This document provides information about minerals, including their definition, characteristics, uses, and physical properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Common minerals like talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum and diamonds are then described in terms of their chemical formulas, physical properties and common uses. The document concludes by covering physical properties of minerals such as color, streak, hardness, cleavage, crystalline structure, diaphaneity, luster, tenacity and sectility.

1. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

2. Minerals

3. After going through this module, you are
expected to:
1. identify the examples of minerals;
2. explain the different characteristics of
minerals;
3. develop awareness on the importance of
minerals around us.

4. Identify common rock-forming minerals using
their physical and chemical properties.
Competency

5. What are MINERALS?

6. What are Minerals?
• are the building blocks of rocks.
Mineralogists use the criteria to determine
whether a material is classified as a
mineral or not.
• are naturally occurring inorganic element or
compound having an orderly internal
structure and characteristics chemical and
physical properties

7. Characteristics of Minerals
1. naturally occurring- a product of Earth’s natural
processes
2. inorganic- it must be product of Earth’s physical
processes.
3. homogeneous solid- minerals should have definite
volume and rigid shape
4. definite chemical composition—represented by a
chemical formula
5. orderly crystalline structure- atoms of minerals are
arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern

8. What are the use of Minerals?
We are using products made from minerals
daily. Graphite is the mineral used in wooden
pencil. Halite is the mineral found in salt. Your
cellphone is made up of different minerals. The
cars that we drive, the roads that we travel, the
building that we live in, are some examples of
products derived from minerals.

9. WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLE
OF MINERALS? GIVE
EXAMPLE.

10. TALC

11. Example of Minerals
TALC
 use in personal care products such as loose
powders(e.g. talcum powder, baby powder,
blush, eyeshadow).
 Contain chemical element like Magnesium,
Silicone, and Oxygen(Mg3Si4O10)
 Hard, color white, sea green, uneven

12. GYPSUM

13. Example of Minerals
GYPSUM
 Use in fertilizer, plasters, toothpaste,
shampoo.
 Contain chemical element like Calcium
Sulphate(CaSO4)
 Hard, Colorless to white, maybe yellow, tan,
blue pink

14. CALCITE

15. Example of Minerals
CALCITE
 Use to make chalk, cement, and paints.
 Contain chemical element like calcium,
carbon and oxygen(CaCO3)
 Hard, polyhedrons, color red, pink, yellow or
brown.

16. FLOURITE

17. Example of Minerals
FLOURITE
 Use to make fuels, glass, enamelware.
 Contain chemical element like calcium and
fluorine(CaF2)

18. APATITE

19. Example of Minerals
APATITE
 Use to make ceramics, insecticides, and
textiles.
 Contain chemical element like calcium and
phosphate(Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,CI)
 Hard, usually green in color but can be
yellow, brown, blue or colorless, and
hexagonal in shape.

20. ORTHOCLASE

21. Example of Minerals
ORTHOCLASE
 Use in glass, porcelain, and other ceramics.
 KAISi3O8
 Hard, greenish, greyish, yellowish
sometimes colorless.

22. QUARTZ

23. Example of Minerals
QUARTZ
 Use to make watch, clocks, cell phones,
computers and televisions
 SiO2
 Hard, massive, dull, waxy, vitreous

24. TOPAZ

25. Example of Minerals
TOPAZ
 Use to make jewelries and ornaments
 AI2(F,OH)2SiO4
 Hard, red, color yellow, blue, brown and
colorless.

26. CORUNDUM

27. Example of Minerals
CORUNDUM
 Use to make sandpapers and grinding wheel.
 AI2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)
 Hard, color yellow, blue, brown and
colorless.

28. DIAMONDS

29. Example of Minerals
DIAMOND
 Use to make jewelries
 Composed of single element carbon (C).
 Hard, colorless, brown, green, gray to black.

30. Other example of Minerals
 Copper
 Sodium
 Zinc
 Manganese
 Iron
 Sulfur
 Nickel
 Gold

31. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
CLASSIFIED INTO:

32. Color
• mineral’s color may
change depending on
the surface.

33. Streak
• color of mineral in powdered
form.

34. Hardness
• minerals resistance
to scratching

35. MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE

36. Cleavage
• mineral’s resistance
to being broken and
fracture

37. Crystalline structure or habit

38. Diaphaneity
• ability to allow
light to pass
through it. This is
affected by
chemical makeup
of the mineral
sample.
• Amount of
transparency

39. Luster
• how light is reflected off a surface

40. Tenacity
• describes the minerals reaction to stress.
Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder
Malleability- a mineral can be flattened by
pounding with a hammer.
Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire.
Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but they
remain in the new position.
Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they
bring back to their original position.
Sectility- ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife.

41. END