The document discusses the extraction of titanium from its main ores, rutile and ilmenite. It describes the discovery and properties of titanium. The Kroll process is discussed as the primary industrial process for extracting titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride into sponge titanium. Applications of titanium include use in aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and chemicals due to its high strength-to-density ratio and corrosion resistance.

1. EXTRACTION OF TITANIUM

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TITANIUM-DISCOVERY AND
NAMING
OCCURRENCE AND
PROPERTIES
RUTILE
STRUCTURE

3. ILMENITE
LUNAR ILMENITE
DECOMPOSITION OF ILMENITE BY
CONCENTRATED KOH SOLUTION UNDER
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
MICROWAVE REDUCTION OF OXIDISED
ILMENITE CONCENTRATES
APPLICATIONS
PRECAUTIONS

4. INTRODUC
TION
Titanium Ore:Any mineral from which titanium is
extracted, principally ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile
(TiO2).
Brazil, India, and Canada are major producers. Both
these ore minerals are found either in rock
formations or concentrated in heavy mineral sands.
The current usage of titanium on a world-wide basis
is as follows
•Air frames
•Missiles and spacecraft
•Chemical process industries
•Jet engine component

5. TITANIUM-DISCOVERY AND NAMING
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the English
clergyman William Gregor (1761-1817).
He attempted a chemical analysis of the
mineral ilmenite and found a portion that he
was unable to classify as one of the existing
elements.
Four years later that German chemist
Martin Heinrich Klaproth returned to an
investigation of ilmenite and isolated the
new element.
He suggested the name of titanium for

6. TITANIUM-OCCURRENCE
Titanium is in the earth's crust with an
abundance estimated at about 0.63%.
The most common sources of titanium
are ilmenite, rutile, and titanite.
The metal is often obtained
commercially as a byproduct of the
refining of iron ore.
It can be produced from its ores by
electrolyzing molten titanium chloride
(TiCl4)

7. TITANIUM-PROPERTIES
Titanium exists in two allotropic forms, one of
which is a dark gray, shiny metal
The other allotrope is a dark gray amorphous
powder.
The metal has a melting point of 3,051°F
(1,677°C), a boiling point of 5,931°F (3,277°C),
and a density of 4.6 g/cm3.

8. PROPERTIES
At room temperature, titanium
tends to be brittle, although it
becomes malleable and ductile at
higher temperatures.
Chemically, titanium is relatively
inactive. At moderate temperatures, it
resists attack by oxygen, most acids,
chlorine, and other corrosive agents.

9. RUTILE
.
Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of
Titanium dioxide,TiO2.
Three rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are
known:
anatase (sometimes known by the
obsolete name 'octahedrite'), a
tetragonal mineral of pseudo-
octahedral habit;
brookite, an orthorhombic mineral;
and

10. Rutile has among the highest refractive indices of any
known mineral and also exhibits high dispersion.
Natural rutile may contain up to 10%
iron.
Rutile derives its name from the Latin
rutilus, red, in reference to the deep red
color observed in some specimens when
viewed by transmitted light.

11. OCCURRENCE-RUTILE
 Rutile is a common accessory
mineral in high temperature
metamorphous rocks and igneous
rocks.
Rutile is the preferred polymorph of
TiO2 because it has the lowest
molecular volume of the three
polymorphs.
It is thus the primary titanium bearing
phase in most high pressure
metamorphic rocks.
Rutile in quartz

12. STRUCTURE OF RUTILE
Rutile has a body centered tetragonal unit
cell.
 It has a density of 4240 kg/m3
The titanium cations have a co- ordination
number of 6 meaning they are surrounded by
an octahedron of 6 oxygen atoms.
The oxygen anions have a co-ordination
number of 3 resulting in a trigonal planar co-
ordination.
The unit cell of rutile. Ti atoms are grey; O atoms are re

13. SYNTHETIC RUTILE
Synthetic rutile was first produced in 1948 and
was sold under a variety of names.
Very pure synthetic rutile is transparent and
almost colorless (slightly yellow) in large pieces.
Synthetic rutile can be made in a variety of colors
by doping, although the purest material is almost
colorless.
The high refractive index(2.62-2.90) gives an
adamantine lusture and strong refraction that leads
to a diamond-like appearance.

14. Rutile is seldom used in Jewellery because it is
not very hard (scratch-resistant), measuring only
about 6 on the mohs hardness scale.
It has dispersion 6.5 times that of diamond which
gives it an exceptional display of fire, and far too
much to be diamond.

15. EXTRACTION OF TITANIUM FROM RUTILE
Conversion of titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, into titanium(IV)
chloride, TiCl4
The ore rutile (impure titanium(IV) oxide) is heated with ch
coke at a temperature of about
900°C.
Reaction:TiO2+2Cl2+2C→TiCl4+2CO
Very pure liquid titanium(IV) chloride can be separated
from the other chlorides by fractional distillation under
an argon or nitrogen atmosphere, and is stored in
totally dry tanks.
Titanium(IV) chloride is a typical covalent chloride. It is
a colorless liquid which fumes in moist air due to
reaction with water to give titanium (IV) oxide and
fumes of hydrogen chloride. Everything has to be kept

16. FRACTIONATION:
Titanium tetrachloride is purified by distillatio
remove iron
chloride.
Reduction of the titanium (IV) chloride
1. Reduction by sodium
The titanium(IV) chloride is added to a reactor in which
very pure sodium has been heated to about 550°C -
everything being under an inert argon atmosphere.
During the reaction, the temperature increases to
about 1000°C.The product formed is called titanium
sponge.
Reaction:
TiCl4+4Na→Ti+4NaCl
After the reaction is complete, and everything has
cooled (several days in total - an obvious inefficiency of
the batch process), the mixture is crushed and washed
with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove the sodium

17. Reduction by magnesium:
The method is similar to using sodium, but this time the
reaction is:
TiCl4+ 2Mg→Ti+2MgCl2
The magnesium chloride is removed from the titanium
by distillation under very low pressure at a high
temperature.
Melting:
Titanium sponge is melted under argon to produce ingo

18. C
Red
Heat
800 ⁰C
impurity of Mg and
MgCl2
Spongy metallic Ti
heat
1000⁰C
Ti sponge
(free of Mg)
fused
Under Ar
Ti ingots
molten Mg or Na
Under Ar
TiCl4
TiCl4 + CO2 (with FeCl3 impurity)
Fractionation
TiO2 +Cl2
Kroll Process

19. Titanium Dioxide Producers in India
Company Technolog
y Route
Grade Installed
Cap.,TPA
Travancor
e Titanium
Products
Ltd.
NL/Trioxid
e(Sulphate
)
Anatase 24,500
Kolmak
Chemicals
Ltd.
Indigenous
(Sulphate)
Anatase 2,400
Kerala
Minerals &
Metals
Ltd.
KMML(Chl
oride)
Rutile 22,000

20. Comparison of Consumption Patterns of Titanium Dioxi
Regio
n→
Industr
y
USA Weste
rn
Europ
e
Rest
of
World
India
Paintin
gs &
Coatin
gs
51 62 75 68
Paper 24 9 4 6
Plastic
s
14 18 8 10

21. ILME
NITE:
Ilmenite is a weakly magnetite
titanium-iron oxide mineral which is
iron-black or steel-gray.
It is a crystalline iron titanium oxide
(FeTiO3).
It crystallizes in the trigonal system,
and it has the same crystal structure as
hematite.

22. LUNAR
ILMENITE
Ilmenite has been found in Moon rocks, and is
typically highly enriched in magnesium .
In 2005 NASA used the Hubble Space
Telescope to locate potentially ilmenite-rich
locations.
This mineral could be essential to an eventual
Moon base, as ilmenite would provide a source of
iron and titanium for the building of structures and
essential oxygen extraction.

23. DECOMPOSITION OF ILMENITE BY
CONCENTRATED KOH SOLUTION UNDER
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
A new process was provided for decomposition
of ilmenite by concentrated KOH solution under
atmospheric pressure.
Approximately 80–85% of the titanium could be
leached from the ilmenite ore under the optimal
conditions.

24. PROCED
URE
The reaction of ilmenite with concentrated
KOH solution led to the formation of
potassium titanate (K4Ti3O8) and iron oxide
Reaction:3FeTiO3 + 4KOH → K4Ti3O8 + 3Fe
O + 2H2O
The titanium extraction was calculated by
dissolving the sample in HCl, and the
dissolution took place according to the
following reaction:

25. MICROWAVE REDUCTION OF OXIDISED ILMENI
Microwave energy has potential for the speedy
and efficient heating of minerals and in a
commercial context may provide savings in both
time and energy.
The oxidation and reduction of iron in ilmenite
concentrates between the ferrous and ferric states
has been found to greatly enhance its chemical
activity.
When reduced to the correct extent, iron can be
preferentially extracted to yield a titanium rich
beneficiate suitable for use as a feed for the

26. APPLICATI
ONS
Pigment:
Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white
pigment because of its brightness and very high
refractive index (n = 2.7).
Titanium dioxide is used to mark the white lines
on the tennis courts of the All England Lawn
Tennis and Croquet Club, best known as the
venue for the annual grand slam tennis
tournament The Championships, Wimbledon

27. As a photocatalyst
APPLICATIO
NS
Titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form,
is a photocatalyst under ultraviolet light. Recently it
has been found that titanium dioxide, when spiked
with nitrogen ions, or doped with metal oxide like
tungsten trioxide, is also a photocatalyst under
visible and UV light.
It is also used in the Graetzel cell, a type of
chemical solar cell.

28. APPLICATI
ONS
For wastewater remediation:
TiO2 offers great potential as an industrial technology
for detoxification or remediation of wastewater due to
several factors:
The process occurs under ambient conditions very
slowly, direct UV light exposure increases the rate of
reaction.
The formation of photocyclized intermediate
products, unlike direct photolysis techniques, is
avoided.

29. Aerospace and marine:
Due to their high tensile strength to density ratio high
corrosion resistance and ability to withstand moderately
high temperatures without creeping, titanium alloys are
used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft,
and missiles.
The SR-71 "Blackbird" was one of the first aircraft to
make extensive use of titanium within its structure, paving
the way for its use in modern military and commercial
aircraft.
APPLICATI
ONS

30. PRECAUTION
S
It does, however, have a tendency to bio-
accumulate in tissues that contain silica.
Titanium can catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized
surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen.

31. CONCLUSION
Future advances in titanium manufacture are likely
to be found in the development of new alloys, the
reduction in production costs, and the application to
new industries.
Work is also being done on finding the optimal
composition of various titanium alloys.
Researchers have been investigating different
methods for titanium purification.
. Recently, scientists at Cambridge University
announced a method for producing pure titanium
directly from titanium dioxide.