This is the presentation of my systems theory of autistogenesis made at the Western Psychological Association, the Autism Society, and the American Psychological Association. Since that time, new information has continued to support this theoretical perspective and I am now moving into experimental studies to confirm.
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski - Epigenetics of ASD-10.05.2019Vladimir Trajkovski
President of MSSA Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski presented this topic "Epigenetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders" at the mini simposyum in Voerandaal, Holland, organized by ReAttach Academy at May 10th 2019.
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski - Epigenetics of ASD-10.05.2019Vladimir Trajkovski
President of MSSA Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski presented this topic "Epigenetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders" at the mini simposyum in Voerandaal, Holland, organized by ReAttach Academy at May 10th 2019.
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEBabie Maibam
Prevention of age-related cognitive decline - a public health challenge.Nutrition, a major lifelong environmental factor, offers promising perspectives.
To highlight the importance of Early Brain & Child Development (EBCD).
To recognize some valuable nutritive materials for the development of children’s brains.
the lecture will explain the benefits of using omega 3 in pediatric neurology cases including the use for normal brain functions development in normal babies, premature babies, GDD , cases with cortical visual defect , ADHD, Autism , and anxiety
omega 3 might be of benefits for children with epilepsy , migraine and stroke
The Biological Plausibility of a Relationship between Vaccines and Autism Spectrum Disorders. A presentation to the Florida Governor's Task Force on Autism Spectrum Disorders
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural repertoirBetseyCalderon89
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural
repertoires of their infants and young children, and
the corresponding changes in cognitive and emotional
functions. These changes are thought to relate to normal
brain development, particularly the development of the
hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal lobes, and
the complex circuitry that connects these brain regions.
At the other end of the age spectrum, we observe changes
in cognition that accompany aging in our parents. These
changes are related to both normal and pathological
brain processes associated with aging.
Studies in animals and humans have shown that
during both early childhood and old age the brain
is particularly sensitive to stress, probably because it
undergoes such important changes during these periods.
Furthermore, research now relates exposure to early-life
stress with increased reactivity to stress and cognitive
deficits in adulthood, indicating that the effects of stress
at different periods of life interact.
Stress triggers the activation of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the pro-
duction of glucocorticoids by the adrenals (FIG. 1).
Receptors for these steroids are expressed throughout
the brain; they can act as transcription factors and so
regulate gene expression. Thus, glucocorticoids can have
potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the
brain regions that regulate their release.
This Review describes the effects of stress during pre-
natal life, infancy, adolescence, adulthood and old age on
the brain, behaviour and cognition, using data from ani-
mal (BOX 1) and human studies. Here, we propose a model
that integrates the effects of stress across the lifespan,
along with future directions for stress research.
Prenatal stress
Animal studies. In animals, exposure to stress early in
life has ‘programming’ effects on the HPA axis and the
brain1. A single or repeated exposure of a pregnant
female to stress2 or to glucocorticoids3 increases mater-
nal glucocorticoid secretion. A portion of these gluco-
corticoids passes through the placenta to reach the fetus,
increasing fetal HPA axis activity and modifying brain
development4. In rats prenatal stress leads to long-term
increases in HPA axis activity 5. Controlling glucocor-
ticoid levels in stressed dams by adrenalectomy and
hormone replacement prevents these effects, indicating
that elevations in maternal glucocorticoids mediate the
prenatal programming of the HPA axis6.
Glucocorticoids are important for normal brain
maturation: they initiate terminal maturation, remodel
axons and dendrites and affect cell survival7; both sup-
pressed and elevated glucocorticoid levels impair brain
development and functioning. For example, admin-
istration of synthetic glucocorticoids to pregnant rats
delays the maturation of neurons, myelination, glia
and vasculature in the offspring, significantly altering
neuronal structure and synaps ...
Contributions of Neuroscience toOur Understanding of CognitiAlleneMcclendon878
Contributions of Neuroscience to
Our Understanding of Cognitive
Development
Adele Diamond1 and Dima Amso2
1
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; and
2
Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology,
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
ABSTRACT—One major contribution of neuroscience to
understanding cognitive development has been in demon-
strating that biology is not destiny—that is, demonstrating
the remarkable role of experience in shaping the mind,
brain, and body. Only rarely has neuroscience provided
wholly new insights into cognitive development, but often
it has provided evidence of mechanisms by which obser-
vations of developmental psychologists could be explained.
Behavioral findings have often remained controversial
until an underlying biological mechanism for them was
offered. Neuroscience has demonstrated promise for de-
tecting cognitive problems before they are behaviorally
observable—and, hence, promise for early intervention. In
this article, we discuss examples drawn from imitation and
mirror neurons, phenylketonuria (PKU) and prefrontal
dopamine, maternal touch and stress reactivity, and non-
genetic (behavioral) intergenerational transmission of bi-
ological characteristics.
KEYWORDS—plasticity; epigenesis; mothering; executive
functions; animal models; molecular genetics; memory
Neuroscience research has made its greatest contributions to the
study of cognitive development by illuminating mechanisms
(providing a ‘‘how’’) that underlie behavioral observations made
earlier by psychologists. It has also made important contribu-
tions to our understanding of cognitive development by dem-
onstrating that the brain is far more plastic at all ages than
previously thought—and thus that the speed and extent by which
experience and behavior can shape the brain is greater than al-
most anyone imagined. In other words, rather than showing that
biology is destiny, neuroscience research has been at the fore-
front of demonstrating the powerful role of experience throughout
life. Besides the surprising evidence of the remarkable extent
of experience-induced plasticity, rarely has neuroscience given
us previously unknown insights into cognitive development, but
neuroscience does offer promise of being able to detect some
problems before they are behaviorally observable.
PROVIDING MECHANISMS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR
BEHAVIORAL RESULTS REPORTED BY
PSYCHOLOGISTS
Here we describe two examples of behavioral findings by psy-
chologists that were largely ignored or extremely controversial
until underlying biological mechanisms capable of accounting
for them were provided by neuroscience research. One such
example concerns cognitive deficits documented in children
treated early and continuously for phenylketonuria (PKU). The
second example involves neonatal imitation observed b ...
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEBabie Maibam
Prevention of age-related cognitive decline - a public health challenge.Nutrition, a major lifelong environmental factor, offers promising perspectives.
To highlight the importance of Early Brain & Child Development (EBCD).
To recognize some valuable nutritive materials for the development of children’s brains.
the lecture will explain the benefits of using omega 3 in pediatric neurology cases including the use for normal brain functions development in normal babies, premature babies, GDD , cases with cortical visual defect , ADHD, Autism , and anxiety
omega 3 might be of benefits for children with epilepsy , migraine and stroke
The Biological Plausibility of a Relationship between Vaccines and Autism Spectrum Disorders. A presentation to the Florida Governor's Task Force on Autism Spectrum Disorders
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural repertoirBetseyCalderon89
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural
repertoires of their infants and young children, and
the corresponding changes in cognitive and emotional
functions. These changes are thought to relate to normal
brain development, particularly the development of the
hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal lobes, and
the complex circuitry that connects these brain regions.
At the other end of the age spectrum, we observe changes
in cognition that accompany aging in our parents. These
changes are related to both normal and pathological
brain processes associated with aging.
Studies in animals and humans have shown that
during both early childhood and old age the brain
is particularly sensitive to stress, probably because it
undergoes such important changes during these periods.
Furthermore, research now relates exposure to early-life
stress with increased reactivity to stress and cognitive
deficits in adulthood, indicating that the effects of stress
at different periods of life interact.
Stress triggers the activation of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the pro-
duction of glucocorticoids by the adrenals (FIG. 1).
Receptors for these steroids are expressed throughout
the brain; they can act as transcription factors and so
regulate gene expression. Thus, glucocorticoids can have
potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the
brain regions that regulate their release.
This Review describes the effects of stress during pre-
natal life, infancy, adolescence, adulthood and old age on
the brain, behaviour and cognition, using data from ani-
mal (BOX 1) and human studies. Here, we propose a model
that integrates the effects of stress across the lifespan,
along with future directions for stress research.
Prenatal stress
Animal studies. In animals, exposure to stress early in
life has ‘programming’ effects on the HPA axis and the
brain1. A single or repeated exposure of a pregnant
female to stress2 or to glucocorticoids3 increases mater-
nal glucocorticoid secretion. A portion of these gluco-
corticoids passes through the placenta to reach the fetus,
increasing fetal HPA axis activity and modifying brain
development4. In rats prenatal stress leads to long-term
increases in HPA axis activity 5. Controlling glucocor-
ticoid levels in stressed dams by adrenalectomy and
hormone replacement prevents these effects, indicating
that elevations in maternal glucocorticoids mediate the
prenatal programming of the HPA axis6.
Glucocorticoids are important for normal brain
maturation: they initiate terminal maturation, remodel
axons and dendrites and affect cell survival7; both sup-
pressed and elevated glucocorticoid levels impair brain
development and functioning. For example, admin-
istration of synthetic glucocorticoids to pregnant rats
delays the maturation of neurons, myelination, glia
and vasculature in the offspring, significantly altering
neuronal structure and synaps ...
Contributions of Neuroscience toOur Understanding of CognitiAlleneMcclendon878
Contributions of Neuroscience to
Our Understanding of Cognitive
Development
Adele Diamond1 and Dima Amso2
1
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; and
2
Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology,
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
ABSTRACT—One major contribution of neuroscience to
understanding cognitive development has been in demon-
strating that biology is not destiny—that is, demonstrating
the remarkable role of experience in shaping the mind,
brain, and body. Only rarely has neuroscience provided
wholly new insights into cognitive development, but often
it has provided evidence of mechanisms by which obser-
vations of developmental psychologists could be explained.
Behavioral findings have often remained controversial
until an underlying biological mechanism for them was
offered. Neuroscience has demonstrated promise for de-
tecting cognitive problems before they are behaviorally
observable—and, hence, promise for early intervention. In
this article, we discuss examples drawn from imitation and
mirror neurons, phenylketonuria (PKU) and prefrontal
dopamine, maternal touch and stress reactivity, and non-
genetic (behavioral) intergenerational transmission of bi-
ological characteristics.
KEYWORDS—plasticity; epigenesis; mothering; executive
functions; animal models; molecular genetics; memory
Neuroscience research has made its greatest contributions to the
study of cognitive development by illuminating mechanisms
(providing a ‘‘how’’) that underlie behavioral observations made
earlier by psychologists. It has also made important contribu-
tions to our understanding of cognitive development by dem-
onstrating that the brain is far more plastic at all ages than
previously thought—and thus that the speed and extent by which
experience and behavior can shape the brain is greater than al-
most anyone imagined. In other words, rather than showing that
biology is destiny, neuroscience research has been at the fore-
front of demonstrating the powerful role of experience throughout
life. Besides the surprising evidence of the remarkable extent
of experience-induced plasticity, rarely has neuroscience given
us previously unknown insights into cognitive development, but
neuroscience does offer promise of being able to detect some
problems before they are behaviorally observable.
PROVIDING MECHANISMS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR
BEHAVIORAL RESULTS REPORTED BY
PSYCHOLOGISTS
Here we describe two examples of behavioral findings by psy-
chologists that were largely ignored or extremely controversial
until underlying biological mechanisms capable of accounting
for them were provided by neuroscience research. One such
example concerns cognitive deficits documented in children
treated early and continuously for phenylketonuria (PKU). The
second example involves neonatal imitation observed b ...
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
5. Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria Journal articles Books and chapters Conference papers Dissertations All were considered eligible for inclusion . Resources not addressing associated genetic or metabolic processes, pervasive developmental disorders, autistic behaviours, or the evolutionary significance of such processes were typically excluded.
6. Literature Search Studies considered contained permutations of the words ; autism , developmental disorder , infant , genetic linkage , mirror neuron , docosahexaenoic acid / DHA , foetal , arachidonic acid / AA , inflammation , sensitive period , environment , androgen , testosterone , estrogen , estradiol , fish oil , milk formula , stress , breast milk , and gender . Library Holdings Medline PsychINFO ProQuest Academic Search Complete Eric Sage Online Journals Google Scholar eBray and PsychBooks
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12. What are the consequences? anterior, inferior fronto- and temperoparietal regions somatosensory cortex, ventral premotor cortex, limbic system, orbital frontal lobes insula All of these and more will experience growth and myelination at different rates during different developmental periods … Sensitive periods !
17. Primary role for DHA without STRESS - Neurite formation is promoted while inhibiting apoptosis. - Improved neuronal differentiation . - Stimulation of neurite growth factors . - Enhanced production of phospholipids required for neurite elongation .
27. Clues to male over-representation: High-dose DHA supplementation of preterm milk formula did improve Bayley Mental Development (MDI) scores at 18 months corrected age in female infants only .
28. The pre-pubertal surge: It works Estradiol Aromatase Testosterone Neuroprotection Estradiol
29. The pre-pubertal surge: It doesn’t Estradiol Aromatase Testosterone Neuroprotection Neurotoxicity
30.
31. So, how do we find a gene in the human genome that can account for these factors? Genome-wide linkage analysis
36. Evolutionary biology MUST inform biological psychology … A maturing infant brain susceptible to change due to stress provides a powerful selective advantage. The point is to not play well with others.
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39. For every step in the genetic, metabolic, and environmental pathway to autistogenesis, there is an opportunity for early detection, treatment, and intervention.
40. However, the earlier that socially engaging and “neurologically age appropriate” the intervention is to those specific brain regions, the greater chance for improvement.
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Editor's Notes
These signs provide diagnostic triangulation for a spectrum of disorders that range from bully to broken. Because signs of this disorder continuum may remain subtle well past the third year of life, and beyond the reach of more compliant neurology, there is overwhelming need for discrimination between autism and other disorders through biological assay to better frame therapeutic intervention.
This research introduces a systems theory approach to autistogenesis that unifies current findings from several diverse fields with implications for prevention, mitigation, intervention, and biological assay.
Meta-narrative review, the central and well established method in evidence-based medicine, provides answers amenable to the biology and the psychology of this pervasive developmental disorder.
Inclusion criteria was necessarily liberal as there exists several journals dedicated to autism research, and that many disparate journals publish additional studies bearing on this multifaceted developmental disorder. Direct telephone contact with technical representatives from pharmaceutical companies was required to ascertain chemical constituents.
I reviewed the reference lists of all acquired articles and book chapters for potential sources germane to this study, with allowances made for much older works where previous findings illuminate current research.
Sensitive periods exist throughout all cortical structures and yield to broad modification in pathways governing development of perception, attention, learning, memory, language, rudimentary mathematics, and social engagement. Mirror neurons permeate the cerebral cortex, and since brain regions mature differentially, this work asserts sensitive periods for aspects of mimicry, imitation, and goal emulation are certain.
Project from the anterior cingulate, extend through layer 6 of the frontoinsular cortex and to prefrontal, orbitofrontal, insular and anterior temporal cortices, the amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamic nuclei, and periaqueductal gray matter. Individuals on the autism spectrum demonstrate significantly reduced, disordered, dysfunction and migration deficits.
Deficits within the MNS represent a key neurological correlate to impaired social cognition . MNS activates while witnessing another’s actions, producing matching somatosensory and proprioceptive feedback mapped onto the Self. It is modulated by emotion and motivation, provides empathic experience of another, and enables interpretation of facial expressions and other communicative gestures.
The consequences of early chronic or repeatedly acute stress may produce neuroinflammation similar to illness or injury. These factors contribute to reduction of perceptual, intellectual, and learning capacities, inability to inhibit repetitive or self-destructive behaviours, and gross distortion of communicative, emotional, and social operations.
The neuroinflammatory cascade leads to apoptosis and aberrant connections between the amygdala, insula, septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and neocortex, though mylenation continues . Interconnectivity is nullified as inflammatory metabolites degrade fledgling connections. Hard-wired short-distance connections create a blockade to long-distance neuronal organization.
Early chronic or repeatedly acute stress produces neuroinflammation and induces similar effects in all primates, and contributes to reduction of perceptual, intellectual, and learning capacities, inability to inhibit repetitive or self-destructive behaviours, and gross distortion of communicative, emotional, and social operations.
Arachidonic acid plays a role in various cancers through the cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways, and initiates apoptosis, including tumour necrosis factor. Under great stress, cortisol induces enhanced lipoxygenase expression and free radical-mediated peroxidation which creates AA metabolites, including leukotrienes, which sustain or augment the inflammatory response.
DHA demonstrates potent antiapoptotic effects through 3 primary routes; enhancement of neuron cell membranes, inhibition of an apoptosis initiator, and is converted into powerful shields against AA dependent inflammation processes.
DHA is also transformed by an enzyme similar to 15-LOX into neuroprotection D1 (NPD1), which is promoted during return of blood to tissues following ischemia, suppresses Aβ-42-induced toxicity in Alzheimer disease, inhibits apoptosis, blocks leukocyte infiltration, and suppresses proinflammatory gene expression.
DHA is shunted through the phosphatidylserine synthesis pathway and in turn reduces apoptosis through a variety of genetic mechanisms.
There is clear in vivo evidence that DHA is vitally important to learning and memory at the component level as deficiency studies reveal smaller neuronal cell bodies in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and the parietal cortex. DHA also influences Na + , K + , and Ca + channels, promotes synaptic transmission, and enhances long-term potentiation associated with learning.
Arachidonic acid is also considered essential to infant growth and development as it serves an important function in synaptic transmission and so a careful balance is struck between AA and DHA as both share the same desaturation and elongation pathway when converted from linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALN) respectfully.
Counter to the positive effects, free DHA is regulated in the brain and extreme oxidative stress produces reactive oxygen species capable of generating DHA peroxidation products that induce cell damage. Thus, repeatedly acute stress, or chronic stress in the presence of excess free DHA may result in a tipping point and heighten neuroinflammation.
Previous studies of infant development linked to breast or bottle feeding, with or without LC-PUFA supplementation, were rife with challenges. Problematic design and contradictory results suggested that no clear evidence exists linking mothers’ orally supplemented breast milk or milk formula to intelligence or vocabulary.
Typical American diets result in reduced DHA in breast milk compared with the foreign equivalent, due to consumption of foods heavy in AA and its precursors, which contributes to diminished DHA in the developing brain and hinders neurite outgrowth.
According to several studies, brain DHA to AA ratio measured to be approximately 1.35. Dietary ratios of .56 or less contribute to increased lipid peroxide levels, partly because the increased AA reduces the presence of DHA by decreasing its synthesis and physical replacement within membranes.
Similac has offered infant formula with a DHA/AA ratio of approximately .37 in 2002, established to replicate American women’s breast milk with a DHA to AA ratio .74 lower than the lowest of the top 10 countries in breast milk worldwide. All others use a DHA to AA ratio at or below .5.
Excessive supplementation of DHA may also disrupt neuron membrane permeability and enzyme function, and without adequate antioxidant such as vitamin E, may create an accumulation of lipid peroxides that can result in a runaway inflammatory insult to neuronal tissues. Neuroprostanes are generated within the brain through enzyme-independent reactions due to oxidative stress leading to apoptosis
Further, excessive DHA supplementation, in combination with vitamin E , during sensitive developmental stages may result in premature neuronal hardwiring in genetically or environmentally predisposed infants. Thus, neuroprotection may inhibit needed apoptosis in some regions required for developmental changes, contributing to behaviours diagnostic of developmental disorders.
It is an unfortunate fact that data exists from foundling homes; infants receiving inadequate nutrition and social isolation until three years of age, often demonstrate at least the minimum behavioural characteristics diagnostic of classical autism ...
Controlled diets administered to men containing radio-labeled α -linoleic acid (ALN) demonstrated that males cannot convert precursors to DHA above background. Female conversion of ALN into DHA is significant and greatest among participants using an estradiol-based birth control pill. Administration of testosterone with the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, blocks the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and inhibits DHA conversion.
A post-partum surge in sex hormones, much higher than that of puberty, causes testosterone from the testes to flood the brain and convert to estradiol by the aromatase enzyme, encouraging axonal regeneration, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, dendrititc spine formation and improves cell survival rates secondary to insult or injury, including the MSN and olivary cells which are typically found abnormal in post mortem examinations of autistic children.
When conversion of testosterone to estradiol does not occur, testosterone accumulates, production of powerful brain antioxidants cease and free radicals increase, neuroblastoma cells undergo apoptosis, aberrant neuronal migration occurs, DHA and AA are converted into toxic inflammatory metabolites, and inflammatory cytokine activity increases.
That estradiol modulates OXTR explains why OXTR is greatly diminished in autism and yet RNA expression for OXTR remains normal. More importantly, estradiol’s regulation of DHA production provides the final clue to what kinds of genes to look for that can explain (1) autisim’s gender bias, (2) a link between environmental stress and developmental disorders, (3) and the link between testosterone, estradiol, and DHA.
This method samples DNA from hundreds families with autistic children. Depending on criteria used for diagnosis, those genes that appear most frequently between unrelated families are considered possible candidates for selection. The horizontal reference lines indicate logarithm of odds score = 2.2 suggestive of linkage, and 3.6 = statistically significant for autism spectrum disorder.
CYP19, the gene at 15q 21.2 cM, encodes for the aromatase enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol, with 9 regulatory units imparting tissue specificity: endometriosis/ovary/breast cancer, adipose/breast cancer, bone, placenta minor 1, brain, foetal tissues, skin/adipose, placenta minor 2, and placenta major.
The gene located at 15q21.2 links gender due to the balance between testosterone and estradiol regulation of DHA synthesis. Opportunities for failure at the common splice site, and multiple sites for mutation, methylation, and potential for copy-number alteration suggest 15q21.2 admits potential inhibition or dysfunction.
In each instance, one of the tissue-specific regions must be copied from the DNA and then spliced onto the copy containing the sequence for the aromatase enzyme, providing tissue-specific expression, but also great potential for transcript level regulation due to psuedogene, miRNA, and ceRNA activity.
Therefore, this paper asserts that autism is the result of damage to or impairment of one or more components within a system of interconnected processes; the brain’s multi-domain periods of developmental sensitivity, the influence of internal and external environmental stressors on developing neurology, LC-PUFA metabolism, and the genetic mechanisms and metabolic processes of testosterone conversion to estradiol.
Protein primarily from red meat diminishes DHA to AA dietary ratios, ensuring offspring more ready to take risks and hunt quarry capable of returning the fight, and less likely to “feel the pain” of even very closely related hominid prey. This then represents the healthy functioning of the autistogenesis system.
The Neanderthal was a powerful hunter throughout the European continent. What some call a bully can also be the child to assume the dominant position in naturalistic settings, without genetic alteration, due to increased risking taking, less empathic connection to competitors, and the ability to react in ways antisocial.
Neanderthal’s greater tendency for antisocial behaviours, ostensibly adaptive to high risk environments, may have been modulated by the system linking testosterone to estradiol conversion and maintenance of DHA/AA ratios within the brain. Interestingly, the earliest Homo sapiens ancestry lived along the Tsitsikamma coast of South Africa, consuming balanced diets rich in DHA.
Neuronal maturation occurs throughout the brain in reasonably predictable fashion and this sequence of events can provide a roadmap with mileposts to guide intervention. The younger the child is without competent aromatase expression, or with an inappropriate dietary DHA/AA ratio, in the face of any neuroinflammatory event, the more pan-cerebral the potential damage to sensitive domains.
New therapies must include activity that provide neurological stimulation targeted to those areas likely damaged so that plasticity may remodel faulty interconnections. Neurologists employing imaging techniques can determine cortical areas with aberrant electrical or BOLD responses to provide neuropsychologists with a plan for therapists to develop brain region-specific intervention and possible dietary LC-PUFA supplementation.