Earth system pptx
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The document discusses the five spheres of the Earth system - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere and lithosphere. It provides details on the layers of the atmosphere, composition of the hydrosphere, components of the biosphere like energy flow and nutrient cycling, structure of the geosphere with different layers, and sources cited for the information.
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The document discusses the greenhouse effect and climate change. It describes how carbon dioxide levels have been monitored at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1958 and are now monitored at other sites globally. Data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels have increased over time. Long term CO2 levels have also been estimated by analyzing ancient air bubbles trapped in ice cores. Higher CO2 and other greenhouse gas levels will further trap heat in the atmosphere and potentially cause global temperature increases of 4°C in the next 50 years according to some models.
Res525 origin of earth and earth atmosphere
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
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Auroras, commonly known as the northern lights and southern lights, are light displays that occur near Earth's magnetic poles. Scientists believe auroras are caused by charged particles from the sun interacting with Earth's magnetic fields, which causes atoms in the atmosphere to react and produce colorful lights in the sky above the poles. The different colors seen are produced by oxygen and nitrogen atoms, with oxygen creating greens, reds and yellows, and nitrogen producing blues, greens or violets. Auroras have occasionally been spotted outside polar regions as well.
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The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere, while oxygen is 21% and other gases like argon and carbon dioxide make up the remaining 1%. Earth originally had an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium that eventually escaped. Later, volcanoes released water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, forming a second atmosphere. Cyanobacteria introduced oxygen to the atmosphere between 3.3 to 2.2 billion years ago. The modern atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen is considered the third atmosphere and has a composition influenced by biological and geological processes.
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The Earth's atmosphere protects us from ultraviolet rays and objects from space. It is composed of five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere is where we live and weather occurs, while the stratosphere contains the ozone layer. Heat from the Sun is transferred within the atmosphere and to the Earth's surface through conduction, convection and radiation.
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There has been much recent talk about how damaged the ozone layer is. There is truth to the reports. The ozone layer protects the earth from the sun’s harmful UV rays, but with increased emissions of greenhouse gases, the ozone layer is being damaged, causing unwanted global warming.
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represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
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Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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1) Over 100 scientists will study the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica, a key indicator of rising sea levels, to understand how quickly ice mass is changing.
2) The ICESat-2 satellite will produce highly detailed maps of polar ice thickness down to 0.2 inches, helping track melting from year to year.
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Venus is Earth's sister planet and has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere responsible for its extremely hot surface temperature of 467°C. Jupiter is the largest planet and has a vast atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. Saturn has pale orange cloud bands and its atmosphere contains sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.
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The document describes the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It explains that the atmosphere contains nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. It also discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the atmosphere, including radiation, conduction, and convection. Finally, it explains the greenhouse effect, how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet.
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The document discusses the impacts of climate change on various species and ecosystems. It notes that species ranges and nesting times have shifted, some species have gone extinct, and ecosystems are disassembling and reassembling into new configurations. It also discusses the need to limit greenhouse gas concentrations to 350ppm through measures like revising energy systems, reducing deforestation, and restoring ecosystems to facilitate species movement under climate change.
NYT 1953: How Industry May Change Climate
And I thought that Waldemar Kaempffert's 1956 article on CO2 and climate was prescient. This one came three years earlier. Both pieces center on the work of Gilbert Plass. Here's a link to a Dot Earth post on Plass, with more on the 1956 piece, as well:
Pioneering Greenhouse Analyst Appraised http://nyti.ms/VBCHax
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Climate change is caused by a gradual increase in global temperatures due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide. This is warming both the atmosphere and oceans, melting polar ice caps and glaciers. The increasing temperatures have led to more powerful hurricanes and rising sea levels which threaten coastal areas with flooding. Many species of plants and animals are having to shift their ranges or face extinction as their habitats change with the climate. The document recommends significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions through use of renewable energy, electrified transportation, ending deforestation and planting trees to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Presentation 5 2
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and climate change. It describes how carbon dioxide levels have been monitored at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1958 and are now monitored at other sites globally. Data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels have increased over time. Long term CO2 levels have also been estimated by analyzing ancient air bubbles trapped in ice cores. Higher CO2 and other greenhouse gas levels will further trap heat in the atmosphere and potentially cause global temperature increases of 4°C in the next 50 years according to some models.
Res525 origin of earth and earth atmosphere
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
Auroras80
Auroras, commonly known as the northern lights and southern lights, are light displays that occur near Earth's magnetic poles. Scientists believe auroras are caused by charged particles from the sun interacting with Earth's magnetic fields, which causes atoms in the atmosphere to react and produce colorful lights in the sky above the poles. The different colors seen are produced by oxygen and nitrogen atoms, with oxygen creating greens, reds and yellows, and nitrogen producing blues, greens or violets. Auroras have occasionally been spotted outside polar regions as well.
Chapter 4 - The Earth's Atmosphere
The document discusses the composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere. It notes that nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere, while oxygen is 21% and other gases like argon and carbon dioxide make up the remaining 1%. Earth originally had an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium that eventually escaped. Later, volcanoes released water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, forming a second atmosphere. Cyanobacteria introduced oxygen to the atmosphere between 3.3 to 2.2 billion years ago. The modern atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen is considered the third atmosphere and has a composition influenced by biological and geological processes.
The Earth's Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere protects us from ultraviolet rays and objects from space. It is composed of five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere is where we live and weather occurs, while the stratosphere contains the ozone layer. Heat from the Sun is transferred within the atmosphere and to the Earth's surface through conduction, convection and radiation.
Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary
This study analyzed ostracod samples from the Indian Ocean to investigate changes in bottom water temperature across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary approximately 33.9 million years ago. Ostracod shells were examined microscopically and chemically cleaned. Magnesium-calcium ratios were then measured using mass spectrometry, which indicate bottom water temperature variations. Ratios increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius between 30-36 million years ago, corresponding to cooling linked to Antarctic glaciation. However, temperatures calculated are outside the range of common calibrations, warranting further investigation into accurate calibration methods for this temperature range.
Night and Day by Simon
The document discusses the terms and phases related to the moon and sun. It defines a blue moon as a second full moon that occurs in a single calendar month, which happens every two to three years. It provides facts about the moon's average distance from Earth, how its gravitational pull causes tides, its size relative to other moons, and how long it takes to orbit Earth. Additional details are given about the sun actually being a star, what it is made of, how many other stars exist, its proximity to Earth, and when it formed over 4.5 billion years ago.
Is The Ozone Layer Really Recovering?
There has been much recent talk about how damaged the ozone layer is. There is truth to the reports. The ozone layer protects the earth from the sun’s harmful UV rays, but with increased emissions of greenhouse gases, the ozone layer is being damaged, causing unwanted global warming.
What's hot (17)
These 7 expeditions could reveal some of earth's biggest secrets in 2019
These 7 expeditions could reveal some of earth's biggest secrets in 2019
Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary
Earth's Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Handwritten best quality
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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