Abstract: A board of directors has the responsibilities of supervising the management and overall business performance of an organisation. During the acquisition of assets through project development, a board requires a high level of confidence that management is applying prudence in doing the right things and doing things right. This paper focuses on how a board can gain this assurance through Cold Eyed Reviews (CERs). It discusses why an effective CER creates significant value and effective risk hedging to an organisation.
ISPE guidelines - checklist for Project Managers to submit the Business case and feasibility. Really useful.
Mainly for the construction of Pharmaceutical facility, one must try to furnish these information before getting ahead
Over the years the success rate of traditional project management methods applied to software development projects has been underwhelming. These traditional methods are based on a retrospective approach which measures variance against plan rather than providing a performance–forecast that can be used to guide projects in a chaotic environment.
What is Business Architecture? Business Architecture is a powerful tool for planning your initiative roadmaps. Using capabilities as the basis for your planning enables strategic alignment across the business and IT, creates a common taxonomy and makes it easy to scope work and identify change impacts.
5 Project Risk Identification Tools I Use & How You Can Use Them TooSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Risk is an inherent property of a project. Risk identification is the first step in risk management. The article details the 5 risk identification tools that have helped me in my projects. The explanation shall enable you to use the risk identification techniques for your projects.
ISPE guidelines - checklist for Project Managers to submit the Business case and feasibility. Really useful.
Mainly for the construction of Pharmaceutical facility, one must try to furnish these information before getting ahead
Over the years the success rate of traditional project management methods applied to software development projects has been underwhelming. These traditional methods are based on a retrospective approach which measures variance against plan rather than providing a performance–forecast that can be used to guide projects in a chaotic environment.
What is Business Architecture? Business Architecture is a powerful tool for planning your initiative roadmaps. Using capabilities as the basis for your planning enables strategic alignment across the business and IT, creates a common taxonomy and makes it easy to scope work and identify change impacts.
5 Project Risk Identification Tools I Use & How You Can Use Them TooSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Risk is an inherent property of a project. Risk identification is the first step in risk management. The article details the 5 risk identification tools that have helped me in my projects. The explanation shall enable you to use the risk identification techniques for your projects.
Managing infrastructure projects requires a professional orientation, especially so in developing economies like India. Herein a materials management and suppl chain management orientation is taken to highlight some of the successful projects.
Notes on IT programmatic risk in 5 not so easy piecesGlen Alleman
Risk management in the IT business is similar to risk management most domains. Here's a starting point for understanding the steps needed to manage risk
With uncertainty comes opportunity. But if a project manager is consumed with managing the risks, there is little time to manage the opportunities. Good risk management is not about fear of failure; it is about removing barriers to success. This is when opportunity management emerges.
Cost and schedule growth for complex projects is created when unrealistic technical performance expectations, unrealistic cost and schedule estimates, inadequate risk assessments, unanticipated technical issues, and poorly performed and ineffective risk management, contribute to project technical and programmatic shortfalls
Delivering programs with less capability than promised, while exceeding the cost and planned durations, distorts decision making, contributes to increasing cost growth to other programs, undermines the Federal government’s credibility with taxpayers and contributes to the public’s negative support for these programs.
Many reasons have been hypothesized and documented for cost and schedule growth. The authors review some of these reasons, and propose that government and contractors use the historical variability of the past programs to establish cost and schedule estimates at the outset and periodically update these estimates with up-to-date risks, to increase the probability of program success. For this to happen, the authors recommend changes to estimating, acquisition and contracting processes.
The management of risk is a critical success factor of any project or program. This document is a collection of risk management categories that are used to ask the question “did you think about this risk and its impact on our probability of success?”
Risk Management is essential for the success of any significant project. Information about key project cost, performance, and schedule attributes is often unknown until the project is underway.
Abstract: A board of directors has the responsibilities of supervising the management and overall business performance of an organisation. During the acquisition of assets through project development, a board requires a high level of confidence that management is applying prudence in doing the right things and doing things right. This paper focuses on how a board can gain this assurance through Cold Eyed Reviews (CERs). It discusses why an effective CER creates significant value and effective risk hedging to an organisation
Managing infrastructure projects requires a professional orientation, especially so in developing economies like India. Herein a materials management and suppl chain management orientation is taken to highlight some of the successful projects.
Notes on IT programmatic risk in 5 not so easy piecesGlen Alleman
Risk management in the IT business is similar to risk management most domains. Here's a starting point for understanding the steps needed to manage risk
With uncertainty comes opportunity. But if a project manager is consumed with managing the risks, there is little time to manage the opportunities. Good risk management is not about fear of failure; it is about removing barriers to success. This is when opportunity management emerges.
Cost and schedule growth for complex projects is created when unrealistic technical performance expectations, unrealistic cost and schedule estimates, inadequate risk assessments, unanticipated technical issues, and poorly performed and ineffective risk management, contribute to project technical and programmatic shortfalls
Delivering programs with less capability than promised, while exceeding the cost and planned durations, distorts decision making, contributes to increasing cost growth to other programs, undermines the Federal government’s credibility with taxpayers and contributes to the public’s negative support for these programs.
Many reasons have been hypothesized and documented for cost and schedule growth. The authors review some of these reasons, and propose that government and contractors use the historical variability of the past programs to establish cost and schedule estimates at the outset and periodically update these estimates with up-to-date risks, to increase the probability of program success. For this to happen, the authors recommend changes to estimating, acquisition and contracting processes.
The management of risk is a critical success factor of any project or program. This document is a collection of risk management categories that are used to ask the question “did you think about this risk and its impact on our probability of success?”
Risk Management is essential for the success of any significant project. Information about key project cost, performance, and schedule attributes is often unknown until the project is underway.
Abstract: A board of directors has the responsibilities of supervising the management and overall business performance of an organisation. During the acquisition of assets through project development, a board requires a high level of confidence that management is applying prudence in doing the right things and doing things right. This paper focuses on how a board can gain this assurance through Cold Eyed Reviews (CERs). It discusses why an effective CER creates significant value and effective risk hedging to an organisation
বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা কর্তৃক নির্ধারিত দশটি জীবন দক্ষতার একটি হচ্ছে চাপ মোকাবেলার দক্ষতা। চাপ মোকাবেলার দক্ষতা অর্জনের সূত্র এখানে উপস্থাপন করা হল। উপস্থাপনা ও প্রণয়নে মো: আবুল বাশার, সহকারী অধ্যাপক, ভূগোল, সরকারি টিচার্স ট্রেনিং কলেজ
Guía Brand Rain para potenciar tu reputación personal cuando viajasanpro21
Nos preguntamos si, cuando viajamos, es preciso olvidarnos de todo, desconectar por completo o, por el contrario, no dejar de lado nuestra actividad habitual. Con esta Mini-Guía Brand Rain queremos transmitir que los viajes son una inestimable ayuda para impulsar nuestra propia reputación, porque disfrutamos de más tiempo libre para compartir con familiares y amigos, a los que vamos a dedicar la mayor parte de nuestra atención, pero también para descubrir nuevos lugares, nuevas formas de hacer las cosas, nuevas personas… Como hemos dicho aquí en alguna ocasión, la reputación es una, un compendio de todo. Porque todo suma, porque nuestra imagen es una mezcla de la percepción personal y profesional que tienen los demás sobre nosotros.
La “Mini-Guía Brand Rain para potenciar tu reputación personal cuando viajas” es, simplemente, una invitación a dedicar unos minutos de nuestro tiempo de cada día para conversar con las personas que nos rodean, para descubrir nuevos talentos desconocidos, para intercambiar unas palabras con profesionales de nuestro ámbito a los que ya conocemos o para conocer a los de cualquier otro ámbito en el que estemos interesados.
Se trata de un mix que recoge algunas sugerencias de lo que se puede hacer online y offline, una invitación a no desconectar del todo pero hacerlo de una forma diferente, de un modo que te sirva para enriquecerte a ti mismo mientras enriqueces a otros. Es desconectar sin desconectar. En realidad, es una pequeña guía para transmitir que, cuando se comparte con los demás, nuestra reputación personal crece. Cada viaje es una oportunidad inmejorable para ello. Que la disfruten y, sobre todo, que la practiquen.
A veces el viaje es el propio destino.
In enterprise-wide roles the PMO (Project Management Office or Program Management Office) will have responsibility for management and implementation of a tollgate or stage gate process for program and project approval. The purpose of this process is to ensure that investment decisions are made on a sound basis, that project portfolios have been rationalized and optimized, and that solid baseline foundations exist.
This paper we will take a closer look at the tollgate process and its oversight by the PMO.
Developing innovative new products and services is expensive and time-consuming. It is also extremely risky—most studies have indicated that the vast majority of development projects fail
Introduction Termination of a project is inevitable, but how it .pdfanuragperipheral
Introduction
Termination of a project is inevitable, but how it is terminated and when may have a profound
and long lasting impact on the organization and its employees. The success of future projects
may depend on not only the success of past ones, but also on how unsuccessful projects were
treated by the organization and its stakeholders. Firms have the option of initiating a variety of
entrepreneurial projects with varying degrees of risk. If an organization chooses to accept greater
risks, it should avoid penalizing members of projects that turn out to be unsuccessful. If team
members believe they will be penalized for participating in unsuccessful projects, they will be
less willing to terminate failed projects and may become risk adverse.
This research contains information about the project life cycle and the importance of continually
monitoring a project to determine if it is meeting the objectives established at the outset. We
have identified and categorized external and internal factors that influence the success or failure
of projects. The relative importance of each factor varies by organization and project type.
Organizing a project\'s termination process is especially important when it has failed, because of
the lasting impact on future projects as well as the organization\'s image. Including project team
members in the termination process will increase their loyalty and commitment, not only to the
organization but also to the success of future projects. At the end of a project a post-audit report
will be prepared that summarizes the project and provides recommendations for similar projects
in the future. Lastly, as a project is closed down or completed it is important that senior
management recognize the contributions of the project team.
The Project Life Cycle
There are several stages in the life cycle of a project: (1) project selection, (2) planning, (3)
execution, and (4) termination (Ruhl, 1988). The first phase, project selection, will vary among
firms. Each project must be evaluated to determine which is the best use of corporate funds. Each
will have different risks, benefits, and costs, making the selection very difficult. The final
decision should be based on the project\'s financial return and how well it assists the organization
in achieving its long-run strategic objectives.
Once a selection has been made, formal plans must be developed. The importance of thorough
project planning cannot be overemphasized. The objective of this process should be to develop a
master plan that details how each asset of the organization will be used to accomplish the
project\'s goals. Thorough and aggressive planning will also increase the team\'s commitment to
success. The two most important components of the master plan are the project budget and the
master schedule, which are developed from a detailed list of specific project tasks. The master
plan should include measures for evaluating the progress of the project as well as guideli.
Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Select and Prioritize Project...Ricardo Viana Vargas
The objective of this paper is to present, discuss and apply the principles and techniques of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the prioritization and selection of projects in a portfolio. AHP is one of the main mathematical models currently available to support the decision theory.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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1. 1
Cold Eyed Reviews — June 2016
Cold Eyed Reviews – a powerful tool for good
governance and effective board supervision of projects
The acquisition of new assets through
project development is a high risk
activity, particularly as capital
investments are increasing in
technological complexity, cost, time
criticality and strategic importance.
When an organisation embarks on a
new program or critical project, a
competent board will want to have
the appropriate level of assurance at
each stage of the project’s
development to confirm that the
project is ready to progress
successfully to the next stage.
Directors or project sponsors often
request independent reviews and
validations of the accuracy and
adequacy of a project’s business case
(or feasibility study) as it is being
developed and before granting final
sanction to the investment. Once this
occurs, further periodic independent
reviews are prudent to assess the
project’s ongoing health and to
determine if there are any corrective
interventions needed to bring the
project back on track. These types of
independent reviews are often
referred to as Cold Eyed Reviews
(CERs)1
and are sometimes called
Independent Reviews or Due
Diligence Reviews.
Using appropriately qualified and
highly experienced reviewers, who
are independent of the organisation
with no ties to the project team, adds
profound value to the review. The
CER can reveal any optimism-bias2
and can introduce fresh ideas
through challenging any vertical
thinking processes which
conventionally are applied by a
project team after considering and
eliminating multiple options. The
independent thinking of the external
reviewers can highlight any inherent
weaknesses that are likely to
undermine the value realisation and
technical outcomes expected by the
board and the investors.
Board Perspective:
A CER provides a board with
assurance of the robustness of
the investment decision and that
there is good governance of the
project risks and hedging against
potential downsides. It enables
the board to regularly stress-test
the investment’s risk profile as
changes can unexpectedly occur
over the life of an investment.
The CER can provide the board
with the appropriate readiness for
the purpose of equity and debt
fund raising.
Investor Perspective:
A CER provides project investors
with an impartial assessment
of the merits of the project and
its likely potential to realise
a return on their investment.
It independently evaluates
the adequacy of the project
definition, regulatory compliance,
the cost estimate and financial
modelling, the execution
planning, the project risks and
delivery timeframes.
1 Cold Eyed Review specifically refers to independent and objective review with the review team emotionally detached from the opinions provided. However, Cold Eyes Review refers
to the team being independent in not having had previous involvement or sighting of the material being reviewed, a subtle but significant difference is highlighted in the use of these
two expressions.
2 Mott MacDonald (2002), Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK, Mott MacDonald (2002), available at www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/greenbook
Other research in the field of Optimism Bias is referenced in Professor Flyvbjerg the founding Chair of Major Programme Management at Oxford University. Professor Flyvbjerg is
a leading international expert in the field of programme management and planning.
A board of directors is responsible for supervising the management and
overall business performance of an organisation. During the acquisition
of assets through project development, a board requires a high level
of confidence that management is applying prudence in doing the right
things and doing things right. This paper focuses on how a board and
its investor stakeholders can gain this assurance through Cold Eyed
Reviews (CERs). It discusses why an effective CER creates significant
value and effective risk hedging to an organisation.
2. 2
Cold Eyed Reviews — June 2016
The second strategic question is –
Are we doing things right?
The CER process will further consider
how the project has been progressed
through the project development gates
in terms of its definition, risk
mitigation, and accuracy of the capital
and operating cost estimates, work
breakdown structure, execution
methodology, contracting strategy and
project organisation.
The CER will also assess other
elements of the foundation for controls
and how these controls will be applied
throughout the life of the project.
The initial scoping study and
prefeasibility study phases consider a
range of options of what the project
could be, and determines if there is
sufficient opportunity for the project to
be justified on the basis of economic,
strategic, and environmental grounds.
The business case or feasibility study
phase focuses on defining the selected
optimal option to allow an informed
investment decision.
Two critical strategic questions are
applied as part of a CER during these
development phases.
The first strategic question is –
Are we doing the right things?
The CER will assess the justification
for the selected option, including how
well it will deliver on the required
outcomes for the assets and whether it
will overcome economic hurdles.
Focusing the development study
process on the strategic question – Are
we doing the right things?– and having
that rigorously reviewed can
significantly enhance the quality of the
project definition and its associated
budget.
The review will also evaluate and
confirm if all potential operating
scenarios were considered, including
trade-off between capital and
operating expenditure. The
confirmation that the right decisions
were made by the project team on
the operating philosophies and
performance requirements of the final
assets will create an environment for
lasting decisions4
, preventing rework,
delays and ultimately, additional costs.
Strategic review questions to improve the project’s effectiveness and efficiency
prior to the final investment decision
3 Note: Different terminologies have purposely been used in each of Figures 1 2, with the knowledge and awareness that different business sectors and domains use specific industry
language to represent the various phases in the project development and execution lifecycle.
4 Lasting decisions means that these decisions are not altered later in the project lifecycle.
Figure 1: Below shows the typical project lifecycle phases.3
Scoping study
(shaping)
What could it be?
Prefeasibility study
(PFS)
What should it be?
Feasibility study
(DFS/FEED/FEL)
What will it be?
Project commitment
(BFS)
Preparation and
investment decision
Project execution
Deliver the project
Operations
Extract the value
Recommended CER points
Recommended CER for funding investment decision
3. Business Case (Feasibility Study)
Governance Clarity and maturity
of project definition
Risk Management
Procurement
The review determines if the selected
procurement strategy is appropriate and
aligned with the project risk profile and
the supply market’s potential, including
possible funding options and scenarios.
The review will confirm if the
formal governance structures are
established to integrate the various
project functions, particularly for
the transition from development
mode to implementation.
The review will consider the context and the clarity of
the organisation’s strategic framework, including the
objectives, internal policies and business plans, as these
establish the foundation for the project’s business case.
Significant value comes from understanding the
business’s strategic objectives, and having clarity
around definition of the needs of the business and the
quantification of the outcomes against benchmarks.
Key elements of a CER
A CER can, and should be, structured to suit
a project’s characteristics, risk-profile, timing
within the lifecycle, governance review
requirements and readiness for the funding
investment decision (FID). The reviews are often
carried out under strict time constraints, given
the tight timeframes for approval to proceed to
the next development stage and for the final
funding investment decision.
An assessment is made
as to whether the project is
sufficiently well-defined for
its stage of development and
the likely influence on the
accuracy of the cost and
time estimates and level of
contingency applied.
The review will assess the completeness of
the risk register, including whether risk
controls and planned mitigation measures
have been included in the cost estimate and
residual risks included in the contingency
assessment. It will also confirm that risk
management processes are in place for the
implementation phase.
The business case is reviewed against the organisation’s
strategic framework to confirm alignment. In particular,
the risk-adjusted economic value of the project is compared
against the organisation’s strategic investment strategy.
An analysis can also be completed on whether the strategic
objectives are placing any unnecessary constraints on the
project which, if corrected, may unlock additional value in
the pursued option.
Foundation for
control
Strategy
Other elements where value is added by
having an independent assessment include:
• the capabilities and capacities of the project team
• team culture and behaviours
• organisational improvement
• fiscal management and discipline
• economic benefit and value add
• sensitivity analysis
• systems management
• monitoring, control and reporting
• change management
• document and information management, and
• market, corporate and commercial functions.
3
Cold Eyed Reviews — June 2016
4. 4
Cold Eyed Reviews — June 2016
The CER process has been applied to
a large number of projects across
major infrastructure, chemical, oil
and gas and mining sectors. In the
reviews conducted for various
organisations, the outcomes have led
to better risk focus, improvements to
the business value chain, reductions
in program and project costs and
improved returns on investment. On
one multibillion dollar pit to port
mining project the CER assisted the
owner to focus its efforts on
improving certain aspects of the
project definition, to successfully
negotiate a major engineering
procurement and construction
contract and to provide greater
confidence to secure the required
debt funding for the project to
proceed. For a major chemical
manufacturing plant, the CER
flagged the need for improvement of
the owner’s governance and risk
management processes and
improvement in budget certainty.
The project proceeded to execution
and successful completion, meeting
all of its objectives.
The CER methodologies applied to
the establishment of new assets has
beenadaptedtoprovidetransactional
due diligence for the merger and
acquisition of operating assets,
utilising third party reliance
agreements. It has been used in
contractual disputes, in alternative
dispute resolutions and forensic
analyses for the purpose of mediating
between two disputing parties. When
applied in these situations, time
constraints typically applied in a
CER will need to be varied to suit the
project requirements.
At the conclusion of the CER a
comprehensive traffic light matrix
(see image below) can be provided as
part of the report, outlining the
critical issues and providing
recommendations for improvement.
The process is focused on advice that
can be actioned to produce improved
results.
Outcome of recent reviews
About the Author
Magued Moftah is an Executive
Advisor with E3 Advisory Pty
Ltd. He has a proven track
record in leadership and
management spanning 40 years in
engineering projects and business
management. He has extensive
experience managing contracts in
the infrastructure, rail, oil and gas,
mining, water and waste water
and power sectors.
Magued has been responsible
for leading and managing Cold
Eyed Reviews, asset acquisitions,
technical and commercial due
diligence and contract resolution
mediation and disputation
activities.
Advisian / 1
SUB-ELEMENT MINIMUM REQUIREMENT NOTE
• Key supply and demand drivers Detailed assessment and
evaluation.• Revenue growth factors
• Industry structures
• Diversity of suppliers and customers
• Forecast project position – when operational
• Price assumption
• Historical and forecast margins
• Value adding sources, historically and forecast Demonstrated position
• Project’s ability to exploit these opportunities
• Fits with overall strategy Demonstrated position
• Review of the relationship between the project and business strategy
• Strategic alternatives including exit /no go option Detailedwithin available
envelope of data• Basis of potential project being best option
• Potential of phased development
• Scenario development process Basedon recommended
project
• Driver to execute exit strategy Fullydeveloped strategy
• Triggers for exit decision
Strategy CRITICAL AND URGENT
Immediate action on identified shortcomings and recommendations
is required to achieve success of the project
IMPORTANT AND URGENT
The project should go forward with action on recommendations
IMPORTANT AND OF BENEFIT
The program or project may benefit from implementation
or recommendations
Industry
Attractiveness
Strategic
Rationale
Strategic Fit
Strategic
Alternatives
Scen ario An alysis
Exit Strategy
Comprehensive traffic light matrix (example)