded that dolphins, porpoises, and whales evolved from Mesonychilds, a group of land–loving carnivores. They have been estimated
to have lived 60 to 35 million years ago. These mammals eventually explored the seam resulting in the morphological and physiological changes of
their bodies to suit their newly discovered habitat"(Cadelinia 1). When looking at timeline pictures of these mammals, it seems to be that the shape of
their beak has changed overtime

The Case Of The Killer Whales
Killer whales, also known as Orca's, are the largest members of the dolphin family and the top predator in their ecosystem. They are one of the most
intelligent marine creatures, especially due to their acute senses of sight and hearing. The word Orca means connection and leadership. People travel
from all over the world just to catch a glimpse of the astounding whale. Their beauty has mesmerized humans for generations, but for many Orca's,
captivity limits their freedom and enjoyment of life. In 1965, orca poaching was at its prime. Over a thousand whales were being captured for either
greed or for the purpose of captivity (Timeline of Commercial Whaling Muller). Captivity is a prison for many orcas, it not only damages the whale's
health, but also has a negative impact on breeding, and the danger of humans.
Captivity causes many health problems in orcas. Female and male killer whales can grow up to thirty–two feet long and weighing up to twenty–two
thousand pounds. Many of these whales are thrown into small tanks that are as long as themselves. The tanks are filled with water and mixed in with
chemicals that the whale is not used to; this results in blindness and many skin problems. Almost all orcas in captivity die from stress–related diseases.
Some examples are ulcers, pneumonia, heart defects, and malnutrition. Orcas are known as divers, since their tanks are around twenty–six feet wide
and forty feet deep, they have no room to dive and have no other choice but to go

Immanuel Kant's Theory Of Evolution
Where do we come from? That is the one of the most controversial questions of our time. Through observation and examination, scientists have
determined that humans and every other modern day animal came from a series of ancient predecessors. This process is called evolution. Even though
there is more than enough evidence to support evolution, there are many people, in fact billions, that believe man came to be in a very different
fashion. Their theory is based on a model presented in the bible. The bible is a book full of stories that describe the actions of a divine figure, God,
and how he created the universe and the earth. The bible makes outrageous claims about where we came from and how the universe came to be. The
creation model is evidently wrong for many reasons: there is no evidence to support it and it comes from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no way that a book can be accurate after being translated so many times and originating from so long ago. Creationists believe the bible to
never have changed since it was first written, and contain same principles. The theory of evolution, however, is continually changing as new
discoveries are made. The creationist model is not viable because it is not revised to fit new information. The bible is also filled with
contradictions. For example, the bible says that God does not forgive any sins (Joshua 24:19). It also says that if you confess your sins, God will
forgive you (1 John 1:9). This is just one of many contradictions in the bible and another reason why the creation model is invalid. The theory of
evolution comes from multiple sources that are constantly revising their components to conform with new discoveries. The sources come from
multiple scientists over the last 100 years that have formulated their ideas of evolution based on observable and tangible evidence. Does the bible
provide observable evidence for people to directly examine? The bible does

Evolution Of Whales
This assignment will look at the fossil record of whales as an example of empirical evidence for evolution and is inspired by the article "Land–living
ancestors of whales" from the "Berkeley: History of Evolutionary Thought" resource for Module 1.
There are two extant groups of whales; odontocetes (toothed whales) and mysticetes (baleen whales) and both share many features with all other
mammals: they generate heat and regulate their internal temperature. The females bear live young and produce milk in mammary glands to feed them.
Although they do not have hair on their bodies some adult whales have sensory bristles around their mouths and there is a stage when the foetus has
hair.
Along with these general mammal characteristics whales ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They still had hindlimbs but these were tiny and the pelvis was detached from the vertebral column so they are unlikely to have been weight bearing.
Figure 4 shows their skeleton. Figure 4. Skeleton of Basilosaurus; the tiny hind limb is shown enlarged. Adapted from National Geographic's The
evolution of whales by Douglas H. Chadwick, Shawn Gould and Robert Clark Re–illustrated for public access distribution by Sharon Mooney ©2006.
Open source licence CC ASA 2.5 as viewed at http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/whales/archaeoceti.htm
The Dorudontids probably gave rise to the Basilosaurids and the two families of extant cetaceans. They had similar proportions to the modern
cetaceans, as shown in figure 5, and were completely independent of freshwater.
Figure 5. Skeleton of Dorudon atrox; © Philip D. Gingerich 1996, available online on his web site as viewed at http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles
/whales/archaeoceti.htm
The vestigial hindlimbs are good evidence for evolution. If the whale had been designed they wouldn't be there. (sorry I have run out of time).
References (all accessed

The Evolutionary Crisis Of Marine Mammals
THE EVOLUTIONARY CRISIS OF MARINE MAMMALS Heidy Noriega PORTLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYLVANIA Table of
ContentsIntroductionpg.3 Evolutionpg. 4 Climate Change pg. 5 Fishing pg. 6 Pollutionpg. 6 Summarypg.7 References pg.8 Introduction Marine
mammals have held a residency on this Earth for millions of years with ancestors dating back to prehistoric times. They are not only a part of our
history, but also a part of myth and legends that have been told throughout generations and various cultures. There are three major groups of marine
mammals found around the world. "Marine mammals include at least 117 species within the orders Carnivora, Sirenia, and Cetacea (Thurman,
2014)." Today, these often gentle and intelligent creatures are faced with many obstacles and challenges to survive and adapt. While adaptation has
been a natural process for all species through time and evolution, these sea creatures are being forced to adapt at a faster rate in the last century. This
has been largely due to an increase of human fishing, ocean pollution, and climate change. Sadly, for some, these adjustments in their natural
environment are creating changes faster than they can evolve or survive. Figure 1 Evolution Sea mammals have evolved from land animals to marine
animals from their former land ancestors going back as far as the Paleocene Age which occurred 65 million years ago. "The earliest representatives of
these

Evolution Of Dolphins
"The process of evolution can be very slow, and allows living creatures to develop an anatomy that is structured for them to thrive" (Dolphin
Evolution). Evolution is the gradual development of a creature, especially from a simple to a more complex organism. Many mammals have evolved
from one animal to another. For instance, dolphins has evolved from land animals to ocean animals. All of the dolphins belong to the cetacean family,
which also include whales, dolphins and porpoises. Dolphins are now aquatic mammals who are very intelligent and curious. However, what forces
made them evolve? And what did Darwin mean by "survive by the fittest"? Or what principles of evolution or survival are at work? (Samantha & Paula)
Many scientists wonder

The Evolution of the World: Industrial-Based, Less...
The evolution of the world toward a more industrial–based society has threatened fisheries, reefs, and maritime systems around the world. To combat
the problems, various measures of legislation and government intervention have been implemented to protect living and nonliving marine entities and
ensure that resources aren't fully depleted.
This paper will look at a number of 'solutions' to the problems that industrial–based, less natural, societies have created for marine life. These 'solutions'
have come in a number of forms, from varying levels of government and agencies. The crees of protections have included legislation. We will look at
formalized legislation from the state level, national level, and supranational level (European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And stock assessments for all marine mammal stocks in waters under U.S. jurisdiction were beefed up. (Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA),
2013). Implementation of the legislation is currently overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Essential to the
success of the MMPA, a newly founded Marine Mammal Commission was tasked with ensuring the protection of sea otters and marine otters, walruses,
polar bears, manatees, and dugongs. NOAA was given responsibility to conserve and manage pinnipeds including seals and sea lions and cetaceans
such as whales and dolphins. In their conclusion of their findings, NOAA presented congress with data that showed: "all species and population stocks
of marine mammals are, or may be, in danger of extinction or depletion due to human activities; these mammals should not be permitted to diminish
below their optimum sustainable population", and argued that: "measures should be taken immediately to replenish any of these mammals that have
diminished below that level, and efforts should be made to protect essential habitats; there is inadequate knowledge of the ecology and population
dynamics of these mammals; negotiations should be undertaken immediately to encourage international arrangements for research and conservation of
these mammals" (H.R. Res 10420, 1972). Under the overarching wings of national legislation, California adopted its own Marine Life legislation in
1999 to

Bottlenose Dolphin Research Paper
The bottlenose dolphin, genus Tursiops, is a cetacean renowned for its social intelligence, even being prescribed the status of non–human persons along
with other intelligent species such as great apes. Both dolphins and primates share a number of attributes that have led to an evolutionary propensity
for intelligence, including prolonged parental care, long lives, complex social bonds, and communicative cooperation (Reynolds et al., 2000). But
unlike primates, dolphins lack opposable thumbs, as well as any sort of limb that is able to manipulate their environment capably. Dolphins evolved in
an environment that is less affected by gravity and provides three–dimensional movement, but provides limited chemosensory and visual cues for
orientation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dolphins are able to plan their behavior to achieve a solution more efficiently, as well as create novel behaviors. Trained to move weights across a
pool to receive a reward, each dolphin independently deduced that they could carry multiple weights at once to reduce the number of trips (Kuczaj et
al., 2009). In another test they were able to plan the order of dropping weights in order to optimize the number of fish rewards they could receive
(Kuczaj et al., 2009). These demonstrated their ability to analyze problems, plan an appropriate solution, and carry it out in an efficient order. Mirror
self–recognition (MSR) has also been demonstrated in bottlenose dolphins, with the dolphins using the mirror to investigate a mark on their heads
using a mirror, a level of self–awareness only shared by great apes (Marino, 2002). It is possible that the level of cortical connectivity is a significant
factor in the emergence of complex cognitive capabilities such as self–recognition (Marino,

What Is An Endangered Species?
What is an Endangered Species? An Endangered Species is defined as "a species at risk of extinction because of human activity, changes in climate,
and/or changes in predator–prey ratios" (Dictionary.com). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) has the responsibility of keeping the records
of all endangered species. In order to be recognized as an endangered species, the following questions must be answered: "Has a large percentage of the
species vital habitat been degraded or destroyed? Has the species been over–consumed by commercial, recreational, scientific or educational uses? Is
the species threatened by disease or predation? Do current regulations or legislations inadequately protect the species? Are there other manmade factors
that threaten the long–term survival of the species?" (Endangered Species Act – National Wildlife Federation). An endangered species list consists of
seven levels. These include least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, and extinct. Each level
has sub classifications as well. Currently, there are over forty thousand reported endangered species worldwide. Five percent of those occupy our
oceans ("Threatened and Endangered Species"). However, the numbers are continuously changing. As humans, we look at our oceans as a source of
unlimited resources. Unfortunately, that is not the case. On the bright side, even though an organism is on the endangered species list, endless efforts do

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