Early Neolithic 2013
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Long barrows were ancient communal tombs built as elongated mounds of earth or chalk covering a wooden or stone chamber. Burials took place over 3-4 generations or a decade. Over 300 have been found concentrated in Wessex and the Cotswolds. They were often built on prominent hills away from settlements and may have served as territorial markers and burial chambers. Initial excavations show long barrows were built resembling Neolithic longhouses, with human remains added to and removed from the structures over centuries as part of ancestral rites and fertility ceremonies.
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Regional variations in burial practices emerged in Neolithic Britain, with long barrows common in southern England and stone chambers in western Britain. Burial mounds were often located prominently overlooking settlements. Collective burials containing disarticulated remains suggested excarnation. Later, megalithic tombs with stone passages and chambers covered by mounds appeared in Ireland, Wales, Scotland. Beaker burials around 4700 years ago featured crouched inhumations under round barrows. Wealthier Bronze Age burials from around 4200 years ago contained continental-style grave goods indicating a warrior elite.
ELEMENTS IN STONE AGE
The document discusses various types of prehistoric megalithic structures found across the world, including menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs, and tumuli. Menhirs are large single standing stones that were erected for religious purposes. Dolmens are stone chamber tombs composed of two or three vertical stones supporting a large flat capstone. Cromlechs are stone circles that were sometimes used as solar observatories. Tumuli are burial mounds constructed over graves to protect and honor the dead. Examples of these structures still standing include menhirs in Brittany, dolmens in Ireland and Korea, Stonehenge in England, and the royal tumulus of Count Nemrut in Turkey.
Bronze age in Ireland
The document provides an overview of developments in Ireland during the Bronze Age period from 2500-500 BC. Some key points:
- Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) was introduced and revolutionized lives through improved tools and weapons like sickles for farming and lunulae necklaces for ornamentation.
- People were buried in cist graves or wedge-shaped tombs and ate a similar diet to the Neolithic period but also used pits known as fulachta fiadh for cooking meat over fires.
- Other structures from this time included stone circles of unknown purpose, perhaps religious or agricultural, showing advances while maintaining connections to past farming traditions.
stone henge
Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle located in Wiltshire, England. It was constructed in multiple phases beginning around 2950 BCE, when a timber circle and ring of 56 pits were built. Around 2550 BCE, construction began on the stone circle, using large sarsen stones weighing up to 60 tons brought from nearby and smaller bluestones transported from Wales. The site and stones were carefully constructed and oriented using geometric proportions and the golden ratio, with the number three incorporated throughout the design. Stonehenge was likely used for rituals connected to astronomy and as a burial ground.
Prehistory II ( liths)
The document discusses the rise of megalith structures in prehistoric Europe during the Neolithic period from 4500-2000 BC. Two main types of megaliths are described - dolmens, which were tombs made of large upright stones and covered burial chambers; and menhirs, which were single large upright stones often arranged in circles. Examples of important dolmen sites mentioned are Newgrange in Ireland and Stonehenge in Britain, both built around 3200 BC and 2500 BC respectively using very large stones to precisely track the sun's movements. The megaliths demonstrated advanced engineering skills and suggested the rise of warrior chieftains, religious practices, and calendar systems during the Neolithic period in Europe.
PRE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
The document provides an overview of prehistoric architecture from the Paleolithic era to early civilizations. It discusses the types of dwellings and structures used in different prehistoric periods, including huts, tents, cave dwellings, beehive huts, and structures made from materials like wood and stone. Specific prehistoric sites discussed include Stonehenge, tumuli/burial mounds, lake dwellings in Switzerland and Ireland, gallery graves, and stone circles. Catal Huyuk, one of the world's first permanent settlements located in modern-day Turkey, is also summarized.
Monoliths
A monolith is a single massive stone, sometimes moved and incorporated into monuments. Megaliths are large stones used to construct monumental structures. Stonehenge is a famous megalithic structure composed of arranged monoliths. Various Neolithic stone circles and structures from the Bronze Age are described, including Long Meg and her Daughters, Stonehenge, the Ring of Brodgar, and the Adam and Eve longstones. While the original rituals are unknown, megalithic structures were likely created for religious purposes focused on solstices, though uses have changed over time.
6.1.2 stone age
The document discusses three periods of the Stone Age: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. The Paleolithic period began 2.6 million years ago and was characterized by primitive stone tools and humans living in small bands who gathered plants and engaged in fishing and hunting. Toward the end of this period, people developed spiritual and religious beliefs. The Mesolithic period occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic, and was a transition time marked by the development of microlith stone tools. The Neolithic period saw the domestication of animals, permanent housing structures, and evidence of crop farming and cultivation between 10,200 BC to 4,500 BC, ending with the start of the Bronze Age.
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Transitions
Regional variations in burial practices emerged in Neolithic Britain, with long barrows common in southern England and stone chambers in western Britain. Burial mounds were often located prominently overlooking settlements. Collective burials containing disarticulated remains suggested excarnation. Later, megalithic tombs with stone passages and chambers covered by mounds appeared in Ireland, Wales, Scotland. Beaker burials around 4700 years ago featured crouched inhumations under round barrows. Wealthier Bronze Age burials from around 4200 years ago contained continental-style grave goods indicating a warrior elite.
ELEMENTS IN STONE AGE
The document discusses various types of prehistoric megalithic structures found across the world, including menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs, and tumuli. Menhirs are large single standing stones that were erected for religious purposes. Dolmens are stone chamber tombs composed of two or three vertical stones supporting a large flat capstone. Cromlechs are stone circles that were sometimes used as solar observatories. Tumuli are burial mounds constructed over graves to protect and honor the dead. Examples of these structures still standing include menhirs in Brittany, dolmens in Ireland and Korea, Stonehenge in England, and the royal tumulus of Count Nemrut in Turkey.
Bronze age in Ireland
The document provides an overview of developments in Ireland during the Bronze Age period from 2500-500 BC. Some key points:
- Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) was introduced and revolutionized lives through improved tools and weapons like sickles for farming and lunulae necklaces for ornamentation.
- People were buried in cist graves or wedge-shaped tombs and ate a similar diet to the Neolithic period but also used pits known as fulachta fiadh for cooking meat over fires.
- Other structures from this time included stone circles of unknown purpose, perhaps religious or agricultural, showing advances while maintaining connections to past farming traditions.
stone henge
Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle located in Wiltshire, England. It was constructed in multiple phases beginning around 2950 BCE, when a timber circle and ring of 56 pits were built. Around 2550 BCE, construction began on the stone circle, using large sarsen stones weighing up to 60 tons brought from nearby and smaller bluestones transported from Wales. The site and stones were carefully constructed and oriented using geometric proportions and the golden ratio, with the number three incorporated throughout the design. Stonehenge was likely used for rituals connected to astronomy and as a burial ground.
Prehistory II ( liths)
The document discusses the rise of megalith structures in prehistoric Europe during the Neolithic period from 4500-2000 BC. Two main types of megaliths are described - dolmens, which were tombs made of large upright stones and covered burial chambers; and menhirs, which were single large upright stones often arranged in circles. Examples of important dolmen sites mentioned are Newgrange in Ireland and Stonehenge in Britain, both built around 3200 BC and 2500 BC respectively using very large stones to precisely track the sun's movements. The megaliths demonstrated advanced engineering skills and suggested the rise of warrior chieftains, religious practices, and calendar systems during the Neolithic period in Europe.
PRE HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
The document provides an overview of prehistoric architecture from the Paleolithic era to early civilizations. It discusses the types of dwellings and structures used in different prehistoric periods, including huts, tents, cave dwellings, beehive huts, and structures made from materials like wood and stone. Specific prehistoric sites discussed include Stonehenge, tumuli/burial mounds, lake dwellings in Switzerland and Ireland, gallery graves, and stone circles. Catal Huyuk, one of the world's first permanent settlements located in modern-day Turkey, is also summarized.
Monoliths
A monolith is a single massive stone, sometimes moved and incorporated into monuments. Megaliths are large stones used to construct monumental structures. Stonehenge is a famous megalithic structure composed of arranged monoliths. Various Neolithic stone circles and structures from the Bronze Age are described, including Long Meg and her Daughters, Stonehenge, the Ring of Brodgar, and the Adam and Eve longstones. While the original rituals are unknown, megalithic structures were likely created for religious purposes focused on solstices, though uses have changed over time.
6.1.2 stone age
The document discusses three periods of the Stone Age: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. The Paleolithic period began 2.6 million years ago and was characterized by primitive stone tools and humans living in small bands who gathered plants and engaged in fishing and hunting. Toward the end of this period, people developed spiritual and religious beliefs. The Mesolithic period occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic, and was a transition time marked by the development of microlith stone tools. The Neolithic period saw the domestication of animals, permanent housing structures, and evidence of crop farming and cultivation between 10,200 BC to 4,500 BC, ending with the start of the Bronze Age.
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Stonehenge is a prehistoric World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England consisting of a stone circle built in three phases between 3100 BC and 1950 BC. The first phase included a timber circle around 3000 BC, later replaced with stones around 2600 BC. Around 2400 BC, 30 huge sarsen stones were erected forming an inner and outer stone circle, with the remaining bluestones placed innermost. Though its purpose remains unknown, it is believed Stonehenge functioned as a ritual site and calendar based on solar alignments during solstices.
Ancient ireland 1
The document summarizes the history of ancient Ireland from the Mesolithic Stone Age to the Bronze Age. It describes how the first hunter-gatherers arrived around 8000 BC using stone tools. Farming was introduced in the Neolithic Stone Age around 4000 BC, bringing pottery, crops, and domesticated animals. Important Neolithic sites included passage graves like Newgrange and farming settlements such as Lough Gur. The Bronze Age began around 2000 BC, with people making tools and weapons from bronze and introducing new burial practices and jewelry.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is an ancient stone structure located in Wiltshire, England whose origins and purpose remain a mystery. Some theories about Stonehenge include that it was used as an astronomical observatory, religious site, burial ground, or was built by Druids. It attracted people from around the world and various archaeological investigations have been unable to determine its exact origins. The mystery of Stonehenge continues as there is no conclusive evidence about why or how it was constructed.
Stonehenge
The document discusses several mysteries and theories about the origins and purpose of Stonehenge. Archaeologists have uncovered clues but many secrets remain. Some theories suggest it was used for ancient funerary practices or had astronomical alignments. Recent discoveries found people were buried there as early as 3000 BC, showing it was used as a cemetery from the start.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge was built between 3600 BC and 2000 BC in England by indigenous people. It consists of fifty-six large stones transported over 250 km and arranged in concentric circles, with an entrance and altar at its center. Though now in ruins, archaeologists believe Stonehenge was used as a religious site where rituals were conducted to honor gods. It remains an important spiritual site for some who practice the ancient druid religion.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and large standing stones erected around 2500 BC. It consists of large stone blocks arranged in concentric circles, with an exterior circle of large stones and an interior circle of smaller bluestones. Inside is a horseshoe structure and slab known as the altar. The origin and purpose of Stonehenge remains a mystery as the culture that built it left no written records, and transporting the massive stones over 30 km remains unexplained.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of massive standing stones some weighing up to 50 tons. Theories about Stonehenge suggest it may have been used as a cemetery, an astronomical calendar precisely aligned with the sun and moon, or even constructed by aliens. It dates back to the Bronze Age.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a mysterious stone structure located in England. While its original purpose is unknown, theories suggest it was used as a temple aligned with the sun and seasons or as a burial ground. The stones were likely transported and erected by Neolithic people over 5,000 years ago, though how they moved and assembled the large stones remains unknown. Stonehenge continues to intrigue researchers seeking to understand its original significance and purpose.
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This gives the overview and theory of the historical Monument STONEHENGE.
It has some related theory of how these stone henges are built.
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1. The document discusses the development of megalithic tombs and wedge tombs in Ireland during the Neolithic period. It describes the different types of megalithic tombs including court tombs, portal dolmens, passage tombs, and wedge tombs.
2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
3. The document outlines some of the decorative motifs found on megalithic art in passage tombs, including circles, spirals, arcs, lozenges, and parallel lines.
British Prehistory-an overview
The document discusses key concepts in archaeology including the study of material remains to understand past human cultures. It covers a wide time period from 40,000 BC to 43 AD and archaeological periods like the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Specific sites mentioned include Boxgrove which has preserved evidence of early humans, and Cresswell Caves containing stone tools. The document also discusses the Sungir burial site containing well-preserved burials dating to 20,000-28,000 years ago. Approaches to archaeology include traditional descriptive methods as well as theory-based sociological analyses of human culture.
Prehistory britain
The first humans arrived in Britain over 2.5 million years ago as hunter-gatherers using simple stone tools. During the Neolithic period, stone circles were erected for ceremonial rituals. The Bronze Age began around 2200 BC with the arrival of the Beaker people from Spain, who introduced metalworking. During the Iron Age from 750 BC to 43 AD, the Celtic Britons settled in Britain as warriors and farmers skilled in metalworking, building hill forts and villages and using iron weapons and tools.
British prehistory
The document summarizes Britain's prehistory from the earliest settlers to the Iron Age Celts and the Roman conquest. It describes how Britain became separated from the continent after the last ice age, the earliest hunter-gatherer populations, the introduction of farming in the Neolithic period, and the emergence of ceremonial sites like Stonehenge. It then discusses the Bronze Age, the arrival of the Celts in the Iron Age, and key aspects of Celtic culture like hillforts, roundhouses, religion, and warrior traditions before concluding with the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD and their inability to conquer Scotland.
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The document discusses several mysteries and theories about the origins and purpose of Stonehenge. Archaeologists have uncovered clues but many secrets remain. Some theories suggest it was used for ancient funerary practices or had astronomical alignments. Recent discoveries found people were buried there as early as 3000 BC, showing it was used as a cemetery from the start.
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Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
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Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and large standing stones erected around 2500 BC. It consists of large stone blocks arranged in concentric circles, with an exterior circle of large stones and an interior circle of smaller bluestones. Inside is a horseshoe structure and slab known as the altar. The origin and purpose of Stonehenge remains a mystery as the culture that built it left no written records, and transporting the massive stones over 30 km remains unexplained.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of massive standing stones some weighing up to 50 tons. Theories about Stonehenge suggest it may have been used as a cemetery, an astronomical calendar precisely aligned with the sun and moon, or even constructed by aliens. It dates back to the Bronze Age.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a mysterious stone structure located in England. While its original purpose is unknown, theories suggest it was used as a temple aligned with the sun and seasons or as a burial ground. The stones were likely transported and erected by Neolithic people over 5,000 years ago, though how they moved and assembled the large stones remains unknown. Stonehenge continues to intrigue researchers seeking to understand its original significance and purpose.
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2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
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- 1. Long barrows are ancient, communal tombs. They are elongated mounds, built of earth, or chalk and earth, covering a wood or stone ‘house’ for the dead. Recent research shows that burials typically took place over no more than three or four generations and perhaps as little as a decade. Over 300 long barrows have been found in Britain, with concentrations on the Wessex downs and the Cotswolds. They were often built on a prominent hill, some distance from where people were living. Perhaps they served as a territorial marker as well as a burial chamber.
- 2. "What did barrows look like when first raised? At Fussell's Lodge long barrow, near Salisbury, the discovery of post-holes in a lengthy, trapezoidal structure showed that initially there had been a structure resembling a Neolithic long house of the type found widely on the Continent. Subsequent long barrow excavations showed that this formula was widely followed. These surrogate long houses contained deposits of human bone that were added to and subtracted from, for more than a millennium, and rites pertaining to ancestors and fertility were no doubt performed. Long barrows, the long houses of the dead, should be regarded as shrines rather than mausolea."
- 12. "What did barrows look like when first raised? At Fussell's Lodge long barrow, near Salisbury, the discovery of post-holes in a lengthy, trapezoidal structure showed that initially there had been a structure resembling a Neolithic long house of the type found widely on the Continent. Subsequent long barrow excavations showed that this formula was widely followed. These surrogate long houses contained deposits of human bone that were added to and subtracted from, for more than a millennium, and rites pertaining to ancestors and fertility were no doubt performed. Long barrows, the long houses of the dead, should be regarded as shrines rather than mausolea."
- 15. Windmill Hill causewayed enclosure 3800 BC 3 concentric segmented ditches Congregation point associated with seasonal rituals? Exchange/trading centre (like Mediaeval fairs?)